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Applied Sciences
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Advanced Solar–Wind–Hydro Hybrid Energy System
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Advanced Solar–Wind–Hydro Hybrid Energy System

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Energy Science and Technology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2021) | Viewed by 17651

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Alberto Benato

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
Interests: energy; exergy and economic analyses; power plant design; optimization and dynamic modelling; waste heat recovery units; organic Rankine cycle; life cycle
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Anna Stoppato

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
Interests: CHP; energy storage; thermal energy storage; waste heat recovery; ORC; LCA; operation of energy conversion plants and systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is a matter of fact that energy is the driving force of our society. But, its availability at reasonable prices determines industrial and social growth. However, at the time of writing, power generation systems are mainly based on fossil fuels: non-renewable resources characterized by a non-negligible environmental impact.

To overcome this important issue and move towards a fully renewable energy generation system, there is the urgent need of developing hybrid energy systems in which renewable plants (e.g. solar, wind, hydro, biomass, etc.), energy storage systems and, also, fossil fuelled based units, work in synergy to generate electricity and heat/cold but also potable water for agricultural and drinking purposes.

In this context, the Special Issue of Applied Sciences aims to collect the most recent and innovative research activities on topics like

  • Wind, solar, biomass and hydro systems integration with and without energy storage units.
  • Design and optimization of hybrid power generation units to supply electricity, heat, cold, water, etc.
  • Hybrid system management techniques to control variable and unpredictable power flows.
  • Machines and components design and optimization.
  • Techniques to improve hybrid plant efficiency and its reliability.
  • Innovative solutions based on advanced hybrid systems able to satisfy remote areas energy and water needs.
  • Life cycle assessment of hybrid energy systems or of their components.
  • Hybrid systems environmental impact mitigation.

The Special Issue also welcomes works on related topics provided that such topics are within the context of the broader scope of “Advanced Solar-Wind-Hydro Hybrid Energy System”.

Prof. Dr. Alberto Benato
Prof. Dr. Anna Stoppato
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • System modelling: simulation/optimization and design tools
  • Polygeneration systems integration
  • New and novel hybrid systems optimization tools
  • Components of advanced design and optimization
  • Innovative solar–wind–hydro hybrid energy system architectures
  • Innovative solar–wind–hydro hybrid energy system control techniques
  • Test of prototypes and control strategies
  • Life cycle assessment
  • Environmental impact mitigation

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

27 pages, 8522 KiB  
Article
Barrier Function Based Adaptive Sliding Mode Controller for a Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid Involving Multiple Renewables
by Ammar Armghan, Mudasser Hassan, Hammad Armghan, Ming Yang, Fayadh Alenezi, Muhammad Kashif Azeem and Naghmash Ali
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(18), 8672; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11188672 - 17 Sep 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2556
Abstract
Conventional electricity generation methods are under the major revolution, and microgrids established on renewable energy sources are playing a vital role in this power generation transformation. This study proposes a hybrid AC/DC microgrid with a barrier function-based adaptive sliding mode controller, in which [...] Read more.
Conventional electricity generation methods are under the major revolution, and microgrids established on renewable energy sources are playing a vital role in this power generation transformation. This study proposes a hybrid AC/DC microgrid with a barrier function-based adaptive sliding mode controller, in which 8 kW wind energy system and 4.5 kW photovoltaic energy system perform as the hybrid RESs, and 33 Ah of battery works as the energy storage system. Barrier function-based adaptive sliding mode controller ensures the convergence of the system’s output variable independent of the knowledge of the upper bound of the disturbances. Firstly, global mathematical modeling of the suggested system is ensured. Then, the control laws are defined, providing the DC bus voltage regulation during islanding mode and AC/DC link bus voltage regulation during the grid-connected mode. The proposed barrier function-based adaptive sliding mode controller technique is analyzed through 20 s simulations on MATLAB/Simulink, which validates the controller’s robustness and effectiveness. Furthermore, a comparison of the proposed controller is made with the proportional integral derivative controller, Lyapunov controller, and sliding mode controller. In the end, hardware-in-loop tests are performed using C2000 Delfino MCU F28379D LaunchPad, showing the proposed structure’s real-time performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Solar–Wind–Hydro Hybrid Energy System)
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24 pages, 10511 KiB  
Article
Comparative Performance of a Hybrid Renewable Energy Generation System with Dynamic Load Demand
by Jhan Piero Rojas, Guillermo Valencia Ochoa and Jorge Duarte Forero
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(9), 3093; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10093093 - 29 Apr 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2310
Abstract
This article presents the modeling and simulation of a hybrid generation system, which uses solar energy generation, wind energy, and the regulation of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) cell to raise the demanded load, empowering the use of these hydride systems worldwide. This [...] Read more.
This article presents the modeling and simulation of a hybrid generation system, which uses solar energy generation, wind energy, and the regulation of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) cell to raise the demanded load, empowering the use of these hydride systems worldwide. This generation system was simulated for different locations in Puerto Bolivar (Colombia), Bremen (Germany), Beijing (China), and Texas (USA), for two demand profiles. The data used for the simulation was calculated using the mathematical solar model proposed by Beistow and Campbell for solar radiation. In contrast, for the wind resource evaluation, the Weibull probability distribution was used to calculate the most probable wind speed for each day, according to the historical data for each of the studied locations. Considering these data, the process transfer functions were used for tuning the control parameters for the hydrogen and oxygen production system. For the evaluation of the performance of these controllers, the indices of the absolute value of the error (IAE), the integral of the square of the error (ISE), the integral of the absolute value of the error for time (ITAE), and the integral of the square of the error for time (ITSE) were used. It was found that in the second load profile studied, better performance of the ITSE performance parameter was obtained, with stabilization times lower than those of the first profile. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Solar–Wind–Hydro Hybrid Energy System)
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13 pages, 3106 KiB  
Article
Angular Dependence of Photonic Crystal Coupled to Photovoltaic Solar Cell
by J. M. Delgado-Sanchez and I. Lillo-Bravo
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(5), 1574; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10051574 - 25 Feb 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3166
Abstract
Photonic crystals have the advantage of minimizing thermal losses from solar cells, reflecting the solar radiation that is not absorbed by the photovoltaic device. To optimize this optical response, photonic crystals are designed considering the relative position of the Bragg peak and the [...] Read more.
Photonic crystals have the advantage of minimizing thermal losses from solar cells, reflecting the solar radiation that is not absorbed by the photovoltaic device. To optimize this optical response, photonic crystals are designed considering the relative position of the Bragg peak and the bandgap of the solar cell, under normal incident irradiation conditions. The aim of this research article was to determine experimentally the optical limits of a solar cell coupled to a photonic crystal acting as beam splitter. For that purpose, the photovoltaic system was characterized under indoor and outdoor conditions; angular dependence of the irradiation source was determined in each case, and both results were compared with good agreement. Moreover, other parameters such as irradiation spectrum and polarization of the light were investigated. The main conclusion is that photovoltaic performance is highly affected by the Bragg peak shifting and the profile is distorted, due to the angular dependence with the sun. These experimental limits must be considered at the early design stage to avoid performance losses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Solar–Wind–Hydro Hybrid Energy System)
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16 pages, 21836 KiB  
Article
Aerodynamic Sensitivity Analysis for a Wind Turbine Airfoil in an Air-Particle Two-Phase Flow
by Tongqing Guo, Junjun Jin, Zhiliang Lu, Di Zhou and Tongguang Wang
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(18), 3909; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9183909 - 18 Sep 2019
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2972
Abstract
In this paper, the Navier-Stokes equations coupled with a Lagrangian discrete phase model are described to simulate the air-particle flows over the S809 airfoil of the Phase VI blade, the NH6MW25 airfoil of a 6 MW wind turbine blade and the NACA0012 airfoil. [...] Read more.
In this paper, the Navier-Stokes equations coupled with a Lagrangian discrete phase model are described to simulate the air-particle flows over the S809 airfoil of the Phase VI blade, the NH6MW25 airfoil of a 6 MW wind turbine blade and the NACA0012 airfoil. The simulation results demonstrate that, in an attached flow, the slight performance degradation is caused by the boundary layer momentum loss. After flow separation, the performance degradation becomes significant and is dominated by a more extensive separation due to particles, since the aerodynamic coefficient increments and the moving distance of separation point present similar variation trends with increasing angle of attack. Unlike the NACA0012 airfoil, a most particle-sensitive angle of attack is found in the light stall region for a wind turbine airfoil, at which the lift decrement and the drag increment reach their peak values. For the S809 airfoil, the most sensitive angle of attack is about 3° higher than that for the maximum lift-to-drag ratio. Hence, the aerodynamic performance of a wind turbine is very susceptible to particles. Based on the most sensitive angles of attack, the more sensitive scope of angles of attack of a blade airfoil and the more sensitive range of rotor tip speed ratios are predicted sequentially. The present study clarifies the principles for the performance degradation of a wind turbine airfoil due to particles and the conclusions are useful for the wind turbine design reducing the particle influences. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Solar–Wind–Hydro Hybrid Energy System)
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15 pages, 807 KiB  
Article
MPC for Optimized Energy Exchange between Two Renewable-Energy Prosumers
by Ibrahim Aldaouab, Malcolm Daniels and Raúl Ordóñez
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(18), 3709; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9183709 - 6 Sep 2019
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2649
Abstract
Renewable energy and information technologies are changing electrical energy distribution, favoring a move towards distributed production and trading between many buyers and sellers. There is new potential for trading between prosumers, entities which both consume and produce energy in small quantities. This work [...] Read more.
Renewable energy and information technologies are changing electrical energy distribution, favoring a move towards distributed production and trading between many buyers and sellers. There is new potential for trading between prosumers, entities which both consume and produce energy in small quantities. This work explores the optimization of energy trading between two prosumers, each of which consists of a load, renewable supply, and energy storage. The problem is described within a model predictive control (MPC) framework, which includes a single objective function to penalize undesirable behavior, such as the use of energy from a utility company. MPC integrates future predictions of supply and demand into current dispatch decisions. The control system determines energy flows between each renewable supply and load, battery usage, and transfers between the two prosumers. At each time step, future predictions are used to create an optimized power dispatch strategy between the system prosumers, maximizing renewable energy use. Modeling results indicate that this coordinated energy sharing between a pair of prosumers can improve their overall renewable energy penetration. For one specific choice of prosumers (mixed residential–commercial) penetration is shown to increase from 71% to 84%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Solar–Wind–Hydro Hybrid Energy System)
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22 pages, 3308 KiB  
Article
Multi-Time-Scale Coordinated Operation of a Combined System with Wind-Solar-Thermal-Hydro Power and Battery Units
by Dongying Zhang, Ting Du, Hao Yin, Shiwei Xia and Huiting Zhang
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(17), 3574; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9173574 - 1 Sep 2019
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2353
Abstract
The grid connection of intermittent energy sources such as wind power and photovoltaic power generation brings new challenges for the economic and safe operation of renewable power systems. To address these challenges, a multi-time-scale active power coordinated operation method, consisting of day-ahead scheduling, [...] Read more.
The grid connection of intermittent energy sources such as wind power and photovoltaic power generation brings new challenges for the economic and safe operation of renewable power systems. To address these challenges, a multi-time-scale active power coordinated operation method, consisting of day-ahead scheduling, hour-level rolling corrective scheduling, and real-time corrective scheduling, is proposed for the combined operation of wind-photovoltaic-thermal-hydro power and battery (WPTHB) to handle renewable power fluctuations. In day-ahead scheduling, the optimal power outputs of thermal power units, hydro-pumped storage units, and batteries are solved with the purpose of minimizing the total power generation cost. In hour-level rolling corrective scheduling, the power output plan of thermal power units and pumped storage units is modified to minimize the correction cost based on the on-off state of thermal power units determined in day-ahead scheduling. In real-time corrective scheduling stage, the feedback correction and rolling optimization-based model predictive control algorithm is adopted to modify the power output of thermal power units, hydro-pumped storage units, and batteries optimized in hour-level rolling correction scheduling, so as to ensure the economy of the correction plan and the static security of system operation. Finally, simulation results demonstrated that the proposed method can accurately track system power fluctuations, and ensure the economic and security operation of a multi-energy-generation system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Solar–Wind–Hydro Hybrid Energy System)
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