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Seismic Assessment and Design of Structures
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Seismic Assessment and Design of Structures

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Civil Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 June 2022) | Viewed by 75968

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Maria Favvata

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Rion-Patras, Greece
Interests: seismic assessment and design of structures: nonlinear FE modelling; nonlinear static and dynamic analysis; seismic codes; building damage; performance-based earthquake engineering; structural pounding; morphological effects on structures
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The present Special Issue aims to reveal the new advances in seismic engineering for the assessment and the design of structures.

This Special Issue is dedicated to presenting current research on the evaluation/verification of the seismic performance of structures through analytical, numerical and experimental approaches and the application of these seismic assessment approaches to the design of structures. Advanced computational technologies and models to perform detailed nonlinear static and/or dynamic analyses of realistic structural systems are included in the scope of this Special Issue. Contributions that involve a significant earthquake engineering component are especially welcome.

Example topics of interest include the following:

  • Nonlinear structural systems and analysis techniques for structural assessment;
  • Seismic performance of structures under single or multiple seismic hazards;
  • Probabilistic and deterministic methods in earthquake engineering assessment and design;
  • Earthquake records for the nonlinear response analysis of structures;
  • Influence of environmental and operational conditions on structural performance;
  • Experimental seismic response of structures.

Prof. Maria Favvata
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Earthquake engineering
  • Structural analysis
  • Seismic performance
  • Seismic risk mitigation
  • Seismic codes
  • Nonlinear structural systems
  • Inelastic response demands
  • Structural damage criteria
  • Performance levels
  • Seismic hazards
  • Behavior factors

Published Papers (30 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research

4 pages, 202 KiB  
Editorial
Special Issue on Seismic Assessment and Design of Structures
by Maria Favvata
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(1), 505; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13010505 - 30 Dec 2022
Viewed by 921
Abstract
This Special Issue gathers 29 scientific papers that capture various open and challenging issues in earthquake engineering for the assessment and design of structures [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Assessment and Design of Structures)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

20 pages, 3606 KiB  
Article
Determining the Dynamic Characteristics of a Multi-Story RC Building Located in Chile: A Comparison of the Results between the Nonparametric Spectral Analysis Method and the Parametric Stochastic Subspace Identification Method
by Fernando Fuentes, Sebastián Lozano, Miguel Gomez, Juan C. Vielma and Alvaro Lopez
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(15), 7760; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12157760 - 02 Aug 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1257
Abstract
Estimating the dynamic characteristics of instrumented built structures from seismic vibration data collected from built civil structures is essential input information for structural model updating and assessing the health of structures. This study focuses on the earthquake acceleration time histories obtained from several [...] Read more.
Estimating the dynamic characteristics of instrumented built structures from seismic vibration data collected from built civil structures is essential input information for structural model updating and assessing the health of structures. This study focuses on the earthquake acceleration time histories obtained from several events recorded during its construction phase by accelerometers placed throughout an office building located in Viña del Mar (Chile) to determine its modal features. To this end, the data obtained were analyzed to compare the building’s dynamic properties obtained with two different modal identification techniques. MATLAB programs were developed to implement both methods. The stochastic subspace identification technique for linear systems developed by van Overschee and de Moor was used to study the dynamic properties of the building. In contrast, the nonparametric method employed herein uses correlations and spectral analysis based on the Welch transform in the frequency domain. The investigation demonstrated that both methods identify similar frequencies and that the obtained translational mode shapes exhibit good agreement. Furthermore, the identified frequencies are congruent with the design frequencies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Assessment and Design of Structures)
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15 pages, 4861 KiB  
Article
Reliability Analysis of Response-Controlled Buildings Using Fragility Curves
by Ahmad Khalid Karimi, Edisson Alberto Moscoso Alcantara and Taiki Saito
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(15), 7717; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12157717 - 31 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1299
Abstract
The number of buildings with passive control systems is steadily growing worldwide. For this reason, this study focuses on the reliability analysis of these systems employing fragility curves. The structural performance evaluation is obtained for a 10-story steel building with two different sections [...] Read more.
The number of buildings with passive control systems is steadily growing worldwide. For this reason, this study focuses on the reliability analysis of these systems employing fragility curves. The structural performance evaluation is obtained for a 10-story steel building with two different sections (trimmed and conventional). The trimmed section of the building was evaluated with hysteresis and oil dampers, while the conventional section of the building was evaluated without damper. The fragility curves were obtained from the incremental dynamic analysis using 20 ground motion records. Spectral acceleration response at the fundamental period of the building was considered and used as the intensity measure for the ground motion records. The maximum inter-story drift ratio of the building was employed as the damage measure. In addition, the seismic energy absorption rate was compared between hysteresis and oil dampers. As a result, hysteresis dampers were found to be more effective for high ground motion intensities. On the other hand, the oil damper dissipates energy immediately, even for low ground motion intensities. Furthermore, the combination of different types of dampers improved the seismic performance of the trimmed section of the building to almost the same level as the conventional section of the building. Eventually, a combination of hysteresis and oil dampers in a building is suggested to improve structural performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Assessment and Design of Structures)
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19 pages, 9964 KiB  
Article
Numerical Analysis Exterior RC Beam-Column Joints with CFRP Bars as Beam’s Tensional Reinforcement under Cyclic Reversal Deformations
by Violetta K. Kytinou, Parthena-Maria K. Kosmidou and Constantin E. Chalioris
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(15), 7419; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12157419 - 24 Jul 2022
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2558
Abstract
In this paper the cyclic lateral response of reinforced concrete (RC) beam-column joints with composite carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars as a longitudinal reinforcement in the beam is simulated with finite element (FE) modeling using software Abaqus. An experimental project of two full-scale [...] Read more.
In this paper the cyclic lateral response of reinforced concrete (RC) beam-column joints with composite carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars as a longitudinal reinforcement in the beam is simulated with finite element (FE) modeling using software Abaqus. An experimental project of two full-scale joint specimens subjected to cyclic loading with supplementary accompanying pull-out tests of CFRP bars is also included in this study. These test results are used to calibrate the developed FE model, the constitutive laws of the materials and the bond response between CFRP bars and concrete. Comparisons between test data and numerical results indicate that the calibrated model accurately predicts the cyclic response of RC beam-column joint specimens with CFRP longitudinal bars as the beam’s tensional reinforcement. A parametric analysis is also performed to provide useful concluding remarks concerning the design of concrete joints with composite bars and the ability of CFRP bars to substitute for conventional steel bars in RC structural members under seismic excitations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Assessment and Design of Structures)
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23 pages, 4132 KiB  
Article
Comparative Assessment of Shear Demand for RC Beam-Column Joints under Earthquake Loading
by Angelo Marchisella and Giovanni Muciaccia
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(14), 7153; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12147153 - 15 Jul 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1771
Abstract
This paper focuses on the evaluation of bi-axial shear demand for reinforced concrete (RC) beam–column joints assuming: (i) the SPEAR frame as a benchmark; and (ii) different structural analysis methods which share the same seismic input. A numerical model was implemented using lumped [...] Read more.
This paper focuses on the evaluation of bi-axial shear demand for reinforced concrete (RC) beam–column joints assuming: (i) the SPEAR frame as a benchmark; and (ii) different structural analysis methods which share the same seismic input. A numerical model was implemented using lumped plasticity. The joints were modeled as rigid offsets of beams and columns. The shear demand at a joint is evaluated as a post-process of the beam’s nodal moment. The discussion focuses on the differences between the estimated shear demand considering modal-response-spectrum analysis (MRSA), non-linear static analysis (NLSA) and non-linear time history (NLTH). Strength assessment of joints is discussed as well. Significant strength differences were recognized by using different building codes targeted to existing structures which, in general, behaved on the safe side. The elliptical shear strength domain resulted in being conservative when compared to NLTH shear demand orbits. NLSA, using modal combination, proved to estimate the larger shear demand with respect to MRSA and NLTH. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Assessment and Design of Structures)
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22 pages, 3104 KiB  
Article
Seismic Response Study of L-Shaped Frame Structure with Magnetorheological Dampers
by Jiangtao You, Yang Yang, Yongfeng Fan and Xiangcheng Zhang
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(12), 5976; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12125976 - 12 Jun 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1448
Abstract
To analyze the multi-dimensional seismic mitigation performance and the torsional vibration characteristic of an L-shaped frame structure with a magnetorheological damper (MRD). Firstly, the mechanical property of the MRD is experimentally studied. Then, the calculation models of the L-shaped frame structure without and [...] Read more.
To analyze the multi-dimensional seismic mitigation performance and the torsional vibration characteristic of an L-shaped frame structure with a magnetorheological damper (MRD). Firstly, the mechanical property of the MRD is experimentally studied. Then, the calculation models of the L-shaped frame structure without and with MRDs are found through theoretical analysis, and the programs of the calculation models are compiled. Finally, the time history responses of the calculation models are calculated during the excitation of bi-directional seismic wave; the responses of displacement, acceleration, story drift ratio, shear force and bending moment and torsional vibration are then compared and analyzed. The results show that by adjusting the current, the damping force provided by the MRD can be adjusted continuously in the range of 3.1 to 120 kN. The compiled calculation model programs of the L-shaped frame structure without and with MRDs can effectively simulate the multi-dimensional seismic response of the structure. Reasonable arrangement of MR dampers can effectively reduce the displacement, acceleration, shear force, bending moment, multi-dimensional vibration, and torsional vibration response of L-shaped frame structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Assessment and Design of Structures)
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20 pages, 49317 KiB  
Article
IMPA versus Cloud Analysis and IDA: Different Methods to Evaluate Structural Seismic Fragility
by Carlotta Pia Contiguglia, Angelo Pelle, Bruno Briseghella and Camillo Nuti
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(7), 3687; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12073687 - 06 Apr 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2777
Abstract
Well-known methods for seismic performance assessment, such as incremental dynamic analysis (IDA), multi-stripes analysis (MSA) and the cloud method, involve nonlinear response time-history analyses to characterize the relationship between the chosen damage measure versus intensity measure. Over the past two decades, many authors [...] Read more.
Well-known methods for seismic performance assessment, such as incremental dynamic analysis (IDA), multi-stripes analysis (MSA) and the cloud method, involve nonlinear response time-history analyses to characterize the relationship between the chosen damage measure versus intensity measure. Over the past two decades, many authors have proposed simplified procedures or nonlinear static approaches to develop fragility. In these procedures, the capacity of the system is evaluated by nonlinear static procedures (i.e., the capacity spectrum method (CSM), the N2 method, modal pushover analysis (MPA)) and the demand is derived by response spectra. In addition to the familiar ones, incremental modal pushover analysis (IMPA) is a novel nonlinear static procedure proposed in recent years, and it is used in this research to present an IM-based fragility estimation. The accuracy and effectiveness of different methods to assess vulnerability are investigated by comparing fragility curves derived by MPA-based cloud analysis, IMPA and cloud analysis against IDA. The comparison gives valuable insights on the influence of scaling on different sets of records; however, a more extended validation is needed to confirm the obtained results and draw more general conclusions. Results arise from two relatively small bins of record motions differing by ranges of Joyner-Boore distance and scattered in a range of magnitude are presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Assessment and Design of Structures)
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22 pages, 4554 KiB  
Article
On the Modeling and Analysis of Brittle Failure in Existing R/C Structures Due to Seismic Loads
by Stylianos I. Pardalopoulos, Stavroula J. Pantazopoulou and George D. Manolis
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(3), 1602; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12031602 - 02 Feb 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1477
Abstract
Brittle failure is often observed in older reinforced concrete (R/C) buildings that have been designed prior to the 1980s following an earthquake event. Since this has ramifications on any subsequent repair protocol, it is important to quantify the remaining strength capacity for this [...] Read more.
Brittle failure is often observed in older reinforced concrete (R/C) buildings that have been designed prior to the 1980s following an earthquake event. Since this has ramifications on any subsequent repair protocol, it is important to quantify the remaining strength capacity for this class of building to determine a retrofit strategy. Following along these lines, an analytical-numerical methodology is presented for use as a third-tier seismic assessment which is based on a previously developed second-tier strength assessment criterion coming from a procedure known as Rapid Seismic Assessment (RSA). The assessment framework is performance-based, aiming to determine whether estimated local drift demands can be tolerated without failure developing along the load resistance path of substandard R/C buildings. This enables the development of guidelines for modeling all possible strength mechanisms that occur in the structural system of substandard R/C buildings. An application example using data provided by a benchmark experiment involving a full-scale R/C building helps to illustrate and then validate the proposed modeling procedures and establish their accuracy and efficiency for use by practicing engineers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Assessment and Design of Structures)
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23 pages, 3818 KiB  
Article
Influence of Directionality on the Seismic Response of Typical RC Buildings
by Ignacio Bugueño, Jorge Carvallo and Juan Carlos Vielma
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(3), 1534; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12031534 - 31 Jan 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2177
Abstract
Current seismic analysis contemplates the simultaneous use of the orthogonal components of an earthquake in order to determine the structural stresses closer to reality. This has led to these components being combined considering a fraction of them, as applying them completely would lead [...] Read more.
Current seismic analysis contemplates the simultaneous use of the orthogonal components of an earthquake in order to determine the structural stresses closer to reality. This has led to these components being combined considering a fraction of them, as applying them completely would lead to excessively conservative results. However, their application is carried out considering that the direction of the components coincides with the orientation of the orthogonal axes that define the resistant structure. The assumption takes on special importance when it comes to establishing performance demands on a structure based on nonlinear time-history analysis. To establish the proportional relationship between the seismic components, the angle of incidence is used, which is one of the imponderable variables of an earthquake. In this investigation, a group of reinforced concrete structural archetypes with various typologies and regularity in plan is presented, which allow the effect of the angle of incidence in determining the maximum displacement demands to be studied. To study the response, a set of strong earthquakes recorded in Chile is used, obtaining the angle of incidence that produces the maximum displacement demands through interstory drift and roof displacement. A statistical analysis is also carried out in which the influence of the angle of incidence that produces the maximum response is studied. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Assessment and Design of Structures)
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19 pages, 4919 KiB  
Article
Seismic Analysis Method for Underground Structure in Loess Area Based on the Modified Displacement-Based Method
by Ruijie Zhang, Dan Ye, Jianting Zhou and Dengzhou Quan
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(23), 11245; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112311245 - 26 Nov 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2189
Abstract
At present, the seismic design research of underground structures in loess areas is lagging behind compared with practical engineering requirements. The selection of seismic calculation methods and parameters does not consider the influences of the special geological conditions in various regions, so their [...] Read more.
At present, the seismic design research of underground structures in loess areas is lagging behind compared with practical engineering requirements. The selection of seismic calculation methods and parameters does not consider the influences of the special geological conditions in various regions, so their usefulness is limited. Based on the above problems, a modified displacement-based method (DBM) was proposed and its application was compared with the most commonly used methods of analysis (force-based design method, displacement-based design method, detailed equivalent static analysis numerical method, and the full dynamic time-history method). The results were also validated by considering data from shaking table tests conducted on a case study involving the underground Feitian Road subway station in Xi’an. The results show that compared with DBM, the average accuracy of the modified DBM technique is improved by 41.65%. The modified DBM offers good accuracy, simplicity in its model, a rapid analysis time, and easy convergence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Assessment and Design of Structures)
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20 pages, 8799 KiB  
Article
Experimental and Finite Element Analysis of External ALC Panel Steel Frames with New Semi-Rigid Connector
by Kewei Ding, Da Zong, Yunlin Liu, Shulin He and Wanyu Shen
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(22), 10990; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112210990 - 19 Nov 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1704
Abstract
In this paper, a new ALC panel connector was proposed. It has a good engineering economy and high fault tolerance. A quasistatic loading experiment was carried out to verify the feasibility of the external ALC panel steel frame under seismic loading. The test [...] Read more.
In this paper, a new ALC panel connector was proposed. It has a good engineering economy and high fault tolerance. A quasistatic loading experiment was carried out to verify the feasibility of the external ALC panel steel frame under seismic loading. The test phenomena, hysteretic curve, skeleton curve, stiffness degradation, and energy dissipation of two sets of full-scale specimens were analyzed and discussed. Moreover, the simulation of pendulous Z-panel connectors with different thicknesses was carried out using ABAQUS software. The comparison reveals that the semi-rigid connection has a full hysteresis curve, good energy dissipation capacity, and a 15% increase in peak load capacity. Finally, similar results for different thicknesses in the use of pendulous Z-panel connectors reveal that using the 6 mm connector may be the most economical solution for engineering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Assessment and Design of Structures)
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14 pages, 302 KiB  
Article
Evolution of Seismic Site Classification According to the Criteria in Chilean Design Codes
by Edgar Giovanny Diaz-Segura
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(22), 10754; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112210754 - 15 Nov 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1871
Abstract
Design codes establish seismic site classifications to determine the seismic demand of a structure according to the response of the soil foundation under the action of earthquake ground motions; the site classification can even condition the feasibility of a project. The occurrence of [...] Read more.
Design codes establish seismic site classifications to determine the seismic demand of a structure according to the response of the soil foundation under the action of earthquake ground motions; the site classification can even condition the feasibility of a project. The occurrence of great earthquakes in Chile has tested its design codes, generating much information and experience regarding the seismic design of structures that have allowed researchers to identify variations in seismic demands according to the kind of ground foundation and to propose seismic site classification methods in Chilean regulations since the 1930s; countries in the vanguard of seismic design, such as the USA, Japan, and New Zealand, proposed methods even earlier. In this document, the evolution of methodologies for seismic site classification according to the criteria in Chilean codes is analysed from their implementation in the 1930s to the most recently proposed design code NCh 433, 2018–2021. Although the distinctive features of each country shape the criteria in their design codes, clear knowledge of the evolution of established criteria from their origins is considered an important tool that contributes to the better understanding, interpretation and application of the seismic site classification methodologies contained in a design code with better criteria. Likewise, the review indicates a distinct need to conduct a continuous evaluation of the classification criteria supported by records of new earthquakes, as well as by physical and numerical models that allow incorporating variables which condition the response of the terrain such as topography, lateral heterogeneities, and basic effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Assessment and Design of Structures)
21 pages, 7813 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Strengthening Solutions with Optimized Passive Energy Dissipation Systems in Symmetric Buildings
by Charbel Mrad, Magdalini D. Titirla and Walid Larbi
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(21), 10103; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112110103 - 28 Oct 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5997
Abstract
The aim of this study is to compare the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) symmetric buildings, with a varied number of stories, strengthening with three types of passive energy dissipation systems, as tuned mass dampers, viscous dampers, and friction dampers. The paper [...] Read more.
The aim of this study is to compare the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) symmetric buildings, with a varied number of stories, strengthening with three types of passive energy dissipation systems, as tuned mass dampers, viscous dampers, and friction dampers. The paper presents an overview of design optimization with the object of minimizing certain functions: (i) the maximum displacement at the top of the structures, (ii) the base shear loads, and (iii) the maximum interstory drift. The objective functions were evaluated in three residents’ buildings (a four-story building, a nine-story building, and a sixteen-story building) subjected to seven (real and artificial) seismic recorded accelerograms. For this purpose, 94 nonlinear dynamic analyses were carried out. The effects of each strengthening solution are presented, and from this innovative comparison (optimal design, three different passive energy systems, three different story numbers), further useful results were observed. The outcomes of the study show the effectiveness of a tuned mass damper (TMD) system, and how it might be better for tall and flexible structures than for stiffer structures. However, the response of the pendulum tuned mass damper (TMD) configuration is better than the conventional one because it acts in all directions. The viscous dampers (VDs) provide a significant reduction for mid-rise buildings, while friction dampers (FDs) boost the performance of all structures under seismic action, especially in terms of displacement, and they are more suitable for low-rise buildings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Assessment and Design of Structures)
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17 pages, 1853 KiB  
Article
Seismic Damage Probability Assessment of Isolated Girder Bridges Based on Performance under Near-Field Earthquakes
by Qiang Liu and Chunyan Yang
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(20), 9595; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11209595 - 14 Oct 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1512
Abstract
This paper presents a copula technique for developing seismic fragility curves for an RC (reinforced concrete) isolated continuous girder bridge, by considering earthquake damage indicators such as bridge piers, isolated bearing components, and the main girder of collision damage. The results of this [...] Read more.
This paper presents a copula technique for developing seismic fragility curves for an RC (reinforced concrete) isolated continuous girder bridge, by considering earthquake damage indicators such as bridge piers, isolated bearing components, and the main girder of collision damage. The results of this method are compared with those of the limit method of the first-order reliability theory. Meanwhile, the incremental dynamic analysis of the bridge structure under different failure conditions is carried out, and the randomness of the near-fault ground motion and the structural parameters are accounted. Based on the damage index of the isolated bridge under different damage conditions, the seismic fragility curves of each component and the whole isolated bridge are obtained. The research shows that the safety control of the isolated continuous girder bridge structure is mainly affected by the seismic fragility of the isolated bearing, the influence of bridge pier seismic fragility is relatively small, and the probability of beam collision in an isolated bridge is lower than that of a general bridge without isolation bearing. By applying the isolation scheme, the probability of different damage state of the bridge structure is greatly reduced, thus the seismic performance is improved. It also verifies the efficiency and superiority of copula technology. The results will provide a reference for future seismic damage prediction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Assessment and Design of Structures)
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21 pages, 12008 KiB  
Article
Shaking Table Tests to Validate Inelastic Seismic Analysis Method Applicable to Nuclear Metal Components
by Gyeong-Hoi Koo, Sang-Won Ahn, Jong-Keun Hwang and Jong-Sung Kim
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(19), 9264; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11199264 - 06 Oct 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1740
Abstract
The main purpose of this study is to perform shaking table tests to validate the inelastic seismic analysis method applicable to pressure-retaining metal components in nuclear power plants (NPPs). To do this, the test mockup was designed and fabricated to be able to [...] Read more.
The main purpose of this study is to perform shaking table tests to validate the inelastic seismic analysis method applicable to pressure-retaining metal components in nuclear power plants (NPPs). To do this, the test mockup was designed and fabricated to be able to describe the hot leg surge line nozzle with a piping system, which is known to be one of the seismically fragile components in nuclear steam supply systems (NSSS). The used input motions are the displacement time histories corresponding to the design floor response spectrum at an elevation of 136 ft in the in-structure building in NPPs. Two earthquake levels are used in this study. One is the design-basis safe shutdown earthquake level (SSE, PGA = 0.3 g) and the other is the beyond-design-basis earthquake level (BDBE, PGA = 0.6 g), which is linearly scaled from the SSE level. To measure the inelastic strain responses, five strain gauges were attached at the expected critical locations in the target nozzle, and three accelerometers were installed at the shaking table and piping system to measure the dynamic responses. From the results of the shaking table tests, it was found that the plastic strain response at the target nozzle and the acceleration response at the piping system were not amplified by as much as two times the input earthquake level because the plastic behavior in the piping system significantly contributed to energy dissipation during the seismic events. To simulate the test results, elastoplastic seismic analyses with the well-known Chaboche kinematic hardening model and the Voce isotropic hardening model for Type 316 stainless steel were carried out, and the results of the principal strain and the acceleration responses were compared with the test results. From the comparison, it was found that the inelastic seismic analysis method can give very reasonable results when the earthquake level is large enough to invoke plastic behavior in nuclear metal components. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Assessment and Design of Structures)
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24 pages, 5668 KiB  
Article
Time-Dependent Damage Estimation of a High-Rise Steel Building Equipped with Buckling-Restrained Brace under a Series of Earthquakes and Winds
by Ahmad Naqi, Tathagata Roy and Taiki Saito
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(19), 9253; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11199253 - 05 Oct 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2141
Abstract
This study investigates the cumulative damage of a 20-story high-rise steel building equipped with buckling-restrained braces (BRB) under the likely occurrence of earthquake and wind events in the design life of the building. The objective of this research is to introduce a method [...] Read more.
This study investigates the cumulative damage of a 20-story high-rise steel building equipped with buckling-restrained braces (BRB) under the likely occurrence of earthquake and wind events in the design life of the building. The objective of this research is to introduce a method for evaluating the cumulative damage of BRBs under multi-hazard events that are expected to occur during the service life of a high-rise building in order to achieve a safer building. A methodology is proposed using a Poisson point process to estimate the timeline of earthquake and wind events, wherein the events are assumed to be independent in nature. The 20-story high-rise steel building with BRBs is designed according to the Japanese standard and analyzed using the finite element approach, considering nonlinearities in the structural elements and BRBs. The building is analyzed consecutively using the timeline of earthquakes and winds, and the results are compared with those under individual earthquakes and winds. In addition to the responses of the frame such as the floor displacement and acceleration, the damage of BRBs in terms of the damage index, the energy absorption, the plastic strain energy, and the maximum and cumulative ductility factor are evaluated. It is observed that the BRB’s fatigue life under multi-hazard scenarios is a multi-criteria issue that requires more precise investigation. Moreover, the overall building’s performance and BRB’s cumulative damage induced by the sequence of events in the design life of the building is significantly larger than that under an individual event. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Assessment and Design of Structures)
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19 pages, 6281 KiB  
Article
Irregularity of the Distribution of Masonry Infill Panels and Its Effect on the Seismic Collapse of Reinforced Concrete Buildings
by Juan Carlos Vielma, Roberto Aguiar, Carlos Frau and Abel Zambrano
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(18), 8691; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11188691 - 17 Sep 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1921
Abstract
On 16 April 2016, an earthquake of Mw 7.8 shook the coast of Ecuador, causing the destruction of buildings and a significant number of casualties. Following a visit by the authors to the city of Portoviejo during the debris removal and recovery stage, [...] Read more.
On 16 April 2016, an earthquake of Mw 7.8 shook the coast of Ecuador, causing the destruction of buildings and a significant number of casualties. Following a visit by the authors to the city of Portoviejo during the debris removal and recovery stage, it was noted that several reinforced concrete buildings located on corners had collapsed in the central part of the city. These buildings were characterized by the presence of masonry at the edges of the buildings but not between the two mostly open-plan facades on the corner for practical reasons. This article reviews the effect of masonry infill panels on the seismic response of reinforced concrete structures. For this, a model that contains the geometric and mechanical characteristics typical of collapsed buildings was generated and subjected to nonlinear analysis, with both static and dynamic increments. The results show the clear influence of the masonry infill panels on the structural response through the torsional behavior that is reflected in the evolution of the floor rotations. Finally, dynamic incremental analysis is used to obtain the collapse fragility curve of the building, and a new damage measure based on floor rotations is proposed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Assessment and Design of Structures)
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21 pages, 7426 KiB  
Article
An Analytical Study on the Pull-Out Strength of Anchor Bolts Embedded in Concrete Members by SPH Method
by Chi Lu and Yoshimi Sonoda
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(18), 8526; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11188526 - 14 Sep 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5501
Abstract
As an important method for connecting structural members, anchor bolts have been installed in many situations. Therefore, accurate evaluation of the pull-out strength of anchor bolts has always been an important issue, considering the complicated actual installation conditions and the problem of aging [...] Read more.
As an important method for connecting structural members, anchor bolts have been installed in many situations. Therefore, accurate evaluation of the pull-out strength of anchor bolts has always been an important issue, considering the complicated actual installation conditions and the problem of aging deterioration of the structural members. In general, the patterns of pull-out failure of anchor bolts can be classified into three types: adhesion failure, cone failure, and bolt break. However, it sometimes shows a mixed fracture pattern, and it is not always easy to predict the accurate pull-out strength. In this study, we attempted to evaluate the pull-out strength of anchor bolts under various installation conditions using SPH, which can analyze the crack growth process in the concrete. In particular, the anchor bolt-concrete interface model was introduced to SPH analysis in order to consider the bond failure, and it was confirmed that various failure patterns and the load capacity could be predicted by proposed SPH method. After that, the influence of several parameters, such as bond stress limit, anchor bolt diameter, and the anchor bolt embedment depth on the failure patterns and the load capacity, were investigated by numerical calculation. Furthermore, several useful suggestions on the pull-out strength of anchor bolts under improper installation conditions, such as the ends of members for the purpose of seismic retrofitting, are presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Assessment and Design of Structures)
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25 pages, 6729 KiB  
Article
Fragility Curves and Probabilistic Seismic Demand Models on the Seismic Assessment of RC Frames Subjected to Structural Pounding
by Maria G. Flenga and Maria J. Favvata
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(17), 8253; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11178253 - 06 Sep 2021
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4080
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate five different methodologies reported in the literature for developing fragility curves to assess the seismic performance of RC structures subjected to structural pounding. In this context, displacement-based and curvature-based fragility curves are developed. The use of probabilistic seismic [...] Read more.
This study aims to evaluate five different methodologies reported in the literature for developing fragility curves to assess the seismic performance of RC structures subjected to structural pounding. In this context, displacement-based and curvature-based fragility curves are developed. The use of probabilistic seismic demand models (PSDMs) on the fragility assessment of the pounding risk is further estimated. Linear and bilinear PSDMs are developed, while the validity of the assumptions commonly used to produce a PSDM is examined. Finally, the influence of the PSDMs’ assumptions on the derivation of fragilities for the structural pounding effect is identified. The examined pounding cases involve the interaction between adjacent RC structures that have equal story heights (floor-to-floor interaction). Results indicate that the fragility assessment of the RC structure that suffers the pounding effect is not affected by the examined methodologies when the performance level that controls the seismic behavior is exceeded at low levels of IM. Thus, the more vulnerable the structure is due to the pounding effect, the more likely that disparities among the fragility curves of the examined methods are eliminated. The use of a linear PSDM fails to properly describe the local inelastic demands of the structural RC member that suffers the impact effect. The PSDM’s assumptions are not always satisfied for the examined engineering demand parameters of this study, and thus may induce errors when fragility curves are developed. Nevertheless, errors induced due to the power law model and the homoscedasticity assumptions of the PSDM can be reduced by using the bilinear regression model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Assessment and Design of Structures)
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21 pages, 8379 KiB  
Article
Modal-Based Ground Motion Selection Method for the Nonlinear Response Time History Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall Structures
by Yang Liu
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(17), 8230; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11178230 - 05 Sep 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1735
Abstract
This paper presents a modification of the modal-based ground motion selection (MGMS) method for improving the reliability of the nonlinear response time history analysis (NLRHA) of reinforced concrete (RC) shear wall structures. The original MGMS procedure quantified the impact of frequency content combinations [...] Read more.
This paper presents a modification of the modal-based ground motion selection (MGMS) method for improving the reliability of the nonlinear response time history analysis (NLRHA) of reinforced concrete (RC) shear wall structures. The original MGMS procedure quantified the impact of frequency content combinations in the time domain (FCCTD) of input ground motions (IGMs) on the seismic response of building structures using the level of interaction of the first three modes induced by IGMs. However, previous research found that the first two modes have far larger modal mass coefficients than those of higher modes and dominate the vibration of the RC shear wall structures with a symmetric plan. Therefore, the MGMS procedure should be modified by employing the interaction of the first two modes induced by IGMs to properly account for the effect of the FCCTD of IGMs on the seismic response of structures. In the MGMS procedure for RC shear wall structures, seven IGMs that caused the most significant interactions of the first two modes were selected from a suite of twenty seed IGMs, which were chosen with a conventional spectra-matching-based IGMs selection procedure for the NLRHA of the structure. A comprehensive case study involving three RC shear walls with different heights was conducted to investigate the capability of the MGMS in selecting suitable IGMs for the NLRHA of RC shear wall structures. Sets of seed IGMs were selected, adopting conditional mean spectra and design spectra as the target spectra. It was found that the seismic demands computed using MGMS selected IGMs can ensure a more reliable and reasonable computation of seismic demands compared with conventional spectra-matching-based IGMs selection methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Assessment and Design of Structures)
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28 pages, 9291 KiB  
Article
Reinforced Concrete Beams Retrofitted with External CFRP Strips towards Enhancing the Shear Capacity
by George C. Manos and Konstantinos B. Katakalos
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(17), 7952; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11177952 - 28 Aug 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3874
Abstract
The practical difficulties in upgrading the structural performance of existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures is discussed, when retrofitting structural members by conventional RC jacketing. The use of retrofitting schemes employing externally applied fiber reinforcing polymer (FRP) strips attracted considerable research attention as a [...] Read more.
The practical difficulties in upgrading the structural performance of existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures is discussed, when retrofitting structural members by conventional RC jacketing. The use of retrofitting schemes employing externally applied fiber reinforcing polymer (FRP) strips attracted considerable research attention as a preferable alternative. Such retrofitting FRP schemes aiming to upgrade the shear capacity of existing RC beams have been examined in many published works employing such externally applied FRP shear reinforcing schemes without confronting the practical difficulties arising from the presence of the RC slab. Anchoring external CFRP strips aiming to shear upgrade, which is the focus here, overrides this difficulty. It is shown that effective anchoring, using either mechanical anchors such as the ones devised by the authors or CFRP anchor ropes produced by the industry, can effectively upgrade the shear capacity of an RC T-beam under-designed in shear to the desired level. A novel laboratory test set-up, devised by the authors, can be utilized to quantify the tensile capacity of CFRP stirrups with or without anchors, that can be of practical use. The predicted, according to design guidelines, upgraded shear capacity of the tested prototype RC T-beam, employing the used shear retrofitting schemes, under-estimates the measured shear capacity by 58%. This conservatism can counter-balance uncertainties arising from in situ conditions in constructing the various parts of such a shear retrofitting scheme. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Assessment and Design of Structures)
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26 pages, 22779 KiB  
Article
Seismic Performance of Dam Piers Retrofitted with Reinforced Polymer Cement Mortar
by Yoshimi Sonoda, Hiroki Tamai and Hirotsugu Ikeda
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(16), 7255; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11167255 - 06 Aug 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2008
Abstract
The deterioration of existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures is regarded as a problem worldwide. In Japan especially, the deterioration of RC dam structures has become severe. Many such dams meet design standards that were in place at the time of construction but do [...] Read more.
The deterioration of existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures is regarded as a problem worldwide. In Japan especially, the deterioration of RC dam structures has become severe. Many such dams meet design standards that were in place at the time of construction but do not meet the current seismic design standards, and appropriate seismic retrofitting is required. If the dam pier, which is an important part of the dam related to water storage, is damaged by an earthquake, the gate cannot be opened or closed, and the amount of water stored cannot be controlled. Therefore, the seismic retrofitting of dam piers is a top priority. However, various construction restrictions exist for dam piers, such as only the cross-section on the downstream side can be reinforced, and not on the upstream side where water is stored. Thus, it is difficult to apply the same reinforcement method that is applied to the piers of general road bridges. Therefore, in this study, we confirm the effectiveness of the SRS method (seismic retrofitting using cement mortar for shotcrete), which is suitable for partial reinforcement. Specifically, the dam piers of four types of existing dams were modeled using the three-dimensional finite element method, and a seismic response analysis was performed by inputting two types of seismic waveforms having different characteristics. As a result, the reinforcement effect of this method was verified according to structural characteristics. Furthermore, the effect of the reinforcement range on the reinforcement effect was clarified. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Assessment and Design of Structures)
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16 pages, 12852 KiB  
Article
Proposal of Damage Index Ratio for Low- to Mid-Rise Reinforced Concrete Moment-Resisting Frame with Setback Subjected to Uniaxial Seismic Loading
by Taufiq Ilham Maulana, Badamkhand Enkhtengis and Taiki Saito
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(15), 6754; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11156754 - 22 Jul 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1869
Abstract
A vertical irregularity setback in reinforced concrete (RC) building affects its performance and response especially subjected to earthquake ground motions. It is necessary to understand how the seismic damage is established due to setbacks and avoid damage concentration on the irregularity section. The [...] Read more.
A vertical irregularity setback in reinforced concrete (RC) building affects its performance and response especially subjected to earthquake ground motions. It is necessary to understand how the seismic damage is established due to setbacks and avoid damage concentration on the irregularity section. The objective of this study is to propose a formula to estimate the damage distribution along the height of the setback building from a geometric measure of the degree of irregularity. First, previous experimental tests for two types of setback buildings, a towered and a stepped setback frames, were analyzed to verify the accuracy of the frame analysis. The results of the frame analysis considerably matched the experimental test results. Furthermore, to study the relationship between the degree of setback and the distribution of damage, a parametric study was conducted using 35 reinforced concrete setback frames, consisting of models with stepped setback type and towered setback type with different degrees of setback. The inelastic dynamic analyses of all the frames under three earthquake ground motions were conducted. The irregularity indices proposed in literature were adopted to express the degree of setback and the structural damage was expressed by the Park–Ang damage index. Using nonlinear regression analysis, formulas to estimate damage index ratio between two main structure parts (tower and base) from setback indices were proposed. Finally, the proposed formula was applied to the experimental test results to confirm its validity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Assessment and Design of Structures)
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24 pages, 4277 KiB  
Article
Seismic Design and Performance Assessment of Frame Buildings Reinforced by Dual-Phase Steel
by Jure Žižmond and Matjaž Dolšek
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(11), 4998; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11114998 - 28 May 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2623
Abstract
To improve the durability and serviceability of reinforced concrete structures, different variants of dual-phase reinforcing steel were developed within the research project NEWREBAR. The investigated variant of the new material, termed DPD2 steel, has a specific microstructure that increases the corrosion resistance, but [...] Read more.
To improve the durability and serviceability of reinforced concrete structures, different variants of dual-phase reinforcing steel were developed within the research project NEWREBAR. The investigated variant of the new material, termed DPD2 steel, has a specific microstructure that increases the corrosion resistance, but its yielding strength is less than that of Tempcore steel B500B. DPD2 steel has no yielding plateau, which is characteristic of conventional reinforcing steel. Thus, it was investigated whether the current building codes can be used to design earthquake-resistant concrete structures reinforced by DPD2 steel bars. For this reason, three multi-story reinforced concrete frame buildings were designed according to Eurocode by considering DPD2 steel and, for comparison reasons, Tempcore steel B500B. Based on the nonlinear model, which was validated by cyclic test of columns, the seismic performance of DPD2 buildings was found to be improved compared to those designed with conventional B500B reinforcing steel. This can mainly be attributed to the substantial strain hardening of the DPD2 steel, which increases the overstrength factor of the structure by about 10%. However, for the improved seismic performance, the amount of steel in DPD2 buildings had to be increased in the design by approximately 20–25% due to the smaller yield strength of DPD2 steel. Nevertheless, it was demonstrated that Eurocode 8 could be used to design earthquake-resistant frame building reinforced with dual-phase reinforcing steel DPD2. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Assessment and Design of Structures)
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17 pages, 8270 KiB  
Article
Shaking Table Tests of Lead Inserted Small-Sized Laminated Rubber Bearing for Nuclear Component Seismic Isolation
by Gyeong-Hoi Koo, Tae-Myung Shin and Sang-Jin Ma
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(10), 4431; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11104431 - 13 May 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2096
Abstract
To assure seismic isolation performance against design and beyond design basis earthquakes in the nuclear facility components, the lead inserted small-sized laminated rubber bearings (LRB), which has a 10 kN vertical design load, have been designed and quasi-statically tested to validate their design [...] Read more.
To assure seismic isolation performance against design and beyond design basis earthquakes in the nuclear facility components, the lead inserted small-sized laminated rubber bearings (LRB), which has a 10 kN vertical design load, have been designed and quasi-statically tested to validate their design mechanical properties in previous studies. Following this study, the seismic shaking tests of these full-scale LRBs are performed and discussed in this paper with the dummy mass system to investigate actual seismic isolation performance, dynamic characteristics of LRBs, consistency of the LRB’s quality, and so on. To study the seismic isolation performance, three beam structures (S1–S3) with different natural frequencies were installed both on the shaking table and the dummy mass supported by four LRBs: (1) S1: structure close to seismic isolation frequency; (2) S2: structure close to peak input spectral frequency; (3) S3: structure in the high-frequency region. The test results are described in various seismic levels of OBE (Operating Basis Earthquake), SSE (Safe Shutdown Earthquake), and BDBE (Beyond Design Basis Earthquake), and are compared with the analysis results to assure the seismic isolation performance and the LRB’s design parameters. From the results of the shaking table tests, it is confirmed that the lead inserted small-sized LRBs reveal an adequate seismic isolation performance and their dynamic characteristics as intended in the LRB design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Assessment and Design of Structures)
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20 pages, 3964 KiB  
Article
Transient Response of Bridge Piers to Structure Separation under Near-Fault Vertical Earthquake
by Wenjun An and Guquan Song
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(9), 4068; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11094068 - 29 Apr 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1566
Abstract
Given the possible separation problem caused by the double-span continuous beam bridge under the action of the vertical earthquake, considering the wave effect, the transient wave characteristic function method and the indirect mode superposition method are used to solve the response theory of [...] Read more.
Given the possible separation problem caused by the double-span continuous beam bridge under the action of the vertical earthquake, considering the wave effect, the transient wave characteristic function method and the indirect mode superposition method are used to solve the response theory of the bridge structure during the earthquake. Through the example analysis, the pier bending moment changes under different vertical excitation periods and excitation amplitudes are calculated. Calculations prove that: (1) When the seismic excitation period is close to the vertical natural vibration period of the bridge, the main girder and the bridge pier may be separated; (2) When the pier has a high height, the separation has a more significant impact on the longitudinal displacement of the bridge, but the maximum relative displacement caused by the separation is random; (3) Large-scale vertical excitation will increase the number of partitions of the structure, and at the same time increase the vertical collision force between the main girder and the pier, but the effect on the longitudinal displacement of the form is uncertain; (4) When V/H exceeds a specific value, the pier will not only be damaged by bending, but will also be damaged by axial compression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Assessment and Design of Structures)
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16 pages, 7161 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Structural Performance of Post-Installed Anchors Embedded in Cracked Concrete in Power Plant Facilities
by Sangmoon Lee and Wooyoung Jung
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(8), 3488; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11083488 - 13 Apr 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4394
Abstract
In this study, a field survey was conducted on the fixed anchorages of the operation and power generation facilities installed in domestic power plants. A static/dynamic performance evaluation was conducted to present safety evaluation guidelines that meet the domestic seismic performance requirements. Seismic [...] Read more.
In this study, a field survey was conducted on the fixed anchorages of the operation and power generation facilities installed in domestic power plants. A static/dynamic performance evaluation was conducted to present safety evaluation guidelines that meet the domestic seismic performance requirements. Seismic performance tests were performed on the post-installed set anchors M10 and M12, which are mainly used for anchorages in accordance with the US and European seismic performance standards. The dynamic shear test results showed that the M12 anchor met the seismic performance verification criterion, whereas the M10 anchor did not because its dynamic performance was reduced, owing to the cyclic loading. In the results of the dynamic pull-out test, M12 also met the seismic performance verification criterion, whereas M10 was safe only in a non-cracked state. In summary, the seismic performance of M12 in both cracks and non-cracks was satisfied, but, in the case of M10, the results were not satisfied in cracks. This was an experimental study; it will be necessary to conduct additional analytical research in the future to verify the reliability and parameters of the experiment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Assessment and Design of Structures)
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29 pages, 14124 KiB  
Article
Plastic Joints in Bridge Columns of Atypical Cross-Sections with Smooth Reinforcement without Seismic Details
by Mladen Srbić, Ana Mandić Ivanković, Anđelko Vlašić and Gordana Hrelja Kovačević
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(6), 2658; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11062658 - 16 Mar 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2112
Abstract
In seismically active areas, knowledge of the actual behavior of bridges under seismic load is extremely important, as they are crucial elements of the transport infrastructure. To assess their seismic resistance, it is necessary to know the key indicators of their seismic response. [...] Read more.
In seismically active areas, knowledge of the actual behavior of bridges under seismic load is extremely important, as they are crucial elements of the transport infrastructure. To assess their seismic resistance, it is necessary to know the key indicators of their seismic response. Bridges built before the adoption of standards for seismic detailing may still contain structural reserves due to the properties of the used materials and construction approach. For example, smooth reinforcement which is found in older bridges due to the material properties, detailing principles, and lower bond strength compared to ribbed reinforcement, allows for greater deformations. In bridges, columns are vital elements employed in the dissipation of seismic energy. Their cross-sections often deviate from the regular square, rectangular, or round cross-sections, which are typically found in building. Based on the behavior of the columns in the vicinity of potential plastic joints, we can determine their deformability. This paper presents an experimental study of seismic resistance indicators around a potential plastic joint for a column with an atypical cross-section, without seismic details and with smooth reinforcement. The experimental results are compared with the numerical and analytical, but also with the experimental results on samples with ribbed reinforcement. Conclusions are made about the behavior of such column elements and their seismic resistance indicators, allowing for the application of an analytical or numerical method with realistic material and element properties and derivation of correction factors due to the effect of the smooth-reinforcement slippage from the anchorage area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Assessment and Design of Structures)
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26 pages, 6470 KiB  
Article
Seismic Resistance and Parametric Study of Building under Control of Impulsive Semi-Active Mass Damper
by Ming-Hsiang Shih and Wen-Pei Sung
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(6), 2468; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11062468 - 10 Mar 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2224
Abstract
When high-rise buildings are shaken due to external forces, the facilities of the building can be damaged. A Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) can resolve this issue, but the seismic resistance of TMD is exhausted due to the detuning effect. The Impulsive Semi-Active Mass [...] Read more.
When high-rise buildings are shaken due to external forces, the facilities of the building can be damaged. A Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) can resolve this issue, but the seismic resistance of TMD is exhausted due to the detuning effect. The Impulsive Semi-Active Mass Damper (ISAMD) is proposed with fast coupling and decoupling at the active joint between the mass and structure to overcome the detuning effect. The seismic proof effects of a high-rise building with TMD and ISAMD were compared. The numerical analysis results indicate that: (1) the reduction ratio of the maximum roof displacement response and the mean square root of the displacement reduction ratio of the building with the ISAMD were higher than 30% and 60%, respectively; (2) the sensitivity of the efficiency index to the frequency ratio of the ISAMD was very low, and detuning did not occur in the building with the ISAMD; (3) to achieve stable seismic resistance of the ISAMD, its frequency ratio should be between 2 and 4; (4) the amount of displacement of the control mass block of the ISAMD can be reduced by enhancing the stiffness of the auxiliary spring of the ISAMD; and (5) the proposed ISAMD has a stable control effect, regardless of the earthquake distance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Assessment and Design of Structures)
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25 pages, 11568 KiB  
Article
Impact of the Vertical Component of Earthquake Ground Motion in the Performance Level of Steel Buildings
by Jesús-Gerardo Valdés-Vázquez, Adrián David García-Soto and Miguel Á. Jaimes
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(4), 1925; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11041925 - 22 Feb 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2479
Abstract
This study discusses the impact of the vertical component of earthquake ground motion in the performance level of steel building subjected to earthquake excitations. Analyses are carried out for the strong column-weak beam philosophy because the structural performance is focused on these elements. [...] Read more.
This study discusses the impact of the vertical component of earthquake ground motion in the performance level of steel building subjected to earthquake excitations. Analyses are carried out for the strong column-weak beam philosophy because the structural performance is focused on these elements. A realistic steel frame is also considered to investigate the impact of including the seismic vertical component in the non-linear response of the building. The main findings of this study are: (1) When an analysis is performed by considering the horizontal and vertical components of ground motion acting simultaneously (near the causative fault), larger plastic rotations in the beams are obtained as compared to those resulting by considering only the horizontal component. (2) Due to the previous finding, if a codified criterion to inspect the steel beams performance in terms of the plastic rotation is considered, the beam performance could lie within a different acceptation criterion (i.e., from immediate occupancy to collapse prevention) if the vertical component is included in the analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Assessment and Design of Structures)
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