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Hydrocolloids: Characteristics and Applications

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Chemical and Molecular Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2026 | Viewed by 2554

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Group Polysaccharides and Hydrocolloids, Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
Interests: analysis characterization of polysaccharides (crop-based and microbial) in aqueous media by means of distribution analyses (chromatography for homogeneous subsystems, AF4 for the mix of homogenous and heterogeneous systems); investigation of electrokinetic mobility and correlated size analyses; rheology/viscosimetry and surface/interface-energy analysis due to drop geometry and contact angle
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Due to the capability of supermolecular objects in the range of nanometers to micrometers to respond sensitively to changing milieu conditions, colloids—or rather colloidal systems—constitute a wide range of practical applications. In addition to molecular-level solvent/solute systems, colloidal systems comprise an equilibrium of three phases: a continuous phase (c), a phase of dispersed or emulsified supermolecular objects in this medium (d), and a phase of modifiers (m) distributed or more or less dissolved in both phases, represented by charged or neutral small molecules or polymers. Thus, the control of colloidal systems requires molecular-level information (chemical composition distribution) of each of these phases, information about the contribution of the binary states (c-d, c-m, d-m), monitoring of dimensions and electrokinetic mobilities, estimation of supermolecular interface forces, and data on response capability spectrum upon applied external forces. Additionally, consequences of variations in applied procedures, e.g., dependences on various modes and/or the sequence and intensity of applied steps, need to be considered.

Major fields of application for colloidal systems with an aqueous continuous phase include industrial food processing and the design of pharmaceutical compounds. Stabilization of nutritional values with an appropriate texture and organoleptic acceptance in the framework of legal regulations at affordable costs are interesting issues, as well as targeted transport mechanisms and retarded release of active compounds. Practically, the challenge is the reproducible production and handling of colloidal systems. Sensitive mixtures of homogeneous and heterogeneous partitions where the law of masses, the crucial approach in traditional chemistry, decreases to a sidekick status of dissolution, and electrokinetic mobilities become increasingly important. Additionally, flow behavior, adsorption characteristics, and response capabilities upon controlled stress on diffuse structures and objects up to the micrometer range become dominant.

This Special Issue invites the submission of original research articles and comprehensive reviews focusing on hydrocolloidal systems. Topics of interest include their production and synthesis, analysis and characterization, as well as instances of applications, among other relevant themes.

Dr. Anton Huber
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • hydrocolloidal systems
  • nano-structured systems
  • continuous aqueous phase (c)
  • dispersed/emulsified phase (d)
  • charged and/or neutral modifier (small molecules or polymers) (m)
  • mix of homogenous and heterogeneous partitions (binary systems c-d, c-m, d-m)
  • status of dissolution in binary systems
  • distribution of dimension and geometry of super-molecular d-objects
  • interface properties of d-objects
  • adsorption characteristics on d-objects
  • diffusive and electrokinetic mobilities
  • synthesis/establishing and modification of colloidal systems
  • stabilization/destabilization mechanisms
  • response capabilities upon applied stress
  • analytical separation techniques
  • analytical detection techniques
  • application of hydrocolloidal systems in food processing
  • pharmaceutical applications of hydrocolloidal systems

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 3035 KB  
Article
Stabilization of Gymnema lactiferum Extract Using Liposomes and Chitosomes for Functional Food Applications
by Kaushala Weerasinghe, Louise Brough, David W. Everett and Ali Rashidinejad
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(11), 5594; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16115594 - 3 Jun 2026
Viewed by 239
Abstract
Gymnema lactiferum (G. lactiferum) is a medicinal plant that contains potent bioactive phytochemicals, which are prone to degradation during processing and digestion. In this study, G. lactiferum extract was prepared and encapsulated into soy lecithin primary liposomes (PL) and then coated [...] Read more.
Gymnema lactiferum (G. lactiferum) is a medicinal plant that contains potent bioactive phytochemicals, which are prone to degradation during processing and digestion. In this study, G. lactiferum extract was prepared and encapsulated into soy lecithin primary liposomes (PL) and then coated with chitosan to form secondary liposomes (chitosomes, CS) to enhance stability. Physicochemical characteristics, morphology, thermal behavior, and storage stability were evaluated. Extract loading significantly (p < 0.05) increased the mean diameter of PL from 128.6 nm to 146.3 nm and of CS from 359.1 nm to 408.9 nm compared with unloaded liposomes. Both liposomal systems exhibited homogeneous size distributions and good colloidal stability, with zeta potentials of −39.4 mV for PL and +35.8 mV for CS and low polydispersity indices (<0.25) for both systems. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated predominantly spherical morphologies in both systems. Chitosan coating significantly (p < 0.05) improved both encapsulation efficiency (77.3%) and encapsulation yield (82.4%) compared with PL (73.7% and 79.1%, respectively). HPLC-based quantification using rutin as a reference analyte further indicated EE-R% values of 59.8% for PL-GE and 70.3% for CS-GE, supporting improved extract retention following chitosan coating. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed successful encapsulation without apparent chemical alterations or reactions. Differential scanning calorimetry indicated that chitosan coating modified the thermal transition behavior of the liposomal membrane, consistent with altered bilayer packing and increased membrane fluidity, while incorporation of the extract partially restored thermal order within the coated system. Overall, chitosan coating effectively enhanced the encapsulation efficiency, stability, and yield of G. lactiferum extract-loaded liposomes towards their incorporation into functional food formulations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrocolloids: Characteristics and Applications)
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19 pages, 3492 KB  
Article
Pickering Emulsion Interfacial Architecture and Performance Tuned by Zein–Tannic Acid Particle Preparation and Emulsification
by Rama Alhasan, Yasmin Ferreira da Cruz, Laxmi Manasa Bodapati, Thomas Chaigneau, Zakaria Baka, Younes Bouizi, Frederick Niepceron, Lazhar Benyahia, Véronique Sadtler, Thibault Roques-Carmes and Marianne Parent
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(9), 4399; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16094399 - 30 Apr 2026
Viewed by 508
Abstract
In this study, we investigated how the formation and properties of Pickering emulsions (PEs) stabilized by zein/tannic acid particles (ZTAPs) are impacted by the method used to generate the particles, before or during emulsification. ZTAPs were obtained through two antisolvent precipitation methods (sequential [...] Read more.
In this study, we investigated how the formation and properties of Pickering emulsions (PEs) stabilized by zein/tannic acid particles (ZTAPs) are impacted by the method used to generate the particles, before or during emulsification. ZTAPs were obtained through two antisolvent precipitation methods (sequential and co-precipitation) across zein/tannic acid molar ratio (R) range of 1/0 to 1/30. Emulsions were prepared using four methods, either with pre-formed ZTAPs or by mixing zein and tannic acid immediately before or during emulsification. The results indicated that pre-forming the particles prior to emulsification is crucial for controlling droplet size and homogeneity, while the quantity of tannic acid plays a supporting role. Tannic acid is not only critical for emulsion stabilization but also imparts its antioxidant activity to the emulsions. This activity is also controlled by the molar ratio R of the particles and the preparation protocol. ZTAPs are promising plant-based stabilizers for emulsions in the food and pharmaceutical industries. These findings provide a better understanding of the importance of their method of production in controlling the characteristics (droplet size, stability, and antioxidant properties) of the emulsions they stabilize. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrocolloids: Characteristics and Applications)
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18 pages, 1537 KB  
Article
Physicochemical Properties, Colloidal Stability, and Encapsulation Efficiency of Lecithin-Based and Chitosan-Coated Liposomes Loaded with Cinnamomum zeylanicum Bioactives
by Sheba M. Culas, Lovedeep Kaur, David G. Popovich and Ali Rashidinejad
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(8), 3754; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16083754 - 11 Apr 2026
Viewed by 429
Abstract
Cinnamomum zeylanicum (C. zeylanicum) is rich in bioactives, such as cinnamaldehyde and phenols, which are susceptible to thermal degradation, volatilisation, and oxidative deterioration during processing and storage, thereby reducing chemical stability and limiting bioavailability. Encapsulation using lecithin and chitosan-based systems mitigates [...] Read more.
Cinnamomum zeylanicum (C. zeylanicum) is rich in bioactives, such as cinnamaldehyde and phenols, which are susceptible to thermal degradation, volatilisation, and oxidative deterioration during processing and storage, thereby reducing chemical stability and limiting bioavailability. Encapsulation using lecithin and chitosan-based systems mitigates these instabilities by forming a protective barrier against oxygen, light, and heat while enhancing structural stability. In this study, freeze-dried extracts of C. zeylanicum were encapsulated into lecithin-based primary liposomes (PL) and chitosan-coated secondary liposomes (CH/L). The coating of liposomes with chitosan improves the liposome stability, mucoadhesion, and provides protection in the gastric pH while facilitating electrostatic bonding with the biological membrane. The high compatibility and low toxicity of chitosan also make it a suitable carrier in food and nutraceutical applications. The formed liposomes were characterised for particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency (EE), and storage stability over 8 weeks. CH/L showed superior EE (89.027%) compared to the PL (84.154%; p < 0.05). The particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential of the cinnamon-loaded lecithin-based primary liposome (CZ-PL) upon formation were 161.93 nm, 0.13, and −37.597 mV. In comparison, those of the cinnamon-loaded chitosan-coated liposomes (CZ-CH/L) were 591.7 nm, 0.27, and +28.17 mV. The particle size of CZ-PL and CZ-CH/L was 175.90 and 588.60 nm after 8 weeks of storage. The TEM confirmed the spherical morphology of the liposomes. The differential scanning calorimetry analysis demonstrated the disappearance of the characteristic cinnamon melting peak and shifts in liposomal transition temperatures, confirming successful encapsulation. FTIR analysis showed reduction or disappearance of characteristic cinnamon fingerprint peaks and slight band shifts, indicating successful encapsulation and non-covalent interactions, including hydrogen bonding and electrostatic effects, within the liposomal systems. These findings imply that lecithin-based and chitosan-coated liposomes could be employed to successfully carry C. zeylanicum bioactives. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrocolloids: Characteristics and Applications)
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17 pages, 3506 KB  
Article
Experimental Insights into Influence of Surfactants on Thermophysical Properties of a Titanium Oxide Water Nanofluid
by George Cătălin Tofan, Bogdan Pricop, Cătălin Andrei Ţugui and Alina Adriana Minea
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(4), 1890; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16041890 - 13 Feb 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 520
Abstract
Nanofluid development is facing the challenge of instability despite the significant body of research dedicated to developing new nanoparticle-enhanced fluids. Numerous combinations of fluids and particles have been studied; however, the research on surfactants is rather limited, and the results are scattered. This [...] Read more.
Nanofluid development is facing the challenge of instability despite the significant body of research dedicated to developing new nanoparticle-enhanced fluids. Numerous combinations of fluids and particles have been studied; however, the research on surfactants is rather limited, and the results are scattered. This paper is dedicated to the study of two regular polymeric surfactants (PVP and PSS) as well as two polyethylene glycols and one ionic liquid as possible alternatives. The results of a coordinated experiment are followed by a discussion of the density, thermal conductivity, thermal effusivity and viscosity of several samples with the same amount of titanium oxide nanoparticles dispersed in water and different mass concentrations of surfactants (2, 4 and 6%wt.). The results indicated that both the thermal properties and viscosity are negatively affected by the addition of surfactant, which is a drawback. The viscosity remains within a reasonable variation (i.e., between a 0.7 and 1.5% increase) for concentrations of PEG 200, PEG 400 and PSS up to 2%wt. Also, the addition of titania nanoparticles increases the water thermal conductivity by 1.8%, while the addition of surfactant decreases the overall values by around 5%. This disadvantage is amplified when also considering the foam creation, characteristic of all regular surfactants, that limits their real-life applications in turbulent flow. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrocolloids: Characteristics and Applications)
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Review

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25 pages, 2925 KB  
Review
Natural and Semisynthetic Hydrocolloids as Functional Polymeric Materials: Structure–Function Relationships and Emerging Applications
by Cláudia S. G. P. Pereira, María Carpena, João C. M. Barreira, Eugénia C. M. S. Baptista, Miguel A. Prieto and M. Beatriz P. P. Oliveira
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(10), 5105; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16105105 - 20 May 2026
Viewed by 456
Abstract
Hydrocolloids comprise a diverse class of high-molecular-weight polymeric carbohydrates associated with a wide range of physicochemical and functional properties. This review provides an integrated analysis of natural hydrocolloids derived from algal (agar, alginate, carrageenan, fucoidan, laminarin, and ulvan), animal (chitin, chitosan, chondroitin sulfate, [...] Read more.
Hydrocolloids comprise a diverse class of high-molecular-weight polymeric carbohydrates associated with a wide range of physicochemical and functional properties. This review provides an integrated analysis of natural hydrocolloids derived from algal (agar, alginate, carrageenan, fucoidan, laminarin, and ulvan), animal (chitin, chitosan, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, heparin, heparan sulfate, glycogen, and hyaluronan), and plant (pectin, starch, and locust bean gum) sources, together with semisynthetic cellulose-based derivatives. Emphasis is placed on the relationship between molecular structure, charge density, sulfation patter, and branching degree, and how these parameters modulate hydration, gelation, and rheological behavior. Comparative analyses are presented, establishing structure–function interactions that link molecular characteristics to functional properties, including thickening, gelling, emulsifying, stabilizing, film-forming, and controlled-release capacities. The review also discusses the biological activities and application potential of these hydrocolloids in pharmaceutical, biomedical, and advanced material systems. In addition, emerging modification strategies, including chemical functionalization, crosslinking, and nanostructuring are discussed as tools to adjust their action and diversify their application range. Special attention is given to structure–rheology–gelation relationships and to the influence of molecular organization on mechanical strength, stability, and delivery performance. Current challenges associated with scalability, processability, reproducibility, and long-term functional stability are also critically discussed. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive structure–function perspective on hydrocolloids as sustainable and multifunctional polymeric materials, supporting their rational design and continued development in pharmaceutical sciences, biomedical engineering, and advanced material applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrocolloids: Characteristics and Applications)
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