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Advanced Technologies in Asphalt Materials

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A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Civil Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 July 2023) | Viewed by 14450

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Chuanqi Yan

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Guest Editor

School of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
Interests: asphalt; pavement materials; asphalt-based materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Peng Lin

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Civil Engineering & Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
Interests: asphalt pavement recycling; rejuvenation technique; circular economy of road infrastructure; sustainable road materials development
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Dr. Jiwang Jiang

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Guest Editor

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
Interests: asphalt pavement maintanence; cold/hot recycling technologies; multiscale charazterizatioin and modelling
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Dr. Guoqiang Sun

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Guest Editor

Department of Road & Urban Railway Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingleyuan, Beijing 100124, China
Interests: self-healing asphalt materials; high-viscosity modified asphalt material; bio-asphalt material; phase change asphalt material; recycled asphalt pavement; conductive ultra-thin wearing course; asphalt aging and anti-aging
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Quan Lv

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Guest Editor

Department of Transportation Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
Interests: adhesion and healing behavior between the asphalt and aggregate; properties of various modified asphalt and emulsified asphalt
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Due to the increasing traffic level and axle load applied on asphalt pavement, traditional asphalt materials can no longer meet the requirements of modern highways.

During the last few decades, extensive efforts have been made by the asphalt pavement researchers and practitioners to improve the performance of traditional petroleum asphalt. Many advanced technologies have been introduced and widely utilized. These include the various polymer-modified asphalts, rubber asphalt, biomass-derived asphalt, nanomaterials, waste plastic application, self-healing materials, etc.

This Special Issue aims to collect advances in the area of asphalt materials, which is significant for industry practitioners, researchers, government agencies, and other stakeholders.

We invite authors to contribute original research articles as well as review articles that will contribute to the area of advanced technologies for asphalt materials. Suggested topics related to this Special Issue include, but are not limited to:

Polymer-modified asphalt;
Warm/cold-mix asphalt;
Waste-based modified asphalt;
Bio-based modified asphalt;
Regenerated asphalt;
Self-healing asphalt;
Characterization and evaluation of advanced asphalt materials.

Dr. Chuanqi Yan
Dr. Peng Lin
Dr. Jiwang Jiang
Prof. Dr. Guoqiang Sun
Dr. Quan Lv
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

asphalt pavement
pavement materials
asphalt binder
modified asphalt
warm/cold-mix asphalt
waste-based modified asphalt
bio-based modified asphalt
regenerated asphalt
self-healing asphalt

Related Special Issue

Advanced Technologies in Asphalt Materials, 2nd Edition in Applied Sciences (2 articles)

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 4962 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Fiber Mixing Process on the Cracking Resistance of Cold Recycled Asphalt Mixture

by Ming Wang, Tongde Huo, Chengwei Xing and Yuxuan Wang

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(2), 999; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13020999 - 11 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 910

Abstract

Fiber reinforcement is often used to improve the road performance of cold recycled asphalt mixture (CRAM). The purpose of this research is to evaluate the impact of fiber mixing process on the cracking resistance of CRAM from multiple perspectives. Four kinds of fiber mixing processes, named A, B, C, and D, were designed by changing the order of fiber addition during the mixing process. Then, semicircle bending tests and indirect tensile tests were conducted to characterize the low-temperature cracking behavior of fiber CRAM. Freeze–thaw cycle tests under both dry and water-saturated conditions were performed to investigate the freeze–thaw damage behavior of fiber CRAM. Furthermore, the fiber dispersion in CRAM was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the fiber mixing process has a significant effect on the cracking resistance of CRAM. The CRAM specimens prepared by process C have the largest fracture energy, splitting strength, and fracture work, while the specimens made by process D have the smallest value. Specially, the fracture energy of the specimens prepared by process C is 77.23% larger than that of the specimens prepared by process A, while the fracture energy of the specimens prepared by process D is 5.6% smaller than that of the specimens prepared by process A. The reason for this phenomenon is that the fiber is well dispersed in the specimens prepared by process C, which contributes to obtain a better crack resistance. For all CRAM specimens, with the increase of freeze–thaw cycles, splitting strength and fracture work of fiber CRAM decrease. However, there is an obvious difference in the reduction rate of splitting strength and fracture work, especially for the specimens under the water saturation condition. The specimens made by process C have the smallest reduction rate, which indicates a better resistance to freezing and thawing damage. According to the analysis of fiber macro-distribution state in loose CRAM, the fiber dispersion is affected by the humidity conditions in the mixing environment. The best humidity conditions are obtained for fiber dispersion in process C. Based on the SEM observation, the overlapping bridging network structure can be observed in the microstructure of the specimens prepared by process C, allowing the mixture to better transfer and disperse stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Asphalt Materials)

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15 pages, 3447 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Calculation and Characterization of Air Void in Mortar of the Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Based on CT Scanning and Image Analysis Methods

by Li-Heng Shu, Fu-Jian Ni, Ji-Wang Jiang, Zi-Li Zhao and Zhao-Yuan Guo

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(1), 652; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13010652 - 03 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1884

Abstract

The air void content is one of the most important volumetric properties of asphalt matrixes, such as asphalt mixtures or mortars, because it can greatly affect the performance of the matrix. At the mixture level, there are standardized methods for measuring the air void content, which is an important design parameter of a mixture. However, at the mortar scale, no unified method has been proposed to determine the air void content corresponding to the asphalt mixture. Therefore, this research aims to, first, characterize the air void distribution within the mortar of an asphalt mixture and then develop an updated theoretical method for calculating the air void content of asphalt mortar. The internal structures of air voids from three commonly used asphalt mixtures with different gradations were captured using an industrial CT scanning technique and then morphologically characterized using the image analysis method. Three-dimensional models of the air voids were reconstructed, and the air void content calculated from the CT images was also verified by density tests. The scanning results show that the air void content and air void size fit the cumulative Weibull curve. The results show that the nominal maximum particle size (NMPS) of mortar and the mixture air void content were the main parameters that affected the mortar’s air voids. The mortar air void content had linear relationships with both the mixture air void content and the mixture asphalt aggregate ratio. The mortar air void content was more sensitive to the NMPS of the asphalt mixture compared with the air void content or asphalt aggregate ratio of the mixture. This research provides a quantitative method to calculate the air void content of asphalt mortar within a mixture, which may help in the matrix design of mortar. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Asphalt Materials)

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19 pages, 6143 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adhesion Performance between Solid Waste and Bitumen Based on Surface Energy Theory

by Yu Sun, Haoyu Zhu, Jian Liao, Rong Zhang and Chongwei Huang

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13010002 - 20 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1244

Abstract

Natural aggregates are gradually experiencing resource shortages and price accumulations with the rapid development rate of the highway construction industry. Therefore, new materials with social and economic benefits must be identified to replace natural aggregates. Limestone was selected as the representative of natural aggregates, and waste glass and waste ceramics were chosen as the representatives of solid waste in this article. This was undertaken to compare their physical and mechanical properties and the adhesion performance between bitumen and aggregates and to investigate the applicability of solid waste in asphalt pavement. The chemical and mineral compositions of these materials were tested by an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer and an X-ray powder diffractometer. The adhesion performance between bitumen and aggregates was analyzed by establishing adhesion and spalling models based on surface energy theory. Results show that the sizes of glass and ceramics must be small, characteristics which are unsuitable for use in high-grade roads. Glass and ceramics are more adhesive to bitumen than limestone and are suitable for areas with a considerable amount of rainfall and insufficient drainage systems. This article can promote the recycling of glass and ceramics and also provide a research idea for verifying the suitability of other solid waste in asphalt pavement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Asphalt Materials)

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19 pages, 6122 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Properties and Preparation of a New High-Permeability Emulsified Asphalt and Its Modification

by Xianping Zhang, Jialin Xu, Yingchun Cai and Yao Tang

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(24), 12730; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122412730 - 12 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1179

Abstract

Emulsified asphalt is widely used as a prime coat in road engineering, especially in pavements with cement-stabilized semi-rigid bases. The objective of this paper is to develop a new emulsified asphalt with high permeability and pulling-off strength. A new type of high-permeability emulsified asphalt was prepared by using 55.2% diluted asphalt (44.16% matrix asphalt + 11.04% diluent) + 40% emulsion (2% emulsifier + 0.5% stabilizer + 1% osmotic agent + 1% op-10 + 35.5% water) + 4.8% aromatic oil. The storage stability was verified to be better, and the penetrating rate and depth were increased largely compared to the traditional products. To improve pulling-off strength, the high-permeability emulsified asphalt was further modified by mixing with 20% water-based epoxy resin and a curing agent. The penetration, pull-off, and shear strength tests were also conducted. It can be found that the permeability, adhesive, and water-resisting properties of the modified high-permeability emulsified asphalt can be further improved to a certain degree. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Asphalt Materials)

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15 pages, 9169 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on Torsional Shear Testing of Asphalt Mixture

by Guangyuan Wang, Yuhua Li, Jingyun Chen, Yiren Sun, Weiying Wang and Yongjun Liu

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(23), 12242; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122312242 - 29 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1157

Abstract

In order to research investigations on the shear behavior of asphalt mixture, a new shear testing device is developed which can apply torque to a prismatic specimen. This test configuration incorporates a loading application and instrumentation systems to measure and record the response of these mixtures. The loading application can be subjected to individual or combined axial and torsional loads; in particular, the axial load can be dynamically controlled to remain constant. The paper first uses the mechanical theory to analyze the stress state of a prismatic specimen under a torsional load in unconfined compression and confined compression, respectively, and illustrates the influence factor, the shear strength parameter, and the failure criterion for the torsional shear test of the asphalt mixture. Then, the size and the preparation procedure of specimen are explained, and the experimental plan is described. Finally, the torsional shear test apparatus is used to conduct two types of shear tests of asphalt mixtures. The type I test in unconfined compression consists of two conditions: under a constant loading speed (2.4 rad/min) at four temperatures (30

^{\circ}

C, 40

^{\circ}

C, 50

^{\circ}

C, and 60

^{\circ}

C), and under a constant temperature (40

^{\circ}

C) at three loading speeds (2.4 rad/min, 4.0 rad/min, and 8.5 rad/min). The type II test in confined compression is performed under a loading speed of 2.4 rad/min and a temperature of 40

^{\circ}

C, at 0.125 MPa, 0.200 MPa, 0.355 MPa, 0.465 MPa, and 0.570 MPa normal stress levels, respectively. The results prove that (1) temperatures, loading speeds, and normal stress levels are the issues to be considered on torsional shear testing; (2) the pure shear model can be realized by the prismatic specimen, therefore, the cohesion average value obtained is 0.519 MPa; (3) the compression-shear model can be achieved by the prismatic specimen similarly, so the cohesion and the friction angle are simulated based on the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion, which are 0.546 MPa and 44.15°, respectively; and (4) at the high temperature and low normal stress level, the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion does not agree well with measured data, so the nonlinear failure envelope should not be ignored. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Asphalt Materials)

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18 pages, 2822 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Fatigue Life of Bottom-Up Cracking in Asphalt Concrete Pavements

by Gang Cheng, Yong Zheng, Jie Yu, Jun Liu and Xinhe Hu

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(23), 12119; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122312119 - 26 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1837

Abstract

Traditionally, fatigue cracking in asphalt pavement means fatigue failure, which is the basis for controlling the design thickness of asphalt pavements. In fact, the fatigue failure of asphalt pavements includes three stages: fatigue cracking, crack expansion, and structural failure. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the fatigue life of the bottom-up cracking of asphalt concrete (AC) pavements considering the different stages of fatigue failure. The dynamic modulus of AC of different grades was experimentally determined. The tensile stresses at the bottom of the AC layer were evaluated by embedding the tested dynamic modulus into a numerical simulation, which can be used to calculate the fatigue cracking life. Then, overlay tests (OTs) at different temperatures were conducted to obtain the fracture parameters

A

and

n

from the asphalt mixture. The crack propagation life was calculated via the Paris formula based on the fracture parameters

A

and

n

. The analysis results showed that an increase in AC thickness could effectively improve the fatigue crack life of the pavement structure, and the proportion of crack propagation life to fatigue crack life at different temperatures varied significantly. Therefore, when analyzing and calculating the fatigue life of pavement structures, besides the fatigue cracking life, the crack propagation life after cracking should also be considered, which is very important for accurately calculating the entire fatigue life of asphalt pavement structures. This will offer guidance for asphalt pavement thickness design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Asphalt Materials)

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17 pages, 7816 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Compressive and Tensile Fracture Failure Analysis of Asphalt Mixture Subjected to Freeze–Thaw Conditions by Acoustic Emission and CT Scanning Technologies

by Wensheng Wang, Wenlei Xia and Jiaxiang Liang

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(21), 10707; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122110707 - 22 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1120

Abstract

The cracking of bitumen pavement in seasonal frozen areas has direct and significant influences on its properties. In order to study the compressive and tensile fracture failure features of basalt fiber-reinforced asphalt mix after freeze–thaw (F-T) treatment, the load–displacement curves under the compression and tensile modes of asphalt mixture after F-T conditions were tested. As a real-time detection means, acoustic emission (AE) was used for testing asphalt mix under compression and tensile load modes. X-ray computed tomography (CT) was employed to represent and evaluate the interior void in F-T conditions. The results showed that, as F-T conditions continue, the compressive and tensile strength of the specimens at different temperatures decreases. The amplitude and count of AE signals with the time history of load level show different characteristics of change in various intervals. AE signal indirect parameters reveal that under compressive and tensile load modes there is a gradual deterioration of performance for asphalt mix due to the coupling interactions between tensile and shear cracks. The asphalt mixtures have different behavior in F-T conditions, which are attributable to interior meso-void characteristics based on CT analysis. This study is limited to the type and loading mode of asphalt mixture in order to quantitatively predict the performance of asphalt mixture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Asphalt Materials)

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20 pages, 5723 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on Interface Model of Asphalt Pavement under Vertical Load

by Jie Yu, Gang Cheng, Yong Zheng, Tong Zeng and Xinhe Hu

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(17), 8579; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12178579 - 27 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1040

Abstract

Layered asphalt pavement makes the interlayer contact more complicated. In order to further understand the characteristics of interlayer interface of asphalt pavement under vehicle load, this paper analyzes the change rule of interlayer interface of asphalt pavement under a vertical load condition, based on the Goodman model. According to the characteristics of asphalt pavement, the experiment temperature, gradation, amount of viscosity-level oil, type of viscosity-level oil, and vertical compressive stress are taken as parameters, and the universal testing machine (UTM) and self-modified test fixture are used to carry out the direct interlayer shear test. Experimental results show that the vertical load has a significant effect on the characteristics of the interlayer interface. With an increase in the vertical load, the maximum bonding coefficient changes greatly. Additionally, when the vertical load is constant, the temperature and spreading amount of viscosity-level oil have a strong influence on the interlayer bonding state. With an increase in temperature, the maximum bonding coefficient decreases. The adhesion coefficient increases first and then decreases with increasing spreading amount. The best spreading amounts of oil between the upper and middle layers, the middle and lower layers, and the lower layer and cement-stabilized base layer under different vertical load conditions are recommended. This study offers important guidance for designing pavement structure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Asphalt Materials)

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10 pages, 1650 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Low Temperature Crack Resistance of Stone Mastic Asphalt Affected by Its Nominal Maximum Size and Asphalt Binders

by Yongming Gu, Can Ding, Junan Shen and Wei Wang

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(15), 7444; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12157444 - 25 Jul 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1118

Abstract

To study the effect of nominal maximum particle size (NMS) of stone mastic asphalt (SMA) gradation and a mixed modified asphalt binder on the low temperature crack resistance of SMA, SMA asphalt mixtures with three different NMS, two styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) and crumb rubber modifier (CRM) hybrid-modified asphalt binders were designed.Thermal strength restrained specimen test (TSRST) and bending beam test (BBT) were performed on the mixtures. The freezing-fracture temperature and strength from TSRST, bending tensile strain and stiffness from BBT at low temperature were evaluated. Finally, an intrinsic relationship was established between these properties obtained from the two tests. The results showed that the following: (1) the SMA-5, the best of all the three NMS, has a freezing-fracture temperature of −31.5 °C, which is 18.9% and 48.6% lower than those of SMA-10 and SMA-13, respectively, while its freezing fracture strength is 6.15 MPa, which is 95.2% and 243.6% higher than those of SMA-10 and SMA-13, respectively; (2) the bending failure strain of SMA-5 is 4649 με, which is higher than those of SMA-10 and SMA-13 by 11.3% and 21.9%, respectively; (3) increased CRM dose in the SBS-modified SMA improves the crack resistance at low temperature; (4) the bending failure strain of the SMA has the best correlation with the freezing-fracture temperature, with a correlation coefficient of about 0.8. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Asphalt Materials)

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15 pages, 5974 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation on Preparation Method of SBS-Modified Asphalt Based on MSCR, LAS, and Fluorescence Microscopy

by Yanlei Wang, Hongyu Yi, Pengfei Liang, Chongchong Chai, Chuanqi Yan and Shengxiong Zhou

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(14), 7304; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12147304 - 20 Jul 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1669

Abstract

The preparation method of SBS-modified asphalt has a direct effect on its overall performance. Currently, the optimal process is usually determined by conventional performance properties, such as softening point, ductility, and penetration, which may deviate from practical field performance. This study aims to investigate the influence of different preparation methods on the performance and microstructure of SBS-modified asphalt based on fluorescence microscopy testing, the multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) test, the linear amplitude sweep (LAS) test, as well as Burgers model fitting. SBS-modified asphalt was prepared with different shear rates, shear temperatures, shear times, development time, and sulfur addition. The results show that the optimal process for preparing SBS-modified asphalt is 2 h of shearing at 180 °C and 4000 r/min, followed by sulfurization and 6 h of development. The performance of SBS-modified asphalt is most notably influenced by sulfurization, which forms C–S bonds to make the polymer network stronger, thereby improving the high-temperature performance as well as the fatigue resistance. However, due to high-temperature sensitivity, C–S bonds may break during development, leading to weakened performance. The performance of SBS-modified asphalt without sulfur addition shows a monotonically increasing trend with the extension of development time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Asphalt Materials)

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