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Advanced Research in Seismic Monitoring and Activity Analysis
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Advanced Research in Seismic Monitoring and Activity Analysis

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Earth Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 May 2025 | Viewed by 8000

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Felix Borleanu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
National Institute for Earth Physics, Calugareni 12, 077125 Magurele, Ilfov, Romania
Interests: seismology; seismic wave propagation; seismic tomography; earthquake physics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In recent decades, multiple regions throughout the world have displayed differing types of active geological structures characterized by high seismic potential, making them particularly vulnerable to the impending possibility of catastrophic earthquake occurrences. Continuous, real-time monitoring of surface seismic activity around the world is of great interest for acquiring new insight into global tomography analyses and for the recognition of seismic patterns leading to potentially hazardous situations. In addition, over the past few years, artificial intelligence has demonstrated its effectiveness as a valuable asset in addressing different seismological challenges, such as earthquake detection and source classification. This contrasts standard methods which require extensive data processing periods or expensive computational resources. Detailed scientific research on seismic activity may provide key constraints related to earthquake generation forecasting and climate change as affected by topography or volcanic processes. Studies relating the physical process of the source, imaging the deep structure and active crustal deformation are helpful in allowing for understanding the mechanism of earthquake generation and modelling the waveform propagation effects, to provide a theoretical basis for reducing earthquake disaster.

This Special Issue aims to highlight advances in the development of new techniques and analytical methods. These can be applied to signal detection, and processing, source characterization and seismic imaging to characterize seismic activity (i.e., detection, location, magnitude and source mechanism estimation, seismic tomography and ambient noise seismology) and emphasize tectonic evolution at various scales within different environments. We encourage methodological contributions as well as key applications, which demonstrate how these new technologies and/or methods help improve our understanding of the physical processes governing earthquakes, as well as the Earth’s architecture.

Dr. Felix Borleanu
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • seismic monitoring
  • earthquake physics
  • seismic imaging
  • seismic ambient noise
  • induced seismicity
  • seismology
  • artificial intelligence

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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24 pages, 8460 KiB  
Article
Combining Higher-Order Statistics and Array Techniques to Pick Low-Energy P-Seismic Arrivals
by Giovanni Messuti, Mauro Palo, Silvia Scarpetta, Ferdinando Napolitano, Francesco Scotto di Uccio, Paolo Capuano and Ortensia Amoroso
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 1172; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031172 - 24 Jan 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 530
Abstract
We propose the HOSA algorithm to pick P-wave arrival times on seismic arrays. HOSA comprises two stages: a single-trace stage (STS) and a multi-channel stage (MCS). STS seeks deviations in higher-order statistics from background noise to identify sets of potential onsets on each [...] Read more.
We propose the HOSA algorithm to pick P-wave arrival times on seismic arrays. HOSA comprises two stages: a single-trace stage (STS) and a multi-channel stage (MCS). STS seeks deviations in higher-order statistics from background noise to identify sets of potential onsets on each trace. STS employs various thresholds and identifies an onset only for solutions that are gently variable with the threshold. Uncertainty is assigned to onsets based on their variation with the threshold. MCS verifies that detected onsets are consistent with the array geometry. It groups onsets within an array by hierarchical agglomerative clustering and selects only groups whose maximum differential times are consistent with the P-wave travel time across the array. HOSA needs a set of P-onsets to be calibrated. These sets may be already available (e.g., preliminary catalogs) or retrieved from picking (manually/automatically) a subset of traces in the target area. We tested HOSA on 226 microearthquakes recorded by 20 temporary arrays of 10 stations each, deployed in the Irpinia region (Southern Italy), which, in 1980, experienced a devastating 6.9 Ms earthquake. HOSA parameters were calibrated using a preliminary catalog of onsets obtained using an automatic template-matching approach. HOSA solutions are more reliable, less prone to false detection, and show higher inter-array consistency than template-matching solutions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Seismic Monitoring and Activity Analysis)
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21 pages, 7538 KiB  
Article
New Insights on the Seismic Activity of Ostuni (Apulia Region, Southern Italy) Offshore
by Pierpaolo Pierri, Marilena Filippucci, Vincenzo Del Gaudio, Andrea Tallarico, Nicola Venisti and Vincenzo Festa
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 784; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15020784 - 14 Jan 2025
Viewed by 730
Abstract
On 23 March 2018, an event of magnitude ML 3.9 occurred about 10 km from the town of Ostuni, in the Adriatic offshore. It was the most energetic earthquake in South–Central Apulia ever recorded instrumentally. On 13 February 2019, in the same [...] Read more.
On 23 March 2018, an event of magnitude ML 3.9 occurred about 10 km from the town of Ostuni, in the Adriatic offshore. It was the most energetic earthquake in South–Central Apulia ever recorded instrumentally. On 13 February 2019, in the same area, a second ML 3.3 event was recorded. The analysis of the 2018 event shows that the ambiguity of the solution of the fault plane reported by INGV (Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia) on the Italian National Earthquake Centre website can be solved considering existing seismic profiles, exploration well logs and the Quaternary activity of faults in the epicentral area. A seismogenic source was identified in the rupture of a small portion of a 40 km length structure with strike NW-SE, dipping at a high angle toward the south. In this work, we have relocated the recent earthquakes by using the seismic stations managed by the University of Bari (UniBa), one of which is quite close to the event’s epicenter (about 20 km), together with data coming from the RSN (Rete Sismica Nazionale). Furthermore, we have determined the focal mechanism of some events, with implications on stress field of the area. Our results show right-lateral transtensional kinematics of the seismogenic faults along approximately E-W striking planes, with a tension, T, with a trend of about 60° (NE-SW direction) and a plunge of 20°. Finally, we have tried to correlate the location of the four best constrained earthquakes with their seismogenic structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Seismic Monitoring and Activity Analysis)
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19 pages, 4176 KiB  
Article
Influence of Site Effects on Scaling Relation Between Rotational and Translational Signals Produced by Anthropogenic Seismicity
by Dariusz Nawrocki, Maciej J. Mendecki, Grzegorz Mutke and Lesław Teper
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15010102 - 26 Dec 2024
Viewed by 627
Abstract
The measurements of rotational and translational seismic signals were carried out at the Imielin and Planetarium stations located in the central part of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, Southern Poland. Local seismicity, produced by the surrounding hard coal mines, allowed the collection of [...] Read more.
The measurements of rotational and translational seismic signals were carried out at the Imielin and Planetarium stations located in the central part of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, Southern Poland. Local seismicity, produced by the surrounding hard coal mines, allowed the collection of 130 seismic events. This study aimed to analyze the influence of site effects on rotational ground motion using the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio method. We performed the analysis using two approaches: obtaining the spectral ratio of the rotational motion and investigating the impact of the site effect on the scaling relation. The spectral ratio comparison between rotations and translations shows that the value of the rotational amplification coefficient is almost three times lower than that for the translations, and the resonance frequency of rotational motion is higher than that of translations. The comparisons of the scaling relation models, obtained for raw data and corrected by the amplification factor data, revealed that removing the site effect from the signals increases the data to model approximation, reducing the value of the SH-wave phase velocity almost three times. The studies suggest that the local site conditions independently affect the rotational and translational motions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Seismic Monitoring and Activity Analysis)
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25 pages, 12156 KiB  
Article
Monthly Maximum Magnitude Prediction in the North–South Seismic Belt of China Based on Deep Learning
by Ning Mao, Ke Sun and Jingye Zhang
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(19), 9001; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14199001 - 6 Oct 2024
Viewed by 919
Abstract
The North–South Seismic Belt is one of the major regions in China where strong earthquakes frequently occur. Predicting the monthly maximum magnitude is of significant importance for proactive seismic hazard defense. This paper uses seismic catalog data from the North–South Seismic Belt since [...] Read more.
The North–South Seismic Belt is one of the major regions in China where strong earthquakes frequently occur. Predicting the monthly maximum magnitude is of significant importance for proactive seismic hazard defense. This paper uses seismic catalog data from the North–South Seismic Belt since 1970 to calculate and extract multiple seismic parameters. The monthly maximum magnitude is processed using Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) with sample segmentation to avoid information leakage. The decomposed multiple modal data and seismic parameters together form a new dataset. Based on these datasets, this paper employs four deep learning models and four time windows to predict the monthly maximum magnitude, using prediction accuracy (PA), False Alarm Rate (FAR), and Missed Alarm Rate (MR) as evaluation metrics. It is found that a time window of 12 generally yields better prediction results, with the PA for Ms 5.0–6.0 earthquakes reaching 77.27% and for earthquakes above Ms 6.0 reaching 12.5%. Compared to data not decomposed using VMD, traditional error metrics show only a slight improvement, but the model can better predict short-term trends in magnitude changes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Seismic Monitoring and Activity Analysis)
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16 pages, 4474 KiB  
Article
Dynamic Stability Finite Difference Time Domain Analysis of Landfill Based on Hypergravity Test
by Lin Sun, Junchao Li and Haoyu Lin
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 3006; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14073006 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 1216
Abstract
Earthquakes impact the stability of municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills, especially those with high water levels, and may further lead to disastrous landslides. Numerical analysis offers an efficient and cost-effective way to study the seismic stability of a landfill. In this study, the [...] Read more.
Earthquakes impact the stability of municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills, especially those with high water levels, and may further lead to disastrous landslides. Numerical analysis offers an efficient and cost-effective way to study the seismic stability of a landfill. In this study, the finite difference nonlinear analysis method was employed to meticulously evaluate the dynamic response of landfills under varying water levels and seismic intensities. The analysis was guided by the seismic instability and centrifuge test outcomes. The rationality of the computational model was verified by examining the responses of acceleration and pore pressure. Subsequently, the time history curve of the dynamic safety factor was derived from the dynamic response of landfills. The results indicated that a landfill was more susceptible to large earthquake effects, and its stability decreased as the water level rose, with the safety factor decreasing to a critical point under the coupling effect of strong earthquakes and high water levels. In contrast, the stability of the landfill with low water levels was good under weak earthquake conditions, with only a slight decrease in the safety factor observed. The seismic stability of a landfill was significantly influenced by both accumulative deformation and negative excess pore pressure. A certain degree of hysteresis in the landfill’s instability was also observed compared to the earthquake loading process. The time history curve of the safety factor can offer a comprehensive insight into seismic stability under diverse conditions. Additionally, future research efforts are needed to better determine the values of strength parameters of MSW in seismic analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Seismic Monitoring and Activity Analysis)
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21 pages, 6772 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Strong Earthquake Risk in Maqin–Maqu Segment of the Eastern Kunlun Fault, Northeast Tibet Plateau
by Zhengfang Li and Bengang Zhou
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 2691; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14072691 - 22 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1081
Abstract
The East Kunlun Fault Zone, as a highly seismically active fault, has witnessed five earthquakes with magnitudes exceeding M7.0 to the west of Animaqing Mountain since 1900. Conversely, the historical records for the Maqin–Maqu segment in the east of Animaqing Mountain show no [...] Read more.
The East Kunlun Fault Zone, as a highly seismically active fault, has witnessed five earthquakes with magnitudes exceeding M7.0 to the west of Animaqing Mountain since 1900. Conversely, the historical records for the Maqin–Maqu segment in the east of Animaqing Mountain show no M7.0 or above earthquakes, designating it as a distinctive seismic gap within this fault zone. We analyzed the tectonic background and structural features of the Maqin–Maqu segment within the East Kunlun Fault Zone to evaluate its potential seismic capacity. Utilizing a new established probability recurrence model, we calculated the seismic hazard for both segments over the next 100 years. The results indicate that the probability of M7.0 or above earthquake occurring in the Maqu segment in the next 100 years is 11.47%, classified as a moderate probability event. The joint probability of at least one M7.0 or above strong earthquake occurring in the entire Maqin–Maqu segment in the next 100 years is 16.14%, also classified as a moderate probability event, while the probability for the Maqin segment alone is 5.36%, classified as a low probability event. Considering the uncertainty of the probability model, a qualitative hazard classification for each segment was further conducted. The comprehensive evaluation suggests a low risk of a major earthquake occurring in the Maqin segment in the next 100 years, while the Maqu segment is assessed to have a higher risk. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Seismic Monitoring and Activity Analysis)
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Review

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26 pages, 9976 KiB  
Review
Urban Seismic Networks: A Worldwide Review
by Salvatore Scudero, Antonio Costanzo and Antonino D’Alessandro
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(24), 13165; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132413165 - 11 Dec 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1758
Abstract
Seismic networks in urban areas today represent key infrastructure to better address the tasks of earthquake preparation and mitigation in the pre-event phase, and are an important knowledge tool supporting disaster risk management during seismic crises and post-disaster recovery. In the last fifteen [...] Read more.
Seismic networks in urban areas today represent key infrastructure to better address the tasks of earthquake preparation and mitigation in the pre-event phase, and are an important knowledge tool supporting disaster risk management during seismic crises and post-disaster recovery. In the last fifteen years, a decrease in instrumentation costs and the development of new low-cost devices have enhanced the deployment of several monitoring and experimental networks worldwide. This paper conducts a review of scientific work that refer to the deployment of Urban Seismic Networks (USN) in order to define the current state of the art. We collected a list of more than one hundred USNs worldwide that were operative within the period from 1994–2023. For each USN, we report the locations and objectives along with information about the timing, coverage, geometry, and technical characteristics (sensors and transmission). By reviewing all these aspects, this paper offers important insights to provide guidelines for new implementations, bearing in mind that the interest in monitoring urban areas is expected to continue to increase in the near future driven by population growth in urbanized areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Seismic Monitoring and Activity Analysis)
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