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Applied Sciences
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Transportation and Infrastructures Under Extreme Weather Conditions
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Transportation and Infrastructures Under Extreme Weather Conditions

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Mechanical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 October 2025 | Viewed by 1027

Special Issue Editor

Dr. E Deng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
Interests: wind field characteristics; aerodynamic performance of high-speed train; wind-proof structure
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Extreme weather events (e.g., typhoons, tornadoes, downbursts, etc.) have become more commonplace around the world in recent years under global warming, creating significant problems for our metropolitan infrastructure and transportation systems. In order to reduce losses and offer pertinent disaster advice, this Special Issue focuses on emerging technology associated with early warning and monitoring systems under extreme weather conditions.

Original research articles and reviews are encouraged for this Special Issue. The following are examples of possible research topics; however, this is not an exhaustive list:

  1. Extreme weather-related disasters and losses in urban areas and risk, vulnerability, and impacts.
  2. Disaster dynamics, turbulence measuring, complex urban aerodynamics, modelling, and control.
  3. Monitoring and early warning systems for extreme weather and associated meteorological hazards.
  4. Urban transportation resilience and sustainability, infrastructure testing interventions, and physical infrastructure upgrades.
  5. Extreme weather and climate change impacts on railway infrastructure.
  6. Driving safety, train aerodynamics, train longitudinal dynamics, and high-speed trains under crosswinds.

Dr. E Deng
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • transportation
  • infrastructures
  • extreme weather conditions
  • disaster
  • turbulence
  • monitoring
  • early warning
  • railway infrastructure
  • vehicle aerodynamics

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

22 pages, 8015 KiB  
Article
Differential Mechanism of 3D Motions of Falling Debris in Tunnels Under Extreme Wind Environments Induced by a Single Train and by Trains Crossing
by Wei-Chao Yang, Hong He, Yi-Kang Liu and Lun Zhao
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(15), 8523; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15158523 (registering DOI) - 31 Jul 2025
Abstract
The extended operation of high-speed railways has led to an increased incidence of tunnel lining defects, with falling debris posing a significant safety threat. Within tunnels, single-train passage and trains-crossing events constitute the most frequent operational scenarios, both generating extreme aerodynamic environments that [...] Read more.
The extended operation of high-speed railways has led to an increased incidence of tunnel lining defects, with falling debris posing a significant safety threat. Within tunnels, single-train passage and trains-crossing events constitute the most frequent operational scenarios, both generating extreme aerodynamic environments that alter debris trajectories from free fall. To systematically investigate the aerodynamic differences and underlying mechanisms governing falling debris behavior under these two distinct conditions, a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model (debris–air–tunnel–train) was developed using an improved delayed detached eddy simulation (IDDES) turbulence model. Comparative analyses focused on the translational and rotational motions as well as the aerodynamic load coefficients of the debris in both single-train and trains-crossing scenarios. The mechanisms driving the changes in debris aerodynamic behavior are elucidated. Findings reveal that under single-train operation, falling debris travels a greater distance compared with trains-crossing conditions. Specifically, at train speeds ranging from 250–350 km/h, the average flight distances of falling debris in the X and Z directions under single-train conditions surpass those under trains crossing conditions by 10.3 and 5.5 times, respectively. At a train speed of 300 km/h, the impulse of CFx and CFz under single-train conditions is 8.6 and 4.5 times greater than under trains-crossing conditions, consequently leading to the observed reduction in flight distance. Under the conditions of trains crossing, the falling debris is situated between the two trains, and although the wind speed is low, the flow field exhibits instability. This is the primary factor contributing to the reduced flight distance of the falling debris. However, it also leads to more pronounced trajectory deviations and increased speed fluctuations under intersection conditions. The relative velocity (CRV) on the falling debris surface is diminished, resulting in smaller-scale vortex structures that are more numerous. Consequently, the aerodynamic load coefficient is reduced, while the fluctuation range experiences an increase. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transportation and Infrastructures Under Extreme Weather Conditions)
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18 pages, 1738 KiB  
Article
Extreme Wind Speed Prediction Based on a Typhoon Straight-Line Path Model and the Monte Carlo Simulation Method: A Case for Guangzhou
by Zhike Lu, Xinrui Zhang, Junling Hong and Wanhai Xu
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(15), 8486; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15158486 (registering DOI) - 31 Jul 2025
Abstract
The southeastern coastal region of China has long been affected by typhoon disasters, which pose significant threats to the safety of offshore structures. Therefore, predicting extreme wind speeds corresponding to various return periods on the basis of limited typhoon samples is particularly important [...] Read more.
The southeastern coastal region of China has long been affected by typhoon disasters, which pose significant threats to the safety of offshore structures. Therefore, predicting extreme wind speeds corresponding to various return periods on the basis of limited typhoon samples is particularly important for wind-resistant design. This study systematically predicts extreme typhoon wind speeds for various return periods and quantitatively assesses the sensitivity of key parameters by employing a Monte Carlo stochastic simulation framework integrated with a typhoon straight-line trajectory model and the Yan Meng wind field model. Focusing on Guangzhou (23.13° N, 113.28 °E), a representative coastal city in southeastern China, this research establishes a modular analytical framework that provides generalizable solutions for typhoon disaster assessment in coastal regions. The probabilistic wind load data generated by this framework significantly increases the cost-effectiveness and safety of wind-resistant structural design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transportation and Infrastructures Under Extreme Weather Conditions)
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16 pages, 11797 KiB  
Article
Research on Dynamic Stability of Slopes Under the Influence of Heavy Rain Using an Improved NSGA-II Algorithm
by Bohu He, Xiuli Du, Mingzhou Bai, Jinwen Yang and Dong Ma
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 6914; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15126914 - 19 Jun 2025
Viewed by 235
Abstract
As an important connecting channel between cities, roads are one of the main elements in urban development infrastructure. The stability evaluation of the roadbed slope runs through the entire life cycle, especially during the operation stage. However, under extreme weather conditions, especially heavy [...] Read more.
As an important connecting channel between cities, roads are one of the main elements in urban development infrastructure. The stability evaluation of the roadbed slope runs through the entire life cycle, especially during the operation stage. However, under extreme weather conditions, especially heavy rainfall, the roadbed slope may become unstable, thus endangering operational safety. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct precise dynamic assessments of slope stability. However, due to site limitations, it is often not possible to obtain accurate mechanical parameters of a slope using traditional survey methods when deformation and failure have already occurred. In this study, building upon our existing parameter inversion model, the improved backpropagation genetic algorithm non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II model (BPGA-NSGA-II), in-depth research was conducted on the selection of key parameters for the model. This study utilized monitoring data to perform an inversion analysis of the real-time mechanical parameters of the slope. Subsequently, the inverted parameters were applied to dynamically assess the stability of the slope. The calculation results demonstrate that the slope safety factor decreased from an initial value of 1.212 to 0.800, which aligns with actual monitoring data. This research provides a scientifically effective method for the dynamic stability assessment of slopes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transportation and Infrastructures Under Extreme Weather Conditions)
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20 pages, 4160 KiB  
Article
Study on Failure Surface Morphology of Supporting Structures Under Extreme Climate–Mechanical Coupling Effects Based on Reinforcement Theory
by Feilong Li, Changshan Jiang, Zhenli Hao, Jinbao Han, Xianfeng Meng and Miaoxian Yao
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 4874; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15094874 - 27 Apr 2025
Viewed by 402
Abstract
The high-filling engineering of airports is common in mountainous cities, and as critical infrastructure for urban development, airports are prone to slope instability under extreme climate and mechanical coupling effects. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the geometric form of failure surfaces under [...] Read more.
The high-filling engineering of airports is common in mountainous cities, and as critical infrastructure for urban development, airports are prone to slope instability under extreme climate and mechanical coupling effects. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the geometric form of failure surfaces under limit stability conditions for airport slopes. The rational determination of the form of the rupture surface of a soil nailing support structure is a key factor in the structural safety of a project. In this study, we analyzed the rupture surface form and reinforcement mechanism of four common soil nailing support structures in engineering. First, we established theoretical model I and verified the consistency of the upper-limit theorem of plastic mechanics and energy conservation in this model. Next, a theoretical analytical model of the rupture surface form was established taking into consideration the existence of tension depth in a certain depth range at the top. The mathematical expressions of the rupture surface form with respect to h/H and L/H were derived by combining plasticity mechanics and energy conservation. Finally, the rupture surface forms of the structure were analyzed for different slope angles of soil nail-supported structures and different friction angles within the soil. The findings were compared with the rupture surface forms in the existing codes and literature. The results showed that L/H decreased continuously with the slope angle β of the soil nailing support structure and decreased gradually with an increasing friction angle φ within the soil. Furthermore, h/H decreased with the slope angle of the soil nailing support structure, but it showed a trend with the increase in soil internal friction angle and the slope angle of the soil nailing support structure. The analysis revealed that only in some specific cases were β and φ closely aligned with the values acquired using standard methods in specifications and the literature. The theoretical analysis provided important reference values for the design and improvement of soil nailing length in soil nailing support structures under certain conditions, thereby ensuring their enhanced stability and strength. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transportation and Infrastructures Under Extreme Weather Conditions)
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