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A special issue of Antibiotics (ISSN 2079-6382). This special issue belongs to the section "Antibiotics Use and Antimicrobial Stewardship".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2023) | Viewed by 29190

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Dr. Fabio Lima

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Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
Interests: antimicrobial use; antimicrobial stewardship; antimicrobial policy; antimicrobial alternative; livestock species; disease prevention
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Vinicius Machado

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Guest Editor

Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
Interests: selective therapy management strategies to optimize antimicrobial use in dairy cattle with particularly focused on metritis and iimmune function

Dr. Richard Pereira

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Guest Editor

Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, Vet Med 3B, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
Interests: Epidemiology and Public Health; domestic animal pathogens that pose a threat to animal and human health through emergence of antibiotic

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The global threat of antimicrobial resistance has focused our attention and efforts towards an improved understanding of the major factors driving its dissemination. Hitherto, the contribution of livestock species to the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance has been widely discussed. The reduction of widespread use of antibiotics has been suggested as the foremost strategy to improve antimicrobial stewardship. However, the endeavor of reducing the use of antibiotics without compromising the standard of care for livestock species needs to be critically evaluated. This Special Issue aims to integrate novel evidence about the development and application of strategies that promote improved antimicrobial stewardship in livestock species

Prof. Dr. Fabio Lima
Dr. Vinicius Machado
Dr. Richard Pereira
Guest Editors

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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15 pages, 2555 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Short-Term Impact of Oxytetracycline Administration on the Fecal Microbiome, Resistome and Virulome of Grazing Cattle

by Pablo Rovira

Antibiotics 2023, 12(3), 470; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12030470 - 25 Feb 2023

Viewed by 1687

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an important public health concern around the world. Limited information exists about AMR in grasslands-based systems where antibiotics are seldom used in beef cattle. The present study investigated the impacts of oxytetracycline (OTC) on the microbiome, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and virulence factor genes (VFGs) in grazing steers with no previous exposure to antibiotic treatments. Four steers were injected with a single dose of OTC (TREAT), and four steers were kept as control (CONT). The effects of OTC on fecal microbiome, ARGs, and VFGs were assessed for 14 days using 16S rRNA sequencing and shotgun metagenomics. Alpha and beta microbiome diversities were significantly affected by OTC. Following treatment, less than 8% of bacterial genera had differential abundance between CONT and TREAT samples. Seven ARGs conferring resistance to tetracycline (tet32, tet40, tet44, tetO, tetQ, tetW, and tetW/N/W) increased their abundance in the post-TREAT samples compared to CONT samples. In addition, OTC use was associated with the enrichment of macrolide and lincosamide ARGs (mel and lnuC, respectively). The use of OTC had no significant effect on VFGs. In conclusion, OTC induced short-term alterations of the fecal microbiome and enrichment of ARGs in the feces of grazing beef cattle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Stewardship in Livestock)

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16 pages, 1364 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis for Assessing Social Acceptance of Strategies to Reduce Antimicrobial Use in the French Dairy Industry

by Diego Manriquez, Maiara Costa, Ahmed Ferchiou, Didier Raboisson and Guillaume Lhermie

Antibiotics 2023, 12(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12010008 - 21 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1472

Abstract

To respond to the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threat, public health entities implement policies aiming to reduce antimicrobial use (AMU) in livestock systems, in which policy success and sustainability might be subject to the social acceptability of the novel regulatory environment. Therefore, consistent methods that gather and synthesize preferences of stakeholder groups are needed during the policy design. The objective of this study was to present a methodology for evaluating the acceptability of potential strategies to reduce AMU using multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) using French dairy industry as a model. Preference-ranking organization methods for enrichment evaluations were applied to rank stakeholders’ acceptance of four different potential AMU reduction strategies: 1. Baseline AMU regulations in France; 2. Total interdiction of AMU; 3. Interdiction of prophylaxis and metaphylaxis AMU; and 4. Subsidies to reduce AMU by 25%. A total of 15 stakeholders (consumers, n = 10; farmers, n = 2; public health representatives, n = 3) representing the French dairy sector and public health administration participated in the acceptance weighting of the strategies in relation with their impact on environmental, economic, social, and political criteria. We established a MCDA methodology and result-interpretation approach that can assist in prioritizing alternatives to cope with AMR in the French dairy industry or in other livestock systems. Our MCDA framework showed that consumers and public health representatives preferred alternatives that consider the restriction of AMU, whereas farmers preferred to maintain baseline policy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Stewardship in Livestock)

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14 pages, 1118 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantifying Antibiotic Distribution in Solid and Liquid Fractions of Manure Using a Two-Step, Multi-Residue Antibiotic Extraction

by Carlton Poindexter, Andrea Yarberry, Clifford Rice and Stephanie Lansing

Antibiotics 2022, 11(12), 1735; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11121735 - 1 Dec 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1760

Abstract

Antibiotic distribution and analysis within liquid and solid fractions of manure are highly variable due to each compound’s respective physiochemical properties. This study developed and evaluated a uniform method extracting 10 antibiotics from 4 antibiotic classes (tetracycline, sulfonamides, macrolides, and β-lactam) from unprocessed manure, solid–liquid separated manure, and composted solids. Through systematic manipulation of previously published liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry methods; this study developed an extraction protocol with optimized recovery efficiencies for varied manure substrates. The method includes a two-step, liquid-solid extraction using 10 mL of 0.1 M EDTA-McIlviane buffer followed by 10 mL of methanol. Antibiotics recoveries from unprocessed manure, separated liquids, separated solids, and heat-treated solids using the two-step extraction method had relative standard deviations < 30% for all but ceftiofur. Total antibiotic recoveries were 67–131% for tetracyclines, 56% for sulfonamide, 49–53% for macrolides, and 1.3–66% for β-lactams. This is the first study to use one protocol to assess four classes of antibiotics in liquid and solid manure fractions. This study allowed for more precise risk assessment of antibiotic transport in manure waste stream applied to fields as a liquid or solid compost. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Stewardship in Livestock)

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17 pages, 2461 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Salmonella enterica Serovar Dublin from Cattle in California from 1993–2019: Antimicrobial Resistance Trends of Clinical Relevance

by Heather M. Fritz, Richard V. Pereira, Kathy Toohey-Kurth, Edie Marshall, Jenna Tucker and Kristin A. Clothier

Antibiotics 2022, 11(8), 1110; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11081110 - 17 Aug 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2610

Abstract

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Dublin (S.Dublin) is a cattle-adapted pathogen that has emerged as one of the most commonly isolated and multidrug resistant (MDR) serovars in cattle. S.Dublin may be shed in feces, milk, and colostrum and persist in asymptomatic cattle, leading to spread and outbreaks in herds. Though infections with S.Dublin in humans are rare, they are frequently severe, with extraintestinal spread that requires hospitalization and antimicrobial therapy. To determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns and trends in cattle in California, broth microdilution testing was performed on 247 clinical S. Dublin isolates recovered from cattle at the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS) over the last three decades (1993–2019). Mean MICs and classification of resistance to antimicrobial drugs using a clinical livestock panel and the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) Gram-negative drug panels were utilized to assess prevalence and trends in AMR. Findings indicate an increase in AMR for the years 1993 to 2015. Notably, compared to the baseline year interval (1993–1999), there was an increase in resistance among quinolone and cephalosporin drugs, as well as an increased number of isolates with an MDR profile. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Stewardship in Livestock)

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22 pages, 2610 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Recombinant Bovine Interleukin-8 (rbIL-8) as a Treatment for Chronic Intramammary Infection in Dairy Cows

by Phillip M. G. Peixoto, Lais L. Cunha, Leonardo Barbosa, Wilson Coelho, Jr., Giorgia Podico, Rodrigo C. Bicalho, Igor F. Canisso and Fabio S. Lima

Antibiotics 2022, 11(8), 1029; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11081029 - 30 Jul 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2097

Abstract

Mastitis is one of the main contributors to antimicrobial resistance in livestock, so alternative therapies are being investigated to address it. The present study assessed the capability of recombinant bovine interleukin-8 (rbIL-8) to improve neutrophil function in the mammary gland and resolve chronic high somatic cell count (SCC) in Holstein cows. Multiparous cows (n = 8) with more than 300,000 SCC per mL were allocated to one of two intramammary infusions: saline (10 mL of saline solution) or rbIL-8 (1.57 mg/mL of recombinant bovine IL-8 diluted in 9 mL of saline). In addition, there was an untreated control group (n = 2, SCC < 300,000 SCC/mL). Milk samples were collected post-treatment at 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 144 h to quantify milk SCC, haptoglobin, and IgG concentrations. Neutrophil’s phagocytosis in milk and blood was evaluated via flow cytometry at 0, 24, and 48 h. The log of SCC did not differ between the infused groups (p = 0.369). Neutrophils presented a similar log of cells with high fluorescence for propidium-iodide (PI) and dihydrorhodamine (DHR) in milk (p = 0.412) and blood samples (p = 0.766) in both infused groups. Intramammary infusion of 1.57 mg/mL of rbIL-8 did not improve neutrophils response and failed to resolve chronic high SCC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Stewardship in Livestock)

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16 pages, 2117 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Intramammary Dry Cow Antimicrobial Treatment on Fresh Cow’s Milk Microbiota in California Commercial Dairies

by Carl Basbas, Sharif Aly, Emmanuel Okello, Betsy M. Karle, Terry Lehenbauer, Deniece Williams, Erika Ganda, Martin Wiedmann and Richard V. Pereira

Antibiotics 2022, 11(7), 963; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11070963 - 18 Jul 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3452

Abstract

This study used 16S rRNA sequencing to evaluate the effects of dry cow antimicrobial therapy on the udder milk microbiota by comparing the microbial populations in milk at dry-off (DRY) (~60 days before calving) and post-partum (FRESH) (4–11 days after calving) from cows receiving an intramammary antibiotic infusion prior to dry-off (IMT) and cows that did not receive treatment (CTL). Milk was collected from 23 cows from the IMT group and 27 cows from the CTL group. IMT and DRY samples had a greater correlation with the genera Brevibacterium and Amaricoccus, and the family Micrococcaceae, when compared to IMT and FRESH samples. CTL group samples collected at DRY had a greater correlation with the genera Akkermansia and Syntrophus, when compared to FRESH samples; no bacterial taxa were observed to have a significant correlation with FRESH samples in the CTL group. DRY samples collected from the CTL group had a greater correlation with the genus Mogibacterium when compared to IMT and CTL samples. For DRY samples collected from the IMT group, a greater correlation with the genus Alkalibacterium when compared to DRY and CTL samples, was observed. The lack of a correlation for FRESH samples between the CTL and IMT treatment groups indicated that intramammary antimicrobial dry cow therapy had no significant effect on the udder milk microbiota post-partum. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Stewardship in Livestock)

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14 pages, 575 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness of Intramammary Antibiotics, Internal Teat Sealants, or Both at Dry-Off in Dairy Cows: Clinical Mastitis and Culling Outcomes

by Sharif S. Aly, Emmanuel Okello, Wagdy R. ElAshmawy, Deniece R. Williams, Randall J. Anderson, Paul Rossitto, Karen Tonooka, Kathy Glenn, Betsy Karle and Terry W. Lehenbauer

Antibiotics 2022, 11(7), 954; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11070954 - 15 Jul 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2282

Abstract

Intramammary antibiotic (AB) and internal teat sealants (TS) infusion at dry-off have been used to prevent intramammary infections (IMI) in dairy cows during the dry period and reduce the risk of mastitis during the dry period and subsequent lactation. A randomized clinal trial was completed on eight California dairy herds to estimate the effects of different dry cow therapies (AB, TS, AB + TS or None) on clinical mastitis and culling. A total of 1273 cows were randomized to one of the four treatment groups over summer and winter seasons. For each enrolled cow, microbiological testing was done on quarter milk samples collected from the first detection of clinical mastitis within the first 150 days in milk (DIM) in the subsequent lactation. Statistical analysis was done using generalized linear mixed models. There were no significant differences in the odds of clinical mastitis or culling between cows treated with AB, TS, or AB + TS compared to the controls. Dry cow therapy with AB and/or TS had no statistically significant effect on clinical mastitis and cow culling during the first 150 DIM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Stewardship in Livestock)

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18 pages, 781 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Risk Perception of Broiler Grow-Out Farmers on Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Oyo State, Nigeria

by Nurudeen O. Oloso, Ismail A. Odetokun, Ibraheem Ghali-Mohammed, Folorunso O. Fasina, Isaac Olufemi Olatoye and Victoria O. Adetunji

Antibiotics 2022, 11(5), 567; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11050567 - 24 Apr 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2523

Abstract

Assessing knowledge, attitudes, and risk perception of Nigerian broiler grow-out farmers (n = 152) to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) with a five sectional purposive-structured-questionnaire: demographics; knowledge; attitudes; risk-perception; and response to regulation of antimicrobial practices. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and binary logistic regression. Respondents’ knowledge score, in total, was lower than average, with all (100%) respondents having the understanding that antibiotics kill/reduce bacteria, most participants (>73%) believing that feeding antibiotics to broiler chickens is a necessity for weight gain, and many (>69%) thinking that no negative side-effects exist with the use of antibiotics. Poor attitude towards antimicrobial usage was prevalent (>63%) with unsatisfactory performance in most instruments: >60% of farmers reported using antimicrobials every week and still use antimicrobials when birds appear sick, and most (>84%) arbitrarily increase the drug dosages when used. However, a satisfactory performance score was reported (68%) in risk perception of AMR with >63% perceiving that inappropriate use of antibiotics is the main factor causing the emergence of resistant bacteria; >65.8% expressed that AMR in broiler chickens is not essential for public health, that AMR cannot develop from broiler bacteria diseases, that increasing the frequency of antimicrobial use cannot increase AMR in future, and that usage cannot lead to antibiotic residue in broiler-meat products leading to AMR development in human. None of the respondents were aware of any regulation for monitoring antimicrobial use. Significant factors associated with knowledge, attitudes, and risk perception of antimicrobial use and resistance among broiler grow-out farmers include marital status, farm category, education, educational specialization, sales target, growth duration/cycle, broiler stocking batch, and feed source. Identified gaps exist in AMR awareness among Nigerian broiler farmers and should be targeted through stakeholders’ participation in combatting AMR threats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Stewardship in Livestock)

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13 pages, 258 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations between Bovine Coronavirus and Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections and Productivity, Health Status and Occurrence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Swedish Dairy Herds

by Anna Duse, Anna Ohlson, Lena Stengärde, Madeleine Tråvén, Stefan Alenius and Björn Bengtsson

Antibiotics 2021, 10(6), 641; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10060641 - 27 May 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2169

Abstract

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and bovine coronavirus (BCoV) affect dairy herds worldwide. In this study, effects on herd health, morbidity, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) were assessed. Herds were considered free of infection (FREE), recently infected (RI) or past steadily infected (PSI) based on antibody testing of milk from primiparous cows. Data from farm records, national databases, and AMR of fecal Escherichia coli from calves were used as outcome variables. Compared to BRSV FREE herds: BRSV PSI herds had significantly higher odds of cough in young stock, a higher proportion of quinolone-resistant E. coli (QREC), but a lower proportion of cows with fever. BRSV RI herds had significantly higher odds of diarrhea in calves and young stock, a higher proportion of QREC and higher odds of multidrug-resistant E. coli. Compared to BCoV FREE herds: BCoV PSI herds had significantly higher odds of cough in all ages, and of diarrhea in young stock and cows, and a higher proportion of cows with fever. BCoV RI herds had significantly higher odds of diarrhea in young stock and cows and of cough in all ages. The results support previous research that freedom from BRSV and BCoV is beneficial for animal welfare and farm economy and possibly also mitigates AMR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Stewardship in Livestock)

19 pages, 3785 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intrauterine Blood Plasma Platelet-Therapy Mitigates Persistent Breeding-Induced Endometritis, Reduces Uterine Infections, and Improves Embryo Recovery in Mares

by Lorenzo G. T. M. Segabinazzi, Igor F. Canisso, Giorgia Podico, Lais L. Cunha, Guilherme Novello, Michael F. Rosser, Shavahn C. Loux, Fabio S. Lima and Marco A. Alvarenga

Antibiotics 2021, 10(5), 490; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10050490 - 23 Apr 2021

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5757

Abstract

Microorganisms, including pathogenic or opportunistic bacteria and fungi, may gain access to the uterus during breeding, and infectious endometritis plays a major role in equine subfertility. This study aimed to assess the post-breeding inflammatory response, endometrial culture, and embryo recovery of mares susceptible to persistent breeding-induced endometritis (PBIE) treated with plasma-rich (PRP) or -poor (PPP) plasma. Mares (n = 12) susceptible to PBIE had three cycles randomly assigned to receive intrauterine infusions of lactate ringer solution (LRS, control), or autologous PRP or PPP pre- (−48 and −24 h) and post-breeding (6 and 24 h). Mares were bred with fresh semen from one stallion. Intrauterine fluid accumulation (IUF) and endometrial neutrophils were assessed every 24 h up to 96 h post-breeding. Uterine cytokines (Ilβ, IL6, CXCL8, and IL10) were evaluated before (0 h), 6, and 24 h post-breeding, and endometrial culture three and nine days after breed. Embryo flushing was performed 8 days post-ovulation. Data were analyzed with mixed model, Tukey’s post-hoc test, and multivariate regression. PRP treatment reduced endometrial neutrophils, post-breeding IUF, and pro-inflammatory cytokines when compared to control-assigned cycles, but not significantly different than PPP. Controls had a significantly higher percentage of positive bacterial cultures (33%) in comparison to PRP-assigned cycles (0%), whereas cycles treated with PPP were not significantly different from the other groups (25%). The PRP-assigned cycles had significantly greater embryo recovery rates (83%) than the control (33%), though not significantly different than PPP (60%). Plasma infusion reduced the duration and intensity of the post-breeding inflammatory response and improved embryo recovery in mares susceptible to PBIE. Platelets incrementally downregulate PBIE and appear to have a dose-dependent antimicrobial property. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Stewardship in Livestock)

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16 pages, 608 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Understanding Antibiotic Resistance as a Perceived Threat towards Dairy Cattle through Beliefs and Practices: A Survey-Based Study of Dairy Farmers

by Eleni Casseri, Ece Bulut, Sebastian Llanos Soto, Michelle Wemette, Alison Stout, Amelia Greiner Safi, Robert Lynch, Paolo Moroni and Renata Ivanek

Antibiotics 2022, 11(8), 997; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11080997 - 25 Jul 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2130

Abstract

Antibiotic use is an important component in dairy herd management both to treat bacterial diseases and to maximize animal welfare. However, there is concern among scientists that antibiotic misuse and/or overuse by farmers might promote the emergence of resistant pathogens. We conducted a cross-sectional web-based questionnaire study with dairy farmers/managers in New York, USA to evaluate their (i) level of concern about antibiotic resistance and (ii) interest in adopting new judicious antibiotic use practices regarding mastitis treatment. A total of 118 responses were subjected to statistical analysis. The findings revealed that nearly half (45%) of study participants were undecided or disagreed that antibiotic resistance due to antibiotic use in dairy farming may negatively impact the health of dairy cattle. In contrast, the majority (78%) of participants self-reported that they do not treat with antibiotics at the first sign of mastitis, and the majority (66%) have either fully or partially implemented culture-based mastitis treatment on their farm. The self-reported adoption of culture-based mastitis treatment practices was statistically significantly associated with higher numbers of injectable and intramammary doses of antibiotics used on the participants’ farms. These findings will aid future research investigations on how to promote sustainable antibiotic use practices in dairy cattle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Stewardship in Livestock)

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