Processes

31 pages, 1288 KB

Open AccessReview

‌Comparison of Compressed Air Energy Storage, Compressed Carbon Dioxide Energy Storage, and Carnot Battery: Principles, Thermal Integration, and Engineering Demonstrations

by Shengbai Zhang, Yuyu Lin, Lin Zhou, Huijin Qian, Jinrui Zhang and Yulan Peng

Processes 2025, 13(9), 2882; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092882 (registering DOI) - 9 Sep 2025

Abstract

To assess multi-energy complementarity and commercial development status in thermodynamic energy storage systems, this review systematically examines compressed air energy storage (CAES), compressed CO₂ energy storage (CCES), and Carnot battery (CB), focusing on principles, engineering demonstrations, and thermal integration. Their ability to [...] Read more.

To assess multi-energy complementarity and commercial development status in thermodynamic energy storage systems, this review systematically examines compressed air energy storage (CAES), compressed CO₂ energy storage (CCES), and Carnot battery (CB), focusing on principles, engineering demonstrations, and thermal integration. Their ability to integrate external heat, conduct combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP), or achieve high round-trip efficiency (RTE) through different pathway positions them as critical enablers for achieving net-zero emissions. Over 240 research articles retrieved from Web of Science and other databases, supplemented by publicly available reports published between 2020 and 2025, were systematically analyzed and synthesized. Current technologies demonstrate evolution from single-function storage to multi-energy hubs, with RTEs reaching 75% (CAES/CCES) and 64% (CB). Thermal integration significantly enhances RTEs. The CCES features a 100 MW/1000 MWh demonstration facility, concurrently necessitating accelerated distributed applications with high efficiency (>70%) and energy density (>50 kWh/m³). All three enable grid flexibility (China’s CAES network), industrial decarbonization (CCES carbon–energy depositories), and thermal integration (CB-based CCHP). These systems require >600 °C compressors and AI-optimized thermal management (CAES), high-pressure turbines and carbon–energy coupling (CCES), as well as scenario-specific selection and equipment reliability validation (CB) to achieve the targets of the Paris Agreement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Energy Technologies for Industrial Decarbonization)

23 pages, 2983 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Robust Planning Method for Multi-Village Coupled Rural Micro-Energy Grid Based on Information Gap Decision Theory

by Yunjia Wang, Xuefei Liu, Zeya Zhang, Guangyi Li, Yan Zhang, Guozhen Ma, Ziqi Wang and Peng Wen

Processes 2025, 13(9), 2881; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092881 (registering DOI) - 9 Sep 2025

Abstract

The application of rural micro-energy grids is critical for improving the energy economy and supply quality in rural areas, yet existing planning methods suffer from two key limitations: (1) they focus on single-village scenarios, failing to exploit multi-village resource integration potential; and (2) [...] Read more.

The application of rural micro-energy grids is critical for improving the energy economy and supply quality in rural areas, yet existing planning methods suffer from two key limitations: (1) they focus on single-village scenarios, failing to exploit multi-village resource integration potential; and (2) they rarely address operational uncertainties, which pose risks to the feasibility of planning schemes. To fill these gaps, this study proposes a robust planning method for multi-village coupled rural micro-energy grids (MV-RMEGs). Based on the multi-energy coupling model within the MV-RMEG, a collaborative/autonomous operation framework is developed, which balances energy coupling efficiency and supply reliability. By integrating the information gap decision theory into the established deterministic model, multiple uncertainties in MV-RMEG can be handled without relying on probability statistics. Simulation results from a rural area in North China verify the method’s superiority: compared with single-village planning schemes, the proposed method reduces the power purchasing cost by 99.61%; in off-grid scenarios, it maintains a critical load shedding rate of 3.96%, which is 27.27% lower than the deterministic method. Moreover, the uncertainty handling process leads to a 10.25% reduction in the operating cost of the proposed method when dealing with DG output and load fluctuations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)

15 pages, 640 KB

Open AccessArticle

Innovative Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction for Phenolic and Antioxidant Evaluation of Brazilian Green Propolis

by Debora B. Pereira, Gerardo Fernández Barbero, Ceferino Carrera, Miguel Palma, Neide M. M. Epifânio, Taina C. Kawahito, Valdir V. Júnior and Douglas S. A. Chaves

Processes 2025, 13(9), 2880; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092880 (registering DOI) - 9 Sep 2025

Abstract

Phenolic compounds are the main components of green propolis, including its chemical marker Artepellin C. These compounds are well known for their antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties, which have prompted numerous studies investigating both their chemical composition and biological activities. In this [...] Read more.

Phenolic compounds are the main components of green propolis, including its chemical marker Artepellin C. These compounds are well known for their antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties, which have prompted numerous studies investigating both their chemical composition and biological activities. In this study, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and response surface methodology (RSM) were applied to optimize the process of extracting phenolic compounds in Brazilian green propolis using methanol and ethanol as extraction solvents. The results showed that the ideal conditions for extracting simple phenolics with ethanol were 50% ethanol/water, 20 °C, 20% amplitude, and a 0.6 s⁻¹ cycle; for complex phenolics, the ideal conditions were 80% ethanol, 60 °C, a 43% amplitude, and a 0.8 s⁻¹ cycle. Using methanol, the ideal conditions were 100% solvent, 37 °C, a 38% amplitude, and a 0.2 s⁻¹ cycles. These findings have significant practical applications in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries, enabling the standardized and efficient extraction of bioactive compounds from propolis for the development of functional products, such as dietary supplements, natural preservatives, and therapeutic formulations. This approach also minimizes solvent use and reduces environmental impact. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmaceutical Potential and Application Research of Natural Products)

19 pages, 3880 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Optimal Scheduling of a Multi-Energy Hub with Integrated Demand Response Programs

by Rana H. A. Zubo, Patrick S. Onen, Iqbal M Mujtaba, Geev Mokryani and Raed Abd-Alhameed

Processes 2025, 13(9), 2879; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092879 (registering DOI) - 9 Sep 2025

Abstract

This paper presents an optimal scheduling framework for a multi-energy hub (EH) that integrates electricity, natural gas, wind energy, energy storage systems, and demand response (DR) programs. The EH incorporates key system components including transformers, converters, boilers, combined heat and power (CHP) units, [...] Read more.

This paper presents an optimal scheduling framework for a multi-energy hub (EH) that integrates electricity, natural gas, wind energy, energy storage systems, and demand response (DR) programs. The EH incorporates key system components including transformers, converters, boilers, combined heat and power (CHP) units, and both thermal and electrical energy storage. A novel aspect of this work is the joint coordination of multi-carrier energy flows with DR flexibility, enabling consumers to actively shift or reduce loads in response to pricing signals while leveraging storage and renewable resources. The optimisation problem is formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model and solved using the CPLEX solver in GAMS. To evaluate system performance, five case studies are investigated under varying natural gas price conditions and hub configurations, including scenarios with and without DR and CHP. Results demonstrate that DR participation significantly reduces total operating costs (up to 6%), enhances renewable utilisation, and decreases peak demand (by around 6%), leading to a flatter demand curve and improved system reliability. The findings highlight the potential of integrated EHs with DR as a cost-effective and flexible solution for future low-carbon energy systems. Furthermore, the study provides insights into practical deployment challenges, including storage efficiency, communication infrastructure, and real-time scheduling requirements, paving the way for hardware-in-the-loop and pilot-scale validations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Artificial Intelligence in Industrial Process Modelling and Optimization (2nd Edition))

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24 pages, 4860 KB

Open AccessReview

Targeting PRMT5: Current Inhibitors and Emerging Strategies for Therapeutic Intervention

by Zhihang Shen and Chenglong Li

Processes 2025, 13(9), 2878; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092878 (registering DOI) - 9 Sep 2025

Abstract

Epigenetic dysregulation is a hallmark of tumorigenesis, with arginine methylation—a post-translational modification—emerging as a key regulatory mechanism in cancer biology. This modification, catalyzed by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs), influences critical cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, transcription, RNA splicing, DNA repair, and immune signaling. [...] Read more.

Epigenetic dysregulation is a hallmark of tumorigenesis, with arginine methylation—a post-translational modification—emerging as a key regulatory mechanism in cancer biology. This modification, catalyzed by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs), influences critical cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, transcription, RNA splicing, DNA repair, and immune signaling. Among the PRMT family, PRMT5 has garnered significant attention due to its elevated expression across various solid tumors and hematological malignancies, and its strong association with poor clinical outcomes. Notably, PRMT5 exhibits a unique vulnerability in methyl-thio-adenosine phosphorylase (MTAP)-deficient cancers, making it an attractive therapeutic target. Recent advances have led to the development of several PRMT5 inhibitors with diverse binding modes, some of which have progressed into clinical trials for advanced cancers. This review provides a structural and mechanistic overview of PRMT5, summarizes current inhibition strategies, and discusses the challenges and future directions in targeting PRMT5 for cancer therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmaceutical Development and Bioavailability Analysis, 2nd Edition)

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Graphical abstract

21 pages, 1614 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Coproduction of Biodiesel and Bioethanol from Ricinus communis Seed Through an Integrated Process

by Alejandra G. Oliva-Rodríguez, Fernando Salinas De León, Thelma K. Morales-Martínez, José Antonio Rodríguez-De la Garza, Miguel A. Medina-Morales, Marisol Cruz-Requena, Gustavo A. Neyra-Escobedo and Leopoldo J. Ríos-González

Processes 2025, 13(9), 2877; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092877 (registering DOI) - 9 Sep 2025

Abstract

The growing demand for renewable energy has spurred an interest in non-edible feedstocks for biofuel production. Ricinus communis (castor) seeds are a promising resource due to their high oil and starch content, as well as their adaptability to marginal lands. This study evaluated [...] Read more.

The growing demand for renewable energy has spurred an interest in non-edible feedstocks for biofuel production. Ricinus communis (castor) seeds are a promising resource due to their high oil and starch content, as well as their adaptability to marginal lands. This study evaluated the integrated use of R. communis seeds for the production of biodiesel and bioethanol using eco-efficient technologies. Ultrasound-assisted extraction enhanced oil recovery reached a maximum yield of 34%, surpassing the conventional Soxhlet method. Transesterification was optimized through factorial design, achieving a predicted biodiesel yield of 97% (Qualitek 4.0, 90% confidence interval), with an experimental maximum yield of 90.8% under optimal conditions (24:1 methanol-to-oil ratio, 0.4% catalyst, 90% sonication amplitude, 60 min). The biodiesel met international standards for engine applications. Starch from the residual seed cake was hydrolyzed with enzymatic complexes, yielding 6.8 g/L of reducing sugars, equivalent to 91.4% hydrolysis yield. Fermentation of the hydrolysates with Zymomonas mobilis produced 3.1 g/L ethanol, corresponding to 90.8% of the theoretical yield. This integrated approach exemplifies a circular bioeconomy model by combining biodiesel and bioethanol production, maximizing resource utilization, and minimizing waste. The results highlight the potential of R. communis as a sustainable, scalable feedstock for renewable energy, contributing to energy security and environmental sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circular Economy on Production Processes and Systems Engineering)

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Graphical abstract

20 pages, 11629 KB

Open AccessArticle

Seismic Waveform-Constrained Artificial Intelligence High-Resolution Reservoir Inversion Technology

by Haibo Zhao, Jie Wu, Kuizhou Li, Yanqing He, Rongqiang Hu, Tuan Wang, Zhonghua Zhao, Huaye Liu, Ye Li and Xing Yang

Processes 2025, 13(9), 2876; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092876 (registering DOI) - 9 Sep 2025

Abstract

In response to the technical challenges of traditional reservoir inversion techniques in determining inter-well wavelets and estimating geological statistical parameters, this study proposes an artificial intelligence high-resolution reservoir inversion technique based on seismic waveform constraints. This technology integrates multi-source heterogeneous data such as [...] Read more.

In response to the technical challenges of traditional reservoir inversion techniques in determining inter-well wavelets and estimating geological statistical parameters, this study proposes an artificial intelligence high-resolution reservoir inversion technique based on seismic waveform constraints. This technology integrates multi-source heterogeneous data such as lithology characteristics, logging curves, and seismic waveforms through a deep learning neural network framework, and constructs an intelligent reservoir prediction model with geological and physical constraints. Results demonstrate that the proposed technique significantly enhances prediction accuracy for thin sand layers by effectively extracting high-frequency seismic information and establishing robust nonlinear mapping relationships. Inversion errors of reservoir parameters were reduced by more than 25%, while a vertical resolution of 0.5 m was achieved. Predictions agreed with actual drilling data with an accuracy of 86%, representing an 18% improvement over traditional methods. In practical applications, the technique successfully supported new well placement, contributing to a 22% increase in initial oil production in the pilot area. Furthermore, this study establishes a standardized technical procedure: “Time–Depth Modeling-Phase-Controlled Interpolation-Intelligent Inversion”. This workflow provides an innovative solution for high-precision reservoir characterization in regions with limited well control and complex terrestrial depositional systems, offering both theoretical significance and practical value for advancing reservoir prediction technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Intelligent Models in the Petroleum Industry)

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21 pages, 1791 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Objective Black-Start Planning for Distribution Networks with Grid-Forming Storage: A Control-Constrained NSGA-III Framework

by Linlin Wu, Yinchi Shao, Yu Gong, Yiming Zhao, Zhengguo Piao and Yuntao Cao

Processes 2025, 13(9), 2875; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092875 (registering DOI) - 9 Sep 2025

Abstract

The increasing frequency of climate- and cyber-induced blackouts in modern distribution networks calls for restoration strategies that are both resilient and control-aware. Traditional black-start schemes, based on predefined energization sequences from synchronous machines, are inadequate for inverter-dominated grids characterized by high penetration of [...] Read more.

The increasing frequency of climate- and cyber-induced blackouts in modern distribution networks calls for restoration strategies that are both resilient and control-aware. Traditional black-start schemes, based on predefined energization sequences from synchronous machines, are inadequate for inverter-dominated grids characterized by high penetration of distributed energy resources and limited system inertia. This paper proposes a novel multi-layered black-start planning framework that explicitly incorporates the dynamic capabilities and operational constraints of grid-forming energy storage systems (GFESs). The approach formulates a multi-objective optimization problem solved via the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm III (NSGA-III), jointly minimizing total restoration time, voltage–frequency deviations, and maximizing early-stage load recovery. A graph-theoretic partitioning module identifies restoration subgrids based on topological cohesion, critical load density, and GFES proximity, enabling localized energization and autonomous island formation. Restoration path planning is embedded as a mixed-integer constraint layer, enforcing synchronization stability, surge current thresholds, voltage drop limits, and dispatch-dependent GFES constraints such as SoC evolution and droop-based frequency support. The model is evaluated on a modified IEEE 123-bus system with five distributed GFES units under multiple blackout scenarios. Simulation results show that the proposed method achieves up to 31% faster restoration and 46% higher voltage compliance compared to MILP and heuristic baselines, while maintaining strict adherence to dynamic safety constraints. The framework yields a diverse Pareto frontier of feasible restoration strategies and provides actionable insights into the coordination of distributed grid-forming resources for decentralized black-start planning. These results demonstrate that control-aware, partition-driven optimization is essential for scalable, safe, and fast restoration in the next generation of resilient power systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Intelligent, Flexible, and Effective Operation of Smart Grids with Novel Energy Technologies and Equipment)

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662 KB

Open AccessArticle

Marbling and Meat Quality of Kazakh Finewool Purebred and Suffolk × Finewool Crossbred Sheep on an Intensive Fattening Diet

by Gulmira Kenenbay, Urishbay Chomanov, Zhanayna Kramsakova and Arailym Abilda

Processes 2025, 13(9), 2874; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092874 (registering DOI) - 8 Sep 2025

Abstract

This study evaluated marbling and meat quality traits in lambs of three genotypes under a uniform high-energy fattening regimen. Male lambs (6–7 months old, n = 12 per group) from purebred Kazakh Finewool (control) and two independent Suffolk × Kazakh Finewool F₁ [...] Read more.

This study evaluated marbling and meat quality traits in lambs of three genotypes under a uniform high-energy fattening regimen. Male lambs (6–7 months old, n = 12 per group) from purebred Kazakh Finewool (control) and two independent Suffolk × Kazakh Finewool F₁ crossbred lines (Groups 1 and 2) were fed identical diets and raised under the same conditions. Meat samples were analyzed for composition, fatty acid profile, micronutrients, color, visual marbling, and microbiological safety. Group 2 crossbreds had significantly higher intramuscular fat (~9.0%) than the controls (~6.5%) (p < 0.05), with corresponding increases in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Vitamin A, vitamin E, and zinc levels were also higher in Group 2 (p < 0.05), while other nutrients were similar across groups. All samples had normal pH (~5.7–5.8) and high water activity (~0.985) and met microbial safety standards. Visual marbling was more pronounced in crossbreds, and meat color remained bright red with no significant group differences in redness (a value). These findings suggest that crossbreeding Kazakh Finewool with Suffolk sheep, combined with controlled grain fattening, enhances marbling and nutritional traits without compromising safety or appearance, offering a viable approach to improving lamb meat quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in the "Food Process Engineering" Section)

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Open AccessArticle

Numerical Simulation of CO₂ Injection and Production in Shale Oil Reservoirs with Radial Borehole Fracturing

by Dongyan Zhou, Haihai Dong, Xiaohui Wang, Wen Zhang, Xiaotian Li, Yang Cao, Qun Wang and Jiacheng Dai

Processes 2025, 13(9), 2873; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092873 (registering DOI) - 8 Sep 2025

Abstract

Shale oil is a vital strategic resource in China. Developing shale oil using CO₂ not only enhances oil recovery but also contributes to achieving Chinese “dual carbon” goals. Given the challenges of insufficient number of fractures, inadequate vertical stimulation volume, and poor [...] Read more.

Shale oil is a vital strategic resource in China. Developing shale oil using CO₂ not only enhances oil recovery but also contributes to achieving Chinese “dual carbon” goals. Given the challenges of insufficient number of fractures, inadequate vertical stimulation volume, and poor reservoir mobility associated with horizontal well fracturing, this study proposes a method for CO₂ flooding based on radial borehole fracturing in a single well to achieve long-term carbon sequestration. To this end, a multi-component numerical model is built to analyze the production capacity of radial borehole fracturing. This study analyzed the impacts of non-Darcy flow, diffusion, and adsorption mechanisms on CO₂ migration and sequestration. It also compared the applicability of continuous CO₂ flooding and CO₂ huff-and-puff under different matrix permeabilities. The results indicate that (1) CO₂ flooding using radial borehole fracturing can achieve long-term oil production and carbon sequestration. (2) Under low permeability conditions, the liquid non-Darcy effect retards the flow of oil and CO₂, while diffusion and adsorption facilitate CO₂ sequestration in the reservoir. The impact on carbon sequestration is ranked as follows: non-Darcy effect > adsorption > diffusion. (3) High-permeability reservoirs are more suitable for carbon sequestration and should utilize continuous CO₂ flooding. For low-permeability reservoirs (<0.001 mD), huff-and-puff should be employed to mobilize the reservoir around fractures and achieve carbon sequestration. The findings of this study are expected to provide new methods and a theoretical basis for efficient and economical carbon sequestration in shale oil reservoirs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Strategies in Enhanced Oil Recovery: Theory and Technology)

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Open AccessArticle

Remaining Oil Distribution Characteristics in Sandy Conglomerate Reservoirs During CO₂-WAG Flooding: Insights from Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Technology

by Yue Wang, Tao Chang, Junliang Zhou, Junda Wu and Shuyang Liu

Processes 2025, 13(9), 2872; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092872 (registering DOI) - 8 Sep 2025

Abstract

Oil and gas reservoirs dominated by coarse clastic rocks, particularly conglomerates (including gravel sandstones), are commonly termed conglomerate reservoirs in both the domestic and international literature. Sandy conglomerate reservoirs generally have high thickness and high productivity per unit area, but because of their [...] Read more.

Oil and gas reservoirs dominated by coarse clastic rocks, particularly conglomerates (including gravel sandstones), are commonly termed conglomerate reservoirs in both the domestic and international literature. Sandy conglomerate reservoirs generally have high thickness and high productivity per unit area, but because of their characteristics such as rapid lithology change, strong heterogeneity, low porosity, and low permeability, it is difficult to develop conventional waterflooding. There is an urgent need for an efficient development scheme for the giant sandy conglomerate reservoir. In this study, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology was employed to investigate the stratified injection-production strategy for large-scale sandy conglomerate reservoirs. Three representative cores from different strata were selected to perform CO₂ flooding and CO₂-water alternating gas (WAG) flooding experiments, respectively. The aim was to explore how different development methods affect the recovery efficiency of various core types and the distribution of remaining oil under miscible and immiscible pressure conditions. The results show that immiscible CO₂ flooding mainly displaces crude oil in large pores, and oil in micropores and mesopores is difficult to displace. After gas channeling, there is still a large area of residual oil “aggregate” in the core, and the recovery rate is low. Compared with medium-coarse sandstone, the strong heterogeneity of sandy conglomerates leads to early gas breakthrough and low recovery efficiency during gas flooding. Compared with CO₂ flooding, CO₂-WAG flooding can balance the micro-oil displacement effect between micropores and macropores, significantly improve the oil production in micropores and mesopores. Thus, CO₂-WAG flooding has a certain micropore “profile control” effect, which can delay the gas channeling and improve the core recovery efficiency of reservoirs, especially for the highly heterogeneous sandstone. Miscible CO₂ flooding can effectively extract the oil in the mesopores and micropores that immiscible CO₂ flooding is difficult to displace. The gas breakthrough is slower and the recovery is much higher in miscible CO₂-WAG flooding than that of immiscible one. Therefore, ensuring that the formation pressure is higher than the minimum miscible pressure to achieve miscible flooding is the key to reservoir stimulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Unconventional Reservoir Development and CO₂ Storage)

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Open AccessArticle

Study on the Numerical Simulation of Gravel Packed Water Control Completions in Horizontal Wells in Bottom Water Reservoirs

by Junbin Zhang, Shili Qin, Qiang Zhang, Yongsheng An and Chengchen Xiong

Processes 2025, 13(9), 2871; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092871 (registering DOI) - 8 Sep 2025

Abstract

Efficient development of bottom-water reservoirs is seriously affected by low recovery due to the rapid rise in water content in horizontal wells. In order to cope with this problem, a number of water control devices (including ICD and AICD) have been installed in [...] Read more.

Efficient development of bottom-water reservoirs is seriously affected by low recovery due to the rapid rise in water content in horizontal wells. In order to cope with this problem, a number of water control devices (including ICD and AICD) have been installed in horizontal wellbores in recent years. These are used in conjunction with packers to achieve the effect of balancing the fluid production profile and controlling water in sections. As an alternative to packers, the method of horizontal-well gravel packing has been widely used. This technique utilizes the permeability of gravel to block axial flow in the annulus of the horizontal wellbore, and uses water control devices for the purpose of sectional flow restriction. In this paper, a coupled method of numerical simulation of the production dynamics of gravel-packed water-control completions in horizontal wells in bottom-water reservoirs is proposed, which can consider multi-phase flows in porous media, in layers packed with gravel particles, and in water control devices simultaneously. In order to obtain the blocking capacity of the layer packed with gravel, we built an experimental setup of the same size as the borehole and annulus of a horizontal well, tested the permeability of the layer using Darcy’s law, and applied it to a coupled numerical simulation model. After comparison with actual well examples, it was proved that the coupled numerical simulation model has good accuracy, and can be used to carry out production predictions for gravel-packed water-control completions in horizontal wells in bottom-water reservoirs. The study also provides field engineers with a design tool for parameter optimization using a different water control method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)

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9202 KB

Open AccessArticle

Performance-Oriented Conceptual Design of Fastener Joint Configurations for Aerospace Equipment

by Quanshi Cheng, Yuheng Li, Siying Meng, Sicheng Liu, Xiuhong Hao and Jichun Xing

Processes 2025, 13(9), 2870; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092870 (registering DOI) - 8 Sep 2025

Abstract

The joint configuration design of aerospace equipment requires a comprehensive balance of multiple factors, yet the process is often complex and time-consuming. Moreover, the Function–Behavior–Structure (FBS) conceptual design model lacks specificity for aerospace joint design. To address these issues, a Function–Performance–Structure (FPS)-based design [...] Read more.

The joint configuration design of aerospace equipment requires a comprehensive balance of multiple factors, yet the process is often complex and time-consuming. Moreover, the Function–Behavior–Structure (FBS) conceptual design model lacks specificity for aerospace joint design. To address these issues, a Function–Performance–Structure (FPS)-based design method for joint configuration is proposed. Service performance is introduced as a bridge to map functional requirements to structural characteristics, thereby establishing a complete FPS conceptual design framework. Based on this, a conceptual design methodology for aerospace joint configurations is developed using typical aircraft structures as the research object. To verify the effectiveness and reliability of the method, a typical joint configuration is selected for instance validation. By integrating conceptual modeling with structural joint design, the proposed method offers a novel approach for aerospace joint configuration design, providing a theoretical foundation to enhance both the innovation capability and engineering value of aerospace equipment design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Manufacturing Processes and Systems)

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Open AccessArticle

Investigation on the Reasons for CO Overrun in the Return Air Corner of the Fully Mechanized Coal Mine Working Face

by Wenyong Liu, Chenyang Qi, Yongfei Jin, Xiaojiao Cheng, Yixin Li, Changsheng Li, Lei Zhang and Jing Hui

Processes 2025, 13(9), 2869; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092869 (registering DOI) - 8 Sep 2025

Abstract

Abnormal CO gas concentration is one of the common problems in coal mine safety production. In view of the phenomenon of CO overrun in the working face, this paper takes the fully mechanized discharge working face of Zhaoxian Mine as the research object, [...] Read more.

Abnormal CO gas concentration is one of the common problems in coal mine safety production. In view of the phenomenon of CO overrun in the working face, this paper takes the fully mechanized discharge working face of Zhaoxian Mine as the research object, analyzes the occurrence of primary coal seam gas through the coal sample tank analysis experiment and the indoor crushing experiment, and explores the source of CO in the fully mechanized working face. According to the calculation model, the predicted value of CO concentration at the return air corner of the working face was calculated and, combined with the gas data of the working face monitored on site, it was proven that the CO concentration of the working face was in the normal range. This study found that the oxidation of residual coal in the goaf and the generation of CO during the mining process were the main reasons for the high CO concentration in the working face, rather than the occurrence of raw coal. This study reduces the interference of CO concentration on the determination of coal spontaneous combustion, prevents the misjudgment of coal spontaneous combustion, ensures the safe production of the Zhaoxian Coal Mine, provides data and theoretical support for the subsequent establishment of the CO prevention and control system of the working face, and provides a solution and technical reference for the CO overrun phenomenon in the working face of other high-gas mines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring, Process Control and Prevention Measures for Safety Problems in Coal Mining)

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17 pages, 2797 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigation on the Pressure Drop Characteristics of a Gas Generator During Gas Injection Process

by Yuan Ma, Yunlong Wang, Jingyang Sun, Feiping Du and Hongwei Mao

Processes 2025, 13(9), 2868; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092868 (registering DOI) - 8 Sep 2025

Abstract

Aiming at the gas injection technique for maintaining the performance of liquid-propellant rocket engines over a wide throttling range, an experimental study was conducted using the head cavity of a certain type gas generator as the object. White oil and water were selected [...] Read more.

Aiming at the gas injection technique for maintaining the performance of liquid-propellant rocket engines over a wide throttling range, an experimental study was conducted using the head cavity of a certain type gas generator as the object. White oil and water were selected as the substitute working liquids, while gaseous helium (GHe) and gaseous nitrogen (GN₂) were used as injected gases. Pressures at typical positions were measured, and the phase distribution at the head cavity inlet and nozzle outlets was visually captured. The effects of flow rate, gas type and liquid type were tested and compared. The results indicate that, injecting gas could significantly increase the pressure of head cavity, and improve the nozzle atomization effect at low-thrust conditions. The nozzle pressure drop increases linearly with the gas injection rate at a given liquid flow rate. Across varying liquid flow rates, a fixed amount of gas injection results in nearly constant multiplicative increases in the nozzle pressure drop. GHe is recommended as the preferred injecting gas due to its superior pressurization capability compared to GN₂. This work could provide fundamental data for understanding gas injection mechanisms and promote its mature application in the development of deep-throttling technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Green Propulsion Engine and Environmental Pollution Control)

20 pages, 2810 KB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation and Performance Evaluation of a Photovoltaic Water Pumping System with Hybrid Maximum Power Point Technique (MPPT) for Remote Rural Areas

by Fatima Id Ouissaaden, Hamza Kamel and Said Dlimi

Processes 2025, 13(9), 2867; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092867 - 8 Sep 2025

Abstract

This study presents the simulation of a standalone photovoltaic (PV) water pumping system that is made for use in rural areas and off-grid applications. The system contains a 174 W PV panel, a DC-DC boost converter, a DC motor, and a centrifugal pump. [...] Read more.

This study presents the simulation of a standalone photovoltaic (PV) water pumping system that is made for use in rural areas and off-grid applications. The system contains a 174 W PV panel, a DC-DC boost converter, a DC motor, and a centrifugal pump. To optimize energy extraction, three maximum power point techniques (MPPT), Perturb and Observe (P&O), incremental conductance (INC), and a Hybrid P&O–INC algorithm, were implemented and evaluated. Unlike most prior studies focusing on large-scale systems, this work targets low-power configurations with load dynamics specific to motor–pump assemblies. The hybrid algorithm is finely tuned using conservative step sizes and adaptive switching thresholds. Simulation results under varying irradiance levels show that the hybrid MPPT achieves the best trade-off, combining high tracking efficiency with reduced power ripple, particularly under challenging low-irradiance conditions. Moreover, the approach offers a favorable balance between performance and implementation cost, positioning it as a viable and scalable solution for sustainable water supply in remote communities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)

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21 pages, 1497 KB

Open AccessReview

Applications of Intelligent Models in Processes in the Construction Industry: Systematic Literature Review

by Abdallah Elsayed Eid, Gasim Hayder and Hitham Alhussian

Processes 2025, 13(9), 2866; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092866 - 8 Sep 2025

Abstract

There is a growing role of AI and intelligent systems in construction efficiency, safety, and decision-making. Reviewing existing applications helps guide future innovation, informs industry practices, and supports sustainable development. This paper discusses how advanced technologies in the construction industry such as Industry [...] Read more.

There is a growing role of AI and intelligent systems in construction efficiency, safety, and decision-making. Reviewing existing applications helps guide future innovation, informs industry practices, and supports sustainable development. This paper discusses how advanced technologies in the construction industry such as Industry 4.0, IoT, and 3D printing are transforming the construction industry. The main objective is to explore how these tools are being used, what benefits these applications offer, what challenges companies face when adopting them, and what steps can make the transition easier. To do this, a structured review of 115 recent studies published between 2015 and 2025 was carried out by utilizing authentic databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect. The research shows that these technologies can make construction faster, safer, and more sustainable, but adoption is still held back by high upfront costs, a lack of digital skills, and unclear regulations. These issues are especially tough for smaller companies and those in developing regions. The paper offers practical recommendations for both researchers and practitioners to help bridge the gap between potential and practice and support a smarter, more efficient future for construction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence and Smart Systems in Process Engineering Applications)

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15 pages, 6257 KB

Open AccessArticle

CFD Simulation of Flow and Heat Transfer of V-Shaped Wavy Microchannels

by Shuzhen Mi, Mengting Chen, Tianyu Li and Lin Yang

Processes 2025, 13(9), 2865; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092865 - 8 Sep 2025

Abstract

Due to its high heat transfer property, microchannel heat sink has been widely applied in thermal management, microelectronic cooling and energy conversion. To develop a microchannel heat sink featuring low pressure drop ΔP and a high heat transfer property, a V-shaped wavy [...] Read more.

Due to its high heat transfer property, microchannel heat sink has been widely applied in thermal management, microelectronic cooling and energy conversion. To develop a microchannel heat sink featuring low pressure drop ΔP and a high heat transfer property, a V-shaped wavy microchannel (VWM) is designed and CFD simulation is carried out. Subsequently, the influences of wave amplitude A, wave length λ and inlet velocity u on the Nusselt number Nu_ave, the Dean Vortexes and ΔP are studied. Furthermore, based on the performance evaluation criteria (PEC), the optimal parameters of A, λ and u are chosen. Next, the influence of microchannel number N is studied at the same pump power. Eventually, the optimal VWM heat sink is compared with the V-shaped straight microchannel (VSM) heat sink and the rectangular-shaped straight microchannel (RSM) heat sink. The results show that many Dean Vortexes periodically emerge in the V-shaped wavy microchannel, particularly at the wave peak and valley. These Dean Vortexes are capable of thinning the thermal boundary layer, which significantly strengthens heat transfer. As A and u increase while λ decreases, the area, number and severity of the Dean Vortexes increase, and thus both Nu_ave and ΔP also increase. In the present study, the PEC first increases and then decreases, reaching its maximum value when A = 0.3 mm, λ = 5 m and u = 1.0 m/s. At the same pump power, both the heat transfer area and the total Dean Vortex number increase with the increase in N, leading to a decrease in the thermal resistance R and the maximum temperature T_max. Compared to the VSM and RSM heat sinks, the optimal VWM heat sink decreases T_max by 29.93 K and 38.03 K, decreases R by 50.46% and 56.68%, increases h_ave by 156.42% and 155.43% and increases PEC by 137% and 130.78%, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Finite Element Method and Computational Techniques for Industrial Processes)

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11 pages, 909 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Protective Lipsticks with Different Sun Protection Factor Values Against UVA and Infrared Radiation

by Monika Zemła-Krawczyk and Beata Sarecka-Hujar

Processes 2025, 13(9), 2864; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092864 - 8 Sep 2025

Abstract

Sunlight contains a wide spectrum of radiation from ultraviolet (UV) through visible light to infrared (IR). UV radiation plays a crucial role in skin damage, photoaging, and carcinogenesis, necessitating effective photoprotection strategies. The study evaluated the efficacy of protective lipsticks with different sun [...] Read more.

Sunlight contains a wide spectrum of radiation from ultraviolet (UV) through visible light to infrared (IR). UV radiation plays a crucial role in skin damage, photoaging, and carcinogenesis, necessitating effective photoprotection strategies. The study evaluated the efficacy of protective lipsticks with different sun protection factor (SPF) values (10, 15, and 30) against UVA and infrared (IR) radiation. In this study, the directional-hemispherical reflectance (DHR) was measured across various spectral bands (335–380 nm, 400–540 nm, 700–1100 nm, and 1000–1700 nm) with SOC 410 Reflectometer (San Diego, CA, USA). Since the device used in this study did not cover the UVB range (290–320 nm), this study does not provide a direct assessment of SPF in its conventional sense. The measurements were taken at four time points up to 120 min after lipstick application. Results indicated that lipsticks with higher SPF values significantly altered skin reflectance in UVA and IR ranges, with SPF30 showing the lowest reflectance in the UVA range (335–380 nm), suggesting greater absorption of UVA radiation by the product and significantly higher reflectance in IR ranges compared to lower SPF lipsticks. Reflectance values generally increased over time post-application for key spectral bands. These findings demonstrate that SPF lipsticks provide variable attenuation of UVA and IR radiation, highlighting their role in comprehensive lip photoprotection. The data support the importance of SPF selection for optimized protection, especially against penetrating UVA and IR components of sunlight. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmaceutical Processes)

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