Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences

4 pages, 141 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Da Silva et al. Opportunity Costs, Cognitive Biases, and Autism. J. Mind Med. Sci. 2025, 12, 11

by Sergio Da Silva, Maria Fiebig and Raul Matsushita

J. Mind Med. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmms13030019 - 21 Aug 2026

Abstract

Text and Data-Presentation Corrections [...] Full article

17 pages, 1724 KB

Open AccessReview

The Reservoir of Adaptive Resources (RoAR): Integrating Adaptive Information Processing, the Window of Tolerance, and Conservation of Resources Toward a General Framework of Therapeutic Change

by Tuly Flint, Daniel Kahn and Roger M. Solomon

J. Mind Med. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmms13030018 - 11 Aug 2026

Abstract

This paper integrates Adaptive Information Processing (AIP), the Window of Tolerance (WoT), and Hobfoll’s Conservation of Resources (COR) theory into a unified framework for understanding trauma and therapeutic change. We propose that COR, which we conceptualize clinically as a Reservoir of Adaptive Resources [...] Read more.

This paper integrates Adaptive Information Processing (AIP), the Window of Tolerance (WoT), and Hobfoll’s Conservation of Resources (COR) theory into a unified framework for understanding trauma and therapeutic change. We propose that COR, which we conceptualize clinically as a Reservoir of Adaptive Resources (RoAR), predicts and explains whether experiences fall within or outside the WoT, and is therefore a decisive factor determining whether they are processed adaptively or maladaptively. Clinically, this framework reframes resourcing as a core mechanism of change across all phases of treatment, rather than as preparatory work alone, one that operates within and beyond Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). The framework further proposes that resource sufficiency, relational containment, and safe access to maladaptive material may operate as shared contributing mechanisms of change across therapeutic modalities. Full article

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13 pages, 667 KB

Open AccessArticle

Promoting Physical and Mental Health in Blue-Collar Industries: A Longitudinal Study Using Organizational Interventions and Composite Metrics

by Ashley Matejka, Marcos A. Sanchez-Gonzalez, Syed A. A. Rizvi, Troy Grogan and David Harris

J. Mind Med. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmms13030017 - 22 Jul 2026

Abstract

This retrospective evaluation reports a tailored workplace wellness program in improving physical fitness and psychological well-being among employees in labor-intensive industries. Data were drawn from program records of 2964 workers (80.7% men; mean age 40.4 years) participating in the AlphaOne Health and Fitness [...] Read more.

This retrospective evaluation reports a tailored workplace wellness program in improving physical fitness and psychological well-being among employees in labor-intensive industries. Data were drawn from program records of 2964 workers (80.7% men; mean age 40.4 years) participating in the AlphaOne Health and Fitness Program across industrial sites in Australia between 2003 and 2010, representing mining, utilities, emergency services, and transportation sectors. Outcomes included the Total Fitness Index (TFI), a composite measure of biomedical, fitness, behavioral, and psychosocial indicators, and the Q-Negative (Q-NEG) subscale of the Quality-of-Life Scale, which assesses psychological distress. Pre- and post-program comparisons were conducted using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests. Participants exhibited significant improvements in physical fitness (TFI 15.1 to 15.6; Δ = +0.47; p < 0.001) and psychological well-being (Q-NEG 10.9 to 10.3; Δ = −0.56; p < 0.001) over a post-program interval that varied by site and participant (median approximately 6 months among assessments with verified dates), with notable upward movement in TFI category classifications. Enhanced physical fitness was strongly associated with reduced psychological distress (χ² = 98.73; p < 0.001). As an evaluation of real-world data collected as part of an operational program rather than a purpose-built research study, these findings seem to suggest that tailored wellness initiatives for blue-collar workers could produce meaningful gains in both physical and mental health and that multidimensional assessment tools such as TFI and Q-NEG are valuable for capturing the impact of integrated workplace health strategies across high-risk labor sectors. Full article

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26 pages, 1635 KB

Open AccessReview

Broad-Spectrum Effects of Lactoferrin as a Potential Therapeutic Regimen for the Treatment of Various Human Diseases

by Shefiat O. Arekemase, Ibrahim Abdulwaliyu, Razaq A. Mustapha, Ummi I. Hassan, Owolabi S. Olusina, Inyeneh E. Udom, Ayotunde A. Sunday and Suleiman Bala

J. Mind Med. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmms13030016 - 20 Jul 2026

Abstract

Sickness is a universal human problem. A significant proportion of the world’s population suffers from one disease or another, while some individuals have two or more chronic diseases simultaneously. The development of one disease, if not properly managed, can often lead to other [...] Read more.

Sickness is a universal human problem. A significant proportion of the world’s population suffers from one disease or another, while some individuals have two or more chronic diseases simultaneously. The development of one disease, if not properly managed, can often lead to other coexisting health challenges, a condition known as comorbidity. Unfortunately, treating comorbidity is difficult due to overlapping symptoms and the risk of drug interactions. To overcome these challenges, it is necessary to identify active principles with broad-spectrum therapeutic properties. Therefore, this study provides an overview of the multifunctional role of lactoferrin against various human diseases. Information regarding the role of lactoferrin in combating various human diseases was gathered through a systematic literature search. Findings from a retrospective pilot study indicated that lactoferrin has the potential to alleviate symptoms of interstitial cystitis, or painful bladder syndrome. Additionally, lactoferrin has anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-obesity, and antimicrobial properties. It could be beneficial in addressing issues related to microbial drug resistance. The anti-inflammatory effects of lactoferrin are linked to the reduction in cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-6, and IL-1β; inhibition of Inhibitory kappa B kinase beta (IKK-β) activity; and suppression of Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). Furthermore, lactoferrin may provide protection against liver, kidney, and cardiac injuries. Lactoferrin’s wide-ranging benefits indicate that it may be used in conjunction with current medications to help treat multiple health issues simultaneously. Full article

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16 pages, 297 KB

Open AccessArticle

by Nicoleta Ciobanu-Hașovschi, Ioana Loreley Hașovschi, Lorena-Mihaela Manole, Iulia Cristina Roca, Romeo Petru Dobrin, Irina Dobrin and Cristinel Ștefănescu

J. Mind Med. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmms13030015 - 28 Jun 2026

Abstract

Gender role beliefs have been found to play a role in healthcare interactions and outcomes, although research is scarce in contexts where gender-diversity trends increasingly challenge enduring traditions, as is currently the case in Romanian society. This study explored reported gender-role beliefs and [...] Read more.

Gender role beliefs have been found to play a role in healthcare interactions and outcomes, although research is scarce in contexts where gender-diversity trends increasingly challenge enduring traditions, as is currently the case in Romanian society. This study explored reported gender-role beliefs and behavioural patterns among fifty Romanian participants involved in medical training and practice, representing a heterogeneous socio-professional spectrum rather than a uniform academic group (aged 20–52 with different personal circumstances and clinical employment). Written and oral reflections on gender role axioms widely known in Romania were assessed using an interpretative phenomenological approach. Results indicated strong endorsement of traditional beliefs—such as male authority and female domestic responsibility—while participants also reported behaviours and life situations inconsistent with those beliefs, including women serving as primary earners, engaging in advanced studies, and balancing multiple roles, and men in caregiving professions. This apparent belief–practice gap, not recognised as such by participants, suggests limited prior reflection on gender issues and potential tensions between pressure to conform to inherited sociocultural norms and evolving personal and professional realities. These findings raise questions regarding possible implications for clinical care, as gender-role assumptions may influence communication, rapport, and preparedness for engaging with gender-diverse patients and peers. They suggest a need for gender-diversity education, reflexivity training, and cultural competence development across undergraduate curricula, continuing education, and workplace training. The key insight of the study is that traditional gender representations can persist unexamined alongside changing behavioural realities, warranting further investigation of their relevance for healthcare education and practice. Full article

15 pages, 12075 KB

Open AccessArticle

Psychological Inflexibility and Quality of Life in Breast Cancer

by Iryna Makhnevych and Yauhen Statsenko

J. Mind Med. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmms13030014 - 26 Jun 2026

Abstract

Background: Psychological inflexibility (PI) is a transdiagnostic risk factor for emotional distress and diminished quality of life (QoL), yet the indirect pathways linking PI to QoL through distress remain largely untested in breast cancer. Methods: This exploratory secondary analysis used a publicly available [...] Read more.

Background: Psychological inflexibility (PI) is a transdiagnostic risk factor for emotional distress and diminished quality of life (QoL), yet the indirect pathways linking PI to QoL through distress remain largely untested in breast cancer. Methods: This exploratory secondary analysis used a publicly available longitudinal dataset of 40 women with non-metastatic breast cancer assessed at baseline and 2-month follow-up. Bootstrapped mediation (5000 resamples, BCa CIs) tested whether depression, anxiety, and stress (DASS-21) statistically mediated the association between PI (AAQ-II) and QoL (WHOQOL-BREF) across 27 models. Hierarchical regressions, Kruskal–Wallis tests, and extended correlations supplemented the analysis. Results: At follow-up, all nine cross-sectional indirect effects were significant (all 95% BCa CIs excluding zero), with distress accounting for 33–51% of the total association between PI and QoL. The largest indirect effects were observed for depression on psychological QoL (indirect = −0.845, p < 0.001) and anxiety on physical QoL (indirect = −0.739, p < 0.001). No indirect effects were significant at baseline or for change scores (all p > 0.05). Concurrent PI independently predicted psychological QoL (ΔR² = 0.094, p = 0.002), general QoL (ΔR² = 0.084, p = 0.015), and anxiety (ΔR² = 0.122, p = 0.004) in hierarchical regressions. Anxiety severity was associated with impairment across all five QoL domains (all p_adj < 0.05). Conclusions: These preliminary findings suggest that emotional distress may partially account for the association between PI and QoL in breast cancer, consistent with predictions from the ACT model. However, the small sample size and cross-sectional nature of the indirect effects observed at follow-up preclude causal inference. Replication in adequately powered prospective designs is essential. Full article

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13 pages, 2499 KB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Associated with Psychological Constructs: A Conditional Inference Tree Analysis

by Frank Amo Agyei-Owusu, Qingyang Zhang and Samantha Robinson

J. Mind Med. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmms13020013 - 17 May 2026

Abstract

Psychological constructs such as anxiety, depression, fatalism subscales—fatalism, divine control, luck, helplessness, and internality—play an important role in shaping mental health outcomes in the United States (US). Although several studies have explored how specific variables correlate with these constructs, less is known about [...] Read more.

Psychological constructs such as anxiety, depression, fatalism subscales—fatalism, divine control, luck, helplessness, and internality—play an important role in shaping mental health outcomes in the United States (US). Although several studies have explored how specific variables correlate with these constructs, less is known about how sociodemographic and experiential factors interact to shape multidimensional fatalism, including the subscales of fatalism, divine control, luck, helplessness and internality. This study addresses the gap by using Conditional Inference Trees (CITs) to explore how interactions among variables are associated with these constructs. Using the Conditional Inference Tree (CIT) analyses, we examined how Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE), age, gender, race, education, and urbanicity are associated with depression, anxiety, and fatalism subscales. Our analyses revealed that ACE and age were the most significant variables associated with depression and anxiety, with higher ACE scores associated with higher levels of both depression and anxiety. For multidimensional fatalism, age, race, gender, and urbanicity were key variables, although their effects varied across subscales. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of considering interaction effects when examining mental health outcomes and fatalistic belief systems. CIT analysis provides a useful explanatory framework for identifying complex patterns of association between early life adversity, sociodemographic factors and psychological constructs. Full article

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25 pages, 284 KB

Open AccessArticle

Barriers and Facilitators to Implementing Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST) in Ireland: A Qualitative Study Exploring Perspectives of Healthcare and Policy Professionals

by Caoimhe Hannigan, Cassandra Dinius, Eve Larkin and Michelle E. Kelly

J. Mind Med. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmms13020012 - 8 May 2026

Abstract

Background: Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST) is one of the most highly recommended non-pharmacological interventions for people living with dementia. In Ireland, over 650 practitioners have been trained to deliver CST; however, the intervention is not routinely available as a post-diagnostic support. The [...] Read more.

Background: Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST) is one of the most highly recommended non-pharmacological interventions for people living with dementia. In Ireland, over 650 practitioners have been trained to deliver CST; however, the intervention is not routinely available as a post-diagnostic support. The objective of this study was to identify barriers and facilitators to implementation of CST within the healthcare system in Ireland, through interviews with healthcare and policy professionals. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 key stakeholders involved in the provision of dementia services in Ireland, either in a policy role (n = 5) or as a healthcare professional (n = 5). Participants were responsible for the leadership of a dementia service and/or the direct provision of clinical care. Data collection and analysis was guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Framework analysis was used to identify themes that illustrated key barriers and facilitators to the implementation of this intervention in an Irish context. Results: Findings were organised into five themes: Familiarity, Understanding, and Evidence; Partnerships and Connections; Policy; Resources; and Attitudes and Culture. These themes illustrated barriers and facilitators to implementation operating at the Innovation, Outer Setting, and Inner Setting CFIR domains. Conclusion: Identifying and addressing key barriers and facilitators to the implementation of CST within the Irish healthcare system may help to support successful implementation and sustained use of the intervention in future. The CFIR provides a useful framework for conceptualising pre-implementation barriers and facilitators. The findings of this study can be used to develop specific implementation strategies and/or models to increase the availability of CST in Ireland. Full article

16 pages, 576 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Integrated Student Well-Being and Resilience Model for Health Professions Education in South Africa

by Xolani Lawrence Mhlongo

J. Mind Med. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmms13020011 - 23 Apr 2026

Abstract

Background: South African university students face escalating levels of psychological distress driven by academic overload, financial precarity, and social challenges. Health professions students are particularly vulnerable due to the demanding nature of clinical training and repeated exposure to human suffering. Aim: This study [...] Read more.

Background: South African university students face escalating levels of psychological distress driven by academic overload, financial precarity, and social challenges. Health professions students are particularly vulnerable due to the demanding nature of clinical training and repeated exposure to human suffering. Aim: This study aims to propose an Integrated Student Well-being and Resilience Model tailored to the South African health professions education context. Methods: This conceptual paper draws on empirical evidence from South African studies on student mental health, global campus well-being frameworks, and socio-ecological theory. Bronfenbrenner’s Socio-Ecological Systems Theory and a tiered public health approach were synthesized to develop a multi-level model aimed at addressing the academic, financial, and social determinants of student mental health. Conceptual synthesis: The study unequivocally identified a syndemic of interconnected factors predisposing students to depression, which included the interplay of academic rigour and cognitive burnout, financial vulnerability as a determinant of mental health, the crisis of social connection and psychological safety, and institutional failure and the resilience fallacy. Conclusions: The Integrated Student Well-being and Resilience (ISWR) Model is a systemic architecture designed to coordinate institutional governance with the complex psychosocial needs of health professions students. The model provides a holistic, scalable framework for strengthening student well-being within health professions education. By shifting from reactive counselling to proactive, system-level interventions, the model offers a strategic blueprint for creating resilient, supportive learning environments capable of improving student mental health and fostering a healthier future healthcare workforce. Full article

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27 pages, 3220 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Impact of Mind–Body Therapies on the Mental Health of Adults with Eating Disorders: A Meta-Analysis

by Sevgi Koroglu Gokbel and Gulgun Durat

J. Mind Med. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmms13020010 - 20 Apr 2026

Abstract

Background: Eating disorders are among serious psychiatric conditions and are associated with an increased risk of mortality and significant psychological distress. Mind–body therapies are attracting increasing attention as complementary interventions aimed at improving psychological well-being. The aim of this meta-analysis is to examine [...] Read more.

Background: Eating disorders are among serious psychiatric conditions and are associated with an increased risk of mortality and significant psychological distress. Mind–body therapies are attracting increasing attention as complementary interventions aimed at improving psychological well-being. The aim of this meta-analysis is to examine the effects of mind–body therapies on psychological outcomes in adults diagnosed with an eating disorder or exhibiting clinically significant symptoms associated with it. Methods: Randomized controlled trials published between 2003 and 2026 were identified through a systematic search of the PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Scopus databases. Studies were included that involved participants aged 18 years and over who had received a diagnosis of an eating disorder according to standard diagnostic criteria (e.g., DSM-IV, DSM-IV-TR, DSM-5) or who exhibited clinically significant symptoms associated with an eating disorder. Mind–body interventions were compared with control conditions. Methodological quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute assessment tool. Statistical analyses were performed using Stata 16.0 software. Results: Nine randomized controlled trials involving a total of 688 participants were included in the meta-analysis. It was found that mind–body interventions significantly reduced levels of depression (Hedges’ g = −0.44, 95% CI: −0.67 to −0.20). Similarly, significant reductions were observed in levels of inadequate self (g = −0.51, 95% CI: −0.84 to −0.18) and self-hated (g = −0.56, 95% CI: −0.89 to −0.23). Although an effect in the direction of an increase was observed for self-compassion (g = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.07–0.54), this effect was not found to be statistically significant following the correction applied for multiple comparisons. In contrast, anxiety (g = −0.19, 95% CI: −0.39 to 0.02), stress (g = −0.48, 95% CI: −1.05 to 0.09), and self-esteem (g = 0.29, 95% CI: −0.16 to 0.73). Conclusions: Mind–body therapies are associated with improvements in certain psychological outcomes among adults with a diagnosis of an eating disorder or those exhibiting clinically significant symptoms. However, the current findings should be interpreted with caution, as the included studies largely relied on waiting-list or usual-care control groups. Full article

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17 pages, 773 KB

Open AccessArticle

“My Eyes Are Open but Sometimes I Want to Close Them”: Using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis to Explore the Lived Experience of Dyspnea and Quality of Life Before and After Lung-Sparing Surgery for Pleural Mesothelioma

by Melissa J. Culligan, Angela Tod, Mary Regan, N. Jennifer Klinedinst, Joseph S. Friedberg and Kim Mooney-Doyle

J. Mind Med. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmms13020009 - 18 Apr 2026

Abstract

Pleural Mesothelioma (PM) is a rare, incurable malignancy of the pleura. Lung-sparing surgery, considered investigational, aims to prolong survival and improve quality of life (QOL). Beyond the standard quantitative measures used to determine successful surgical outcomes, an understanding of an individual’s perception of [...] Read more.

Pleural Mesothelioma (PM) is a rare, incurable malignancy of the pleura. Lung-sparing surgery, considered investigational, aims to prolong survival and improve quality of life (QOL). Beyond the standard quantitative measures used to determine successful surgical outcomes, an understanding of an individual’s perception of the impact surgery has had on their symptom burden and QOL has not been reported in the literature. The primary aim of this study was to explore the lived experience of dyspnea and QOL before and after lung-sparing surgery. The philosophical approach to this study was grounded in hermeneutical phenomenology. Participants underwent in-depth semi-structured interviews before and 3–4 months post-surgery, analyzed through Interpretive Phenomenological analysis. The analysis identified Group Experiential Themes (GETs) before and after surgery: Psychological (mind supports body), Physiological (body fighting, enduring, and adapting), Social (others sharing and supporting), and Existential (facing an uncertain future). The emotional impact of PM is multidimensional, involving time, internal psychological struggles, and coping with the diagnosis. The physical impact disrupts normal routines and interactions, while social interactions influence the perception of the illness experience. Facing PM disrupts normal bodily routines and interactions with the world. This study provides qualitative evidence that perceptions of dyspnea and QOL significantly impact the patient experience before and after surgery. The enriched understanding of living with mesothelioma and enduring lung-sparing surgery comes from the patients’ voices, highlighting the continuum of dyspnea and QOL influenced by various factors. Healthcare teams must consider patients’ physical, emotional, social, and existential experiences beyond measurable outcomes. Full article

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14 pages, 1148 KB

Open AccessReview

Comprehensive Review of Worster-Drought Syndrome as a Congenital Suprabulbar Paresis

by Magdalena Dzięgiel, Aleksandra Maciejowska, Dawid Juszkiewicz, Wiktor Kaleta, Marta Zawadzka and Maria Mazurkiewicz-Bełdzińska

J. Mind Med. Sci. 2026, 13(2), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmms13020008 - 3 Apr 2026

Abstract

Worster-Drought syndrome (WDS), also known as congenital suprabulbar paresis, is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by feeding, swallowing, drooling, and speech disturbances. Currently, it is classified as a subtype of cerebral palsy. However, the limited number of studies and the clinical and radiological [...] Read more.

Worster-Drought syndrome (WDS), also known as congenital suprabulbar paresis, is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by feeding, swallowing, drooling, and speech disturbances. Currently, it is classified as a subtype of cerebral palsy. However, the limited number of studies and the clinical and radiological overlap with related entities such as congenital bilateral perisylvian syndrome (CBPS) and Foix-Chavany-Marie syndrome (FCMS) have contributed to persistent uncertainty regarding its proper classification. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the WDS based on data from published case series. Special emphasis is placed on proposed etiological mechanisms, including recent genetic findings potentially contributing to WDS, as well as on the diagnostic process, ongoing classification dilemmas, and spectrum-based perspective. We point out the need to establish standardized diagnostic criteria and conduct large-scale genetic and neurodevelopmental research. Addressing these gaps may help clarify the underlying pathophysiology, reappraise the classification framework, and ultimately minimize misdiagnosis and time to proper diagnosis to improve outcomes for individuals affected by WDS. Full article

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16 pages, 278 KB

Open AccessArticle

Feasibility and Preliminary Outcomes of Web-Based Cognitive Remediation Therapy in Psychiatric Inpatients: A Pilot Pre-Post Study Using the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery

by Brent Nixon, Anne Pleydon, Nicholas Deptuch, Fiyin Peluola, Patrick Emeka Okonji, Cameron Bye, Kingsley Nwachukwu, Winifred Okoko and Mansfield Mela

J. Mind Med. Sci. 2026, 13(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmms13010007 - 20 Mar 2026

Abstract

Cognitive impairments are a core feature of psychotic disorders and are strongly associated with long-term functional disability. Although Cognitive Remediation Therapy (CRT) is an evidence-based intervention for improving cognition in psychosis, its feasibility and preliminary effects in acute inpatient settings—particularly using web-based platforms—remain [...] Read more.

Cognitive impairments are a core feature of psychotic disorders and are strongly associated with long-term functional disability. Although Cognitive Remediation Therapy (CRT) is an evidence-based intervention for improving cognition in psychosis, its feasibility and preliminary effects in acute inpatient settings—particularly using web-based platforms—remain underexplored. This single-arm, pre–post pilot study evaluated the feasibility of delivering a web-based CRT program and examined preliminary cognitive outcomes in a secure psychiatric inpatient facility. Thirteen inpatients with psychotic and non-psychotic diagnoses completed a 15-week intervention comprising twice-weekly sessions that included adaptive computerized CRT exercises (Happy Neuron Pro) and therapist-led bridging discussions focused on metacognitive reflection and functional application. Cognitive performance was assessed pre- and post-intervention using the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery. All participants completed the study with no withdrawals or adverse events, attending a mean of 27.77 of 30 sessions (93.0%). Pre–post improvements were observed in processing speed, verbal learning, and overall composite cognition, with large within-sample effect sizes that remained robust in sensitivity analyses. Exploratory analyses suggested potential associations between sex, history of self-harm, and cognitive change, though these findings require cautious interpretation. Findings support the feasibility of inpatient web-based CRT and provide preliminary cognitive effect-size estimates. Given the single-arm design and absence of systematic medication monitoring, results should be interpreted as exploratory signals warranting controlled validation. Overall, findings support the feasibility of inpatient web-based CRT and provide preliminary signals of cognitive benefit, warranting evaluation in larger controlled studies. Full article

14 pages, 235 KB

Open AccessArticle

Staff Perceptions of an Online Training Programme for the Management of Behaviours That Challenge in Dementia: A Qualitative Assessment of CAIT

by Kimberley Estenson, Carmel Digman, Katharina Reichelt and Ian A. James

J. Mind Med. Sci. 2026, 13(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmms13010006 - 6 Mar 2026

Cited by 1

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Behaviours that challenge (BtC) are common in people with dementia. International guidelines recommend using non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs) as first-line treatments. A promising training package that provides a framework for delivering NPIs is “Communication and Interaction Training” (CAIT); this programme has received national [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Behaviours that challenge (BtC) are common in people with dementia. International guidelines recommend using non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs) as first-line treatments. A promising training package that provides a framework for delivering NPIs is “Communication and Interaction Training” (CAIT); this programme has received national recognition within the UK. Our study aimed to explore staff’s perceptions of the effect of CAIT on their understanding and responses to the behaviours and emotions of people with dementia. The study also sought to further understand how CAIT worked and the conditions which help implement it. Methods: Reflexive thematic analysis was used to analyse interviews with 11 staff who had been trained in the use of CAIT and then attempted to implement the contents of the training in clinical settings. Results: Six main themes emerged regarding the impact of the training: enhancing understanding, transforming interactions, skills development, accessible and flexible, socio-cultural change enablers, and obstacles in training. CAIT was viewed positively by the participants and was perceived to improve their knowledge, attitudes and skills. Conclusions: The positive findings are consistent with previous studies on CAIT and its current use in guiding training programmes in the UK. Implications for the delivery of CAIT are discussed, as well as suggestions for further trials of the programme. Full article

13 pages, 901 KB

Open AccessArticle

How Psychological Flexibility Mediates the Relationship Between Psychological Resilience and Mental Health: A Study of Diagnosed Cancer Patients

by Canahmet Boz and Feyza Topçu

J. Mind Med. Sci. 2026, 13(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmms13010005 - 6 Feb 2026

Abstract

A cancer diagnosis has long-term physical and psychological consequences, and patients vary considerably in their mental health outcomes during the disease process. Psychological resilience has been identified as a protective factor, yet the mechanisms through which it influences mental health remain unclear. This [...] Read more.

A cancer diagnosis has long-term physical and psychological consequences, and patients vary considerably in their mental health outcomes during the disease process. Psychological resilience has been identified as a protective factor, yet the mechanisms through which it influences mental health remain unclear. This study aims to examine the mediating role of psychological flexibility in the relationship between psychological resilience and mental health among individuals diagnosed with cancer. A total of 234 cancer patients participated in this cross-sectional study. Data were collected using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale–Short Form, and the Psychological Flexibility Scale. Path analysis was conducted to test the proposed mediation model. The results indicated that psychological resilience was positively associated with psychological flexibility, and psychological flexibility was negatively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. Psychological flexibility fully mediated the relationship between psychological resilience and mental health. These findings suggest that psychological flexibility plays a key role in explaining how psychological resilience contributes to better mental health outcomes in cancer patients. Interventions aiming to enhance psychological flexibility may therefore be beneficial in psychosocial support programs for individuals coping with cancer. Full article

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11 pages, 1536 KB

Open AccessArticle

Public Health Education in Mexico in 2024: National Distribution, Accreditation, and Modalities of Training

by Janet Real-Ramírez and Oscar Arias-Carrión

J. Mind Med. Sci. 2026, 13(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmms13010004 - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Training the public health workforce is a critical component of health system strengthening. In Mexico, postgraduate education operates under a national accreditation framework intended to ensure academic quality and social relevance, yet comprehensive information about the scope and distribution of training programs is [...] Read more.

Training the public health workforce is a critical component of health system strengthening. In Mexico, postgraduate education operates under a national accreditation framework intended to ensure academic quality and social relevance, yet comprehensive information about the scope and distribution of training programs is limited. This study characterizes public health and related academic programs available in 2024, examining the institutional sector, delivery modality, geographic distribution, and accreditation status. A systematic institutional mapping was conducted through structured searches of the official websites of public and private higher education institutions. Eligible programs included bachelor’s degrees, specializations, master’s degrees, and PhDs that were active between March and November 2024. Searches used predefined keyword combinations, repeated at multiple timepoints, and were restricted to official institutional domains. Data were extracted on academic level, institutional sector, delivery format, duration, geographic region, and inclusion in the National Postgraduate System. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to analyze accreditation patterns; geospatial analysis assessed regional distribution. A total of 175 programs were identified across 30 of Mexico’s 32 states. Professional master’s degrees represented the largest category, followed by research-oriented master’s and PhD programs. Public institutions offered nearly two-thirds of all programs. Among postgraduate programs, fewer than half were accredited, with accreditation concentrated in master’s degrees in science (84.6%) and PhDs (55.6%). Only 23.0% of professional master’s degree were accredited. Most programs were delivered fully in person; online offerings were limited and more common in private institutions. Research-oriented programs were geographically concentrated in a small number of states, whereas professional programs exhibited broader but uneven national distribution. Public health education in Mexico shows growth in professionally oriented training but also reveals persistent gaps in accreditation, geographic equity, and flexible delivery modalities. The disproportionate expansion of professional programs without corresponding integration into accreditation frameworks raises concerns for workforce planning and educational equity. Strengthening national information systems, improving institutional reporting standards, and aligning accreditation criteria with workforce needs are essential to ensure that public health training supports progress towards universal health coverage and the Sustainable Development Goals. Full article

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15 pages, 248 KB

Open AccessReview

Psycho-Emotional and Well-Being Aspects in Caregivers of Transgender and Gender-Diverse Individuals: A Narrative Review

by Ettore D’Aleo, Marco Leuzzi, Maria Carmela Zagari, Lorenzo Campedelli, Mara Lastretti, Emanuela A. Greco, Giuseppe Seminara and Antonio Aversa

J. Mind Med. Sci. 2026, 13(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmms13010003 - 29 Jan 2026

Abstract

Gender incongruence significantly impacts the family system, yet the subjective experiences of caregivers remain relatively underexplored. This narrative review synthesizes contemporary evidence regarding psychological distress, emotional burden, and quality of life among caregivers of transgender and gender-diverse individuals. A targeted literature search of [...] Read more.

Gender incongruence significantly impacts the family system, yet the subjective experiences of caregivers remain relatively underexplored. This narrative review synthesizes contemporary evidence regarding psychological distress, emotional burden, and quality of life among caregivers of transgender and gender-diverse individuals. A targeted literature search of PubMed, Scopus, PsycInfo, and Google Scholar (2015–2025) was conducted, identifying 16 studies for thematic synthesis. Results indicate that caregivers consistently report elevated emotional distress, characterized by chronic anxiety, hypervigilance, and ambiguous loss. This burden is primarily driven by prolonged exposure to uncertainty, the weight of complex medical decision-making—particularly regarding fertility and hormone therapy—and vicarious minority stress stemming from social stigma and systemic barriers. Notably, distress is often intensified by sociopolitical climates rather than the transition process itself. Conversely, access to peer support networks, healthcare relationships, and engagement in advocacy emerged as vital protective factors facilitating resilience and adaptive meaning-making. We can conclude that caregiver well-being is a multifaceted process deeply embedded in social and institutional contexts. These findings underscore the necessity of integrated, family-centered medical-psychological models that explicitly support caregivers to ensure more equitable and effective gender-affirming care pathways. Full article

28 pages, 1240 KB

Open AccessReview

The Critical Role of Medicine Adherence in Management of Chronic Conditions: A Review Article

by Lucky Norah Katende-Kyenda

J. Mind Med. Sci. 2026, 13(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmms13010002 - 22 Jan 2026

Cited by 1

Abstract

Background: Medication adherence and persistence in treating chronic diseases present as a continuous challenge for healthcare providers in long-term management. The most frequent reasons that several diseases are poorly controlled in the population include suboptimal drug adherence and discontinuation of therapies. One [...] Read more.

Background: Medication adherence and persistence in treating chronic diseases present as a continuous challenge for healthcare providers in long-term management. The most frequent reasons that several diseases are poorly controlled in the population include suboptimal drug adherence and discontinuation of therapies. One main issue why physicians cannot detect patients with poor adherence is that they have relatively limited time and tools to do so. Aim: To review the critical role of medication adherence in the management of chronic diseases by addressing the following: what medication adherence is; its critical role; factors and strategies influencing it; challenges and consequences of poor adherence; patients at risk; present and future strategies in place to detect and improve adherence; implications for public health and health value creation for patients; key analytical frameworks for understanding it; determinants; how adherence improves health; the role of healthcare professionals and technological innovations; implications of medication adherence; adherence as a key area for exploring the psychological mechanisms underlying patient behavior; and patient adherence as a major social and public health challenge. Finally, this review considers strengths, limitations, recommendations, and future value. Methodology: The following databases were used to carry out the review: PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. The following themes were combined in the search: what adherence is, why it is critical, why adherence occurs, and how to improve adherence. The following search terms were used: what adherence is and critical, why and adherence and occurs, and how and to improve adherence. Results: Under the theme of why adherence is critical, five sub-themes were reviewed; four sub-themes were reviewed under the theme of why adherence occurs; and five sub-themes were reviewed under the theme of how to improve adherence. Conclusions: Strategies to enhance medication adherence involve a comprehensive approach that includes patient education, streamlined treatment plans, digital tools, and effective communication from healthcare professionals. Full article

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16 pages, 610 KB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Mental Health Disorders in Makkah’s Primary Care, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study from Secondary Data

by Turky J. Arbaein, Afnan A. Alandijani, Mohammad Shah, Khulud K. Alharbi, Sahal Alzahrani, Soukaina Ennaceur, Afrah A. Alfahmi and Khawlah O. Alharthi

J. Mind Med. Sci. 2026, 13(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmms13010001 - 29 Dec 2025

Cited by 1

Abstract

Objectives: The present study examined the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and other mental disorders among patients visiting primary healthcare centers (PHCs) in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, and explored demographic, lifestyle, and socioeconomic determinants associated with these conditions. Methods: The study analyzed regional-level data from [...] Read more.

Objectives: The present study examined the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and other mental disorders among patients visiting primary healthcare centers (PHCs) in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, and explored demographic, lifestyle, and socioeconomic determinants associated with these conditions. Methods: The study analyzed regional-level data from PHC patients diagnosed with mental health illnesses. The prevalence rates of depression, anxiety, and other mental health disorders were calculated and associated risk factors were assessed using binary variables. Results: The study found that 40% of the population was diagnosed with depression, 25% with anxiety, and 35% with other mental disorders. Depression was most prevalent among patients aged 50–64 years, while anxiety was highest among those aged 19–34 years. The lowest rates were observed in patients aged 65 years or older. Females exhibited higher rates of depression and anxiety than males. Saudi nationals accounted for most cases, with unemployment having the highest prevalence. Single individuals reported the highest prevalence of depression and anxiety. Conclusions: The research indicates a significant prevalence of depression, anxiety, and other mental disorders among primary healthcare patients in Makkah, with females, the unemployed, and younger individuals at elevated risk. Low follow-up rates suggest barriers to ongoing mental health care and highlight the need for targeted interventions. Full article

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