Environments

15 pages, 2145 KB

Open AccessArticle

Forced Degradation Study of Atazanavir, Emtricitabine, Nirmatrelvir, Oseltamivir, Ribavirin and Sofosbuvir

by Viktorija Martinjak, Luka Večenaj, Roberta Hofer, Filip Tomić, Dora Lastovčić, Bruna Babić Visković, Danijela Ašperger, Matija Cvetnić, Dajana Kučić Grgić, Tomislav Bolanča and Šime Ukić

Environments 2025, 12(11), 417; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110417 - 4 Nov 2025

Abstract

Antivirals are considered emerging environmental contaminants. Unfortunately, for many of these substances, there is limited information on their occurrence, fate, and behavior in the environment, which is essential for proper risk assessment. In this study, forced degradation tests were conducted on six widely [...] Read more.

Antivirals are considered emerging environmental contaminants. Unfortunately, for many of these substances, there is limited information on their occurrence, fate, and behavior in the environment, which is essential for proper risk assessment. In this study, forced degradation tests were conducted on six widely used antivirals to assess their environmental fate. These antivirals were atazanavir, emtricitabine, nirmatrelvir, oseltamivir, ribavirin, and sofosbuvir. The tests included exposure of the antivirals to (artificial) sunlight, different temperatures, water, an acidic solution (1 M HCl), an alkaline solution (1 M NaOH) and a solution containing 30% H₂O₂ as a strong oxidizing agent. Liquid chromatography with UV detection (LC-UV) was used to analyze antivirals. To monitor the conversion, an LC-UV method was developed and validated for each antiviral. According to the results of the forced degradation tests, atazanavir and emtricitabine are probably the most unstable in the aquatic environment. Oseltamivir and sofosbuvir begin to lose stability even at slightly elevated temperatures, such as 40 °C. The stability of the tested antivirals depends strongly on the medium’s pH value and the presence of an oxidizing agent. Thus, all six antivirals showed some degree of degradation under the applied alkaline and oxidative conditions, while only emtricitabine, oseltamivir, and ribavirin remained stable under the applied acidic conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Risk Assessment of Aquatic Environments)

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19 pages, 1932 KB

Open AccessArticle

Carbonaceous Aerosols and Ice Nucleation Activity in Iceland Environmental Samples

by Isatis M. Cintrón-Rodríguez, Hinrich Grothe and Philipp Baloh

Environments 2025, 12(11), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110416 - 3 Nov 2025

Abstract

Heterogeneous ice nucleation is a key process for ice cloud formation, snowfall, and freezing of water bodies. Ice nucleating particle (INP) cloud feedbacks are one of the largest sources of uncertainties in Earth’s Energy Budget. Although INPs are essential in the development of [...] Read more.

Heterogeneous ice nucleation is a key process for ice cloud formation, snowfall, and freezing of water bodies. Ice nucleating particle (INP) cloud feedbacks are one of the largest sources of uncertainties in Earth’s Energy Budget. Although INPs are essential in the development of mixed-phased and glaciated clouds, their composition, sources, and cloud feedbacks remain poorly constrained. Previous studies have shown mixed results on the potential of light-absorbing particles (LAP), such as black carbon (BC) and high latitude dust (HLD), serving as INPs. However, many of these studies use laboratory or model-generated particles that may not represent the complex morphology and behaviors of ambient light-absorbing particles sufficiently. Here, we use in situ surface snow samples, collected during Spring 2018 in Svínafellsjökull, Iceland. The samples were analyzed by an immersion freezing mechanism for their ice nucleation activity (INA). Portions of the filtered samples were concentrated by lyophilization to observe the potential enhancement of INA. We investigated environmental samples of deposited aerosols to better understand the role activity of HLD and BC in ice nucleating activity in mixed-phase clouds in Iceland. We found concentrations of 16 ± 27 ng g⁻¹ and 33 ± 66 × 10⁶ ng g⁻¹ for BC and HLD, respectively. However, we found that isolated methanol-soluble organic aerosols have a more prominent role than BC and HLD in Iceland. We conclude that BC and HLD are insignificant INP but that they can inhibit INA from other INP. Full article

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21 pages, 7192 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Uranium Leachability Between Three Groundwater Aquifers in Relation to the Degree of Bedrock Weathering: A Petro-Mineralogical and Experimental Investigation

by Hyeong-Gyu Kim, Woo-Chun Lee, Sang-Woo Lee, Jong-Hwan Lee, Do-Hwan Jeong, Yu-Yeon Jeong, Moon-Su Kim and Soon-Oh Kim

Environments 2025, 12(11), 415; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110415 - 3 Nov 2025

Abstract

The concentrations of natural radioactive elements in the groundwater environment are regulated by several factors, including aquifer geology, groundwater hydrochemical properties, and changes in environmental conditions. Many studies have explored these factors, but few have systematically elucidated the mechanisms underlying the dissolution of [...] Read more.

The concentrations of natural radioactive elements in the groundwater environment are regulated by several factors, including aquifer geology, groundwater hydrochemical properties, and changes in environmental conditions. Many studies have explored these factors, but few have systematically elucidated the mechanisms underlying the dissolution of radioactive elements from their host minerals into groundwater. This study investigated the petrological, mineralogical, and weathering properties of aquifer materials and their effects on the leaching of uranium (U) and thorium (Th) into groundwater. The time required for the U concentration to reach the drinking water standard (30 μg/L) was estimated through artificial weathering experiments performed under diverse environmental conditions. Rock core samples were obtained from three sites differing in their geology and groundwater U concentrations. Mineralogical analyses revealed that thorite, a representative radioactive mineral that contains large amounts of U and Th, was present in samples from all collection sites. Thorite minerals differed in terms of their sizes, shapes, cracks, and chemical compositions between samples from different sites, indicating that geological features, mineral alteration characteristics, and environmental conditions controlled the behavior of U and Th. These factors appear to play crucial roles in regulating the mobility and potential long-term leachability of U and Th. Artificial weathering experiments confirmed that a neutral pH with surplus bicarbonate ions favored U leaching. Under these environmental conditions, aquifer U concentrations were estimated to require 8.7–226 years to reach the drinking water standard, depending on the groundwater dissolved oxygen content. Our results provide scientific evidence that may be used for managing radioactive elements in the groundwater environment, and are likely to inform new environmental policies and regulatory standards. Full article

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25 pages, 1880 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Pollutants in Urban Wastewater on Rhizoplane Microbial Communities in Constructed Wetlands: Resistance and Resilience of Macrophyte-Associated Microbiomes

by Paolo Piccolo, Annamaria Gentile, Angela Cicatelli, Francesco Guarino and Stefano Castiglione

Environments 2025, 12(11), 414; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110414 - 2 Nov 2025

Abstract

The impact of pollutants in urban wastewater on Constructed Wetlands (CWs) rhizoplane microbial communities remains quite understudied. Our study explores how civil wastewater influences the structure and ecological stability of rhizoplane microbial communities associated with three macrophytes: Nerium oleander L., Arundo donax L., [...] Read more.

The impact of pollutants in urban wastewater on Constructed Wetlands (CWs) rhizoplane microbial communities remains quite understudied. Our study explores how civil wastewater influences the structure and ecological stability of rhizoplane microbial communities associated with three macrophytes: Nerium oleander L., Arundo donax L., and Juncus conglomeratus L. in simulated conditions as in the case of CWs. Therefore, a pot experiment was set up, using wastewater repeated exposure of the three macrophytes, to assess the microbial (bacteria and fungi) resistance and resilience by means of next-generation sequencing. The results showed that all three macrophytes contributed to pollutant removal; however, the effects on microbial communities were taxon-specific. In general, the rhizobacterial community exhibited moderate resilience and low resistance to wastewater, indicating a partial recovery post-disturbance. The fungal community showed high resistance (ResI = 0.99), in contrast with limited resilience (RI < 1), suggesting a stable but less dynamic response to the wastewater exposure. Effluent repeated addition positively influenced the relative abundance of certain bacteria taxonomical groups, specifically Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, but also of some fungal taxa. Our findings underscore the key role of microbial communities in CWs, where complementary resistance and resilience strategies contribute to system stability, plant health, and pollutant attenuation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wastewater Bio-Management: Microbial Community Relationships, Monitoring and Assessment)

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21 pages, 3932 KB

Open AccessArticle

Historical and Future Drought Intensification in the Pantanal Wetland: Evidence from Multi-Source Weather Data and CMIP6 Multi-Model Projections

by Jakob Ernst, Milica Stojanovic and Rogert Sorí

Environments 2025, 12(11), 413; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110413 - 2 Nov 2025

Abstract

The Pantanal, considered the world’s largest tropical wetland, is increasingly threatened by intensifying droughts driven by climate variability and climate change. Using Multi-Source Weather data (MSWX), and bias-corrected multi-model means from five Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) simulations for the years [...] Read more.

The Pantanal, considered the world’s largest tropical wetland, is increasingly threatened by intensifying droughts driven by climate variability and climate change. Using Multi-Source Weather data (MSWX), and bias-corrected multi-model means from five Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) simulations for the years 1980–2100, we assessed historical and future drought conditions under SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios for the Pantanal. Drought conditions were identified through the Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardised Precipitation–Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) across multiple timescales, and with different reference periods. A historical analysis revealed a significant drying trend, culminating in the extreme droughts of 2019/2020 and 2023/24. Future projections indicate a dual pressure of declining precipitation and rising temperatures, intensifying the severity of dry conditions. By the late 21st century, SSP5-8.5 shows persistent, severe multi-year droughts, while SSP2-4.5 projects more variable but still intensifying dry spells. The SPEI highlights stronger drying than the SPI, underscoring the growing role of evaporative demand, which was confirmed through risk ratios for drought occurrence across temperature anomaly bins. These results offer multi-scalar insights into drought dynamics across the Pantanal wetland, with critical implications for biodiversity, water resources, and wildfire risk. Thus, they emphasise the urgency of adaptive management strategies to preserve ecosystem integrity under a warmer, drier future climate. Full article

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12 pages, 1708 KB

Open AccessArticle

Baccilus amyloliquefacins Strains Isolated in a Wastewater Treatment Plant: Molecular Identification and Amylase/Protease Production Capacity

by Jean Jules Nana Ndangang, Alain-Martial Sontsa-Donhoung, Elvire Hortense Biye, Dumitra Raducanu, Narcis Barsan, Anne Ayo, Guy Valerie Djumyom Wafo, Emilian Mosnegutu, Valentin Nedeff, Christelle Kebassa Nkwefuth, Florin-Marian Nedeff, Mirela Panainte-Lehadus, Dana Chițimus and Ives Magloire Kengne Noumsi

Environments 2025, 12(11), 412; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110412 - 2 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study centred on isolating and characterizing Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains derived from wastewater sludge to assess their potential for sludge treatment. Samples were collected from the Etoa wastewater sludge treatment plant in Yaounde, Cameroon. The isolates were obtained on nutrient agar medium and [...] Read more.

This study centred on isolating and characterizing Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains derived from wastewater sludge to assess their potential for sludge treatment. Samples were collected from the Etoa wastewater sludge treatment plant in Yaounde, Cameroon. The isolates were obtained on nutrient agar medium and were identified through morphological and biochemical characterization, followed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. The sequences showed 99–100% similarity with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains in the NCBI database. The isolates exhibited significant in vitro enzymatic activities, including catalase, amylase, and protease production, indicating their ability to degrade hydrogen peroxide starch and proteins, respectively. The results confirmed the in vitro potential of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as a promising microbial agent for organic matter degradation in wastewater sludge. Although the findings were limited to laboratory conditions, they provided a foundation for future pilot-scale or in situ studies aimed at validating their practical efficiency. This research contributes to the development of microbial-based and eco-efficient strategies for sustainable sludge management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wastewater Bio-Management: Microbial Community Relationships, Monitoring and Assessment)

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29 pages, 3257 KB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling Air Pollution from Urban Transport and Strategies for Transitioning to Eco-Friendly Mobility in Urban Environments

by Sayagul Zhaparova, Monika Kulisz, Nurzhan Kospanov, Anar Ibrayeva, Zulfiya Bayazitova and Aigul Kurmanbayeva

Environments 2025, 12(11), 411; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110411 - 1 Nov 2025

Abstract

Urban air pollution caused by vehicular emissions remains one of the most pressing environmental challenges, negatively affecting both public health and climate processes. In Kokshetau, Kazakhstan, where electric vehicle (EV) adoption accounts for only 0.019% of the total fleet and charging infrastructure is [...] Read more.

Urban air pollution caused by vehicular emissions remains one of the most pressing environmental challenges, negatively affecting both public health and climate processes. In Kokshetau, Kazakhstan, where electric vehicle (EV) adoption accounts for only 0.019% of the total fleet and charging infrastructure is nearly absent, reducing transport-related emissions requires short-term and cost-effective solutions. This study proposes an integrated approach combining urban ecology principles with computational modeling to optimize traffic signal control for emission reduction. An artificial neural network (ANN) was trained using intersection-specific traffic data to predict emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO_x), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and particulate matter (PM_2.5). The ANN was incorporated into a nonlinear optimization framework to determine traffic signal timings that minimize total emissions without increasing traffic delays. The results demonstrate reductions in emissions of CO by 12.4%, NO_x by 9.8%, SO₂ by 7.6%, and PM_2.5 by 10.3% at major congestion hotspots. These findings highlight the potential of the proposed framework to improve urban air quality, reduce ecological risks, and support sustainable transport planning. The method is scalable and adaptable to other cities with similar urban and environmental characteristics, facilitating the transition toward eco-friendly mobility and integrating data-driven traffic management into broader climate and public health policies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Pollution in Urban and Industrial Areas, 4th Edition)

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20 pages, 1780 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Social Survey to Capture the Public Awareness and Perception About Chemicals Under Ireland’s Human Biomonitoring Feasibility Study

by Richa Singh, Holger Martin Koch, Marike Kolossa-Gehring, André Conrad and Alison Connolly

Environments 2025, 12(11), 410; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110410 - 1 Nov 2025

Abstract

As chemical exposures are increasingly emphasised as public health concerns, understanding how people perceive chemical risks is vital for shaping responsive and inclusive human biomonitoring (HBM) programmes. Public awareness not only influences individual behaviours but can also inform national policy priorities and scientific [...] Read more.

As chemical exposures are increasingly emphasised as public health concerns, understanding how people perceive chemical risks is vital for shaping responsive and inclusive human biomonitoring (HBM) programmes. Public awareness not only influences individual behaviours but can also inform national policy priorities and scientific focus. This study reports findings from the Human Biomonitoring for Ireland (HBM4IRE) feasibility study, which conducted a social survey adapted from the HBM4EU framework. The survey assessed awareness and perceived harmfulness of 24 chemical groups among 218 Irish residents, distinguishing between experts (involved in chemical management) and non-experts. Lead, arsenic, mercury, pesticides, tobacco alkaloids, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), solvents, cadmium, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) received the highest perceived harmfulness scores. Non-experts reported lower perceived harmfulness for substances such as phthalates, parabens, and Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), indicating significant awareness gaps. These findings demonstrate convergence between public and expert views for well-recognised substances but also highlight gaps for certain emerging chemicals. This study highlights the importance of targeted, country-specific education campaigns and shows the added value of integrating public perceptions into HBM design and priority setting. Full article

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19 pages, 6437 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria on Photosynthetic Parameters of One-Year-Old Sessile Oak Seedlings

by Sanja Lazić, Tanja Berić, Slobodan Milanović, Olja Medić, Aleksandar Vemić, Aleksandar Lučić, Slaviša Stanković, Ljubinko Rakonjac and Vladan Popović

Environments 2025, 12(11), 409; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110409 - 1 Nov 2025

Abstract

Soil contamination is a major contemporary issue. In light of increasing efforts to align seedling production with the sustainable use and preservation of soil resources, this study aimed to explore the potential of selected plant-growth-promoting bacteria as natural alternatives to mineral fertilizers, a [...] Read more.

Soil contamination is a major contemporary issue. In light of increasing efforts to align seedling production with the sustainable use and preservation of soil resources, this study aimed to explore the potential of selected plant-growth-promoting bacteria as natural alternatives to mineral fertilizers, a major soil pollutant in the forestry sector. The experiment involved inoculating one-year-old sessile oak (Quercus petraea) seedlings with multiple single bacterial treatments and a consortia derived from sessile oak rhizosphere and monitoring their effects on plant physiological parameters such as chlorophyll, carotenoid, and nitrogen content, along with selected parameters of the rapid chlorophyll a fluorescence induction curve (an OJIP curve). The results indicated that the selected bacterial strains improved specific plant physiological parameters at certain points during the monitoring period; however, further research is necessary to draw statistically significant conclusions. Although these bacteria did not directly enhance photosynthetic parameters, their potential remains evident and could be harnessed through improved application methods. Future studies should focus on identifying site conditions that support the proliferation of the introduced bacterial populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Soil Contamination and Remediation)

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17 pages, 1486 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sublethal Impacts of Polyethylene Microplastics on Freshwater Amphipods: Genotoxic and Metabolic Responses in Echinogammarus veneris and Cryptorchestia garbinii (Crustacea, Amphipoda)

by Valentina Iannilli, Kaoutar Aboutabit and Francesca Lecce

Environments 2025, 12(11), 408; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110408 - 1 Nov 2025

Abstract

Microplastic (MP) contamination represents a global threat to aquatic ecosystems, yet its biological effects remain poorly understood. This study investigates the short-term impacts of polyethylene (PE) microparticles on two amphipod species: the semi-terrestrial Cryptorchestia garbinii and the aquatic Echinogammarus veneris. Amphipods are [...] Read more.

Microplastic (MP) contamination represents a global threat to aquatic ecosystems, yet its biological effects remain poorly understood. This study investigates the short-term impacts of polyethylene (PE) microparticles on two amphipod species: the semi-terrestrial Cryptorchestia garbinii and the aquatic Echinogammarus veneris. Amphipods are exposed to MPs both in water and through dietary intake. After 24 h, C. garbinii ingested an average of 9.6 ± 1.2 particles per individual, while E. veneris ingested 12.5 ± 2.8 particles, confirming an active uptake of microplastics. The mean particle size decreased from ≌50 µm in the food tablets to 18–25 µm in the digestive tract, suggesting fragmentation during digestion and highlighting the ecological role of amphipods in generating smaller, potentially more bioavailable particles. Both species exhibited a marked increase in DNA damage, together with variations in energy-reserve allocation (glucose, glycogen, and lipids) consistent with acute metabolic stress. To our knowledge, this represents the first evidence of genotoxicity ever reported in C. garbinii, expanding current understanding of the biological responses of amphipods to plastic pollution. These findings highlight the vulnerability of detritivore species to MPs exposure and, given their role in nutrient cycling, emphasize the need for further research on the ecological implications of MPs contamination. Full article

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19 pages, 3329 KB

Open AccessArticle

Reduced Graphene Oxide Modulates Physiological Responses of Lemna minor Under Environmental Heavy Metal Stress

by Marco D’Eugenio, Barbara Casentini and M. Adelaide Iannelli

Environments 2025, 12(11), 407; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110407 - 1 Nov 2025

Abstract

The expanding development of graphene-based materials (GBMs) requires immediate and balanced environmental assessment balancing two key areas: investigating the risk of graphene oxide toxicity to ecosystems and evaluating GBMs’ potential to act as solutions for challenges like heavy metal stress mitigation. This study [...] Read more.

The expanding development of graphene-based materials (GBMs) requires immediate and balanced environmental assessment balancing two key areas: investigating the risk of graphene oxide toxicity to ecosystems and evaluating GBMs’ potential to act as solutions for challenges like heavy metal stress mitigation. This study analyzed the effects of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) on copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) toxicity in Lemna minor. Our findings reveal that rGO’s protective effects are metal-specific. L. minor demonstrated significant sensitivity to nickel, but rGO offered no mitigation; growth parameters, pigment content, and nickel accumulation showed no significant improvements with rGO co-exposure compared to Ni-plants. This suggests that rGO does not enhance L. minor’s ability to tolerate or absorb nickel, especially after 14 days (T14). In contrast, rGO showed a partially protective effect against copper toxicity. At T14, the presence of rGO significantly improved plant performance under copper stress, resulting in a 17% increase in biomass, a 19% increase in relative growth rate, and enhanced pigment content, including a 40% increase in chlorophyll when compared to Cu-plants. The protective effect of rGO was directly tied to a 37% reduction in copper accumulation, providing strong evidence that rGO reduces copper’s bioavailability, thereby limiting plant uptake. The divergent effects on Cu and Ni uptake suggest differing affinities of these metals for rGO. Future research, including large-scale experiments with various GBMs and Lemna clones, is crucial to fully assessing their phytoremediation potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trace Metals in the Environment: Advances in Detection Techniques, Pollution Assessment and Management)

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25 pages, 67997 KB

Open AccessArticle

Photo-Identification Catalogue of Delphinus delphis in the Western Mediterranean: Conservation Implications

by Liliana Olaya-Ponzone, Rocío Espada, Estefanía Martín and José Carlos García-Gómez

Environments 2025, 12(11), 406; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110406 - 30 Oct 2025

Abstract

Delphinus delphis uses the Algeciras–Gibraltar Bay (BA-G) as a feeding and breeding ground, but heavy maritime traffic and recreational fishing increase its exposure to injuries and anthropogenic threats. Over three years, more than 110,000 photographs were collected during 593 sampling days, resulting in [...] Read more.

Delphinus delphis uses the Algeciras–Gibraltar Bay (BA-G) as a feeding and breeding ground, but heavy maritime traffic and recreational fishing increase its exposure to injuries and anthropogenic threats. Over three years, more than 110,000 photographs were collected during 593 sampling days, resulting in a catalogue of 1356 adult individuals identified by dorsal fin markings and the species’ characteristic white patch. The posterior sectors and distal tip of the fin were the most affected by lesions, confirming the impact of local human activities. In addition, 104 putative mother–calf pairs were recorded, highlighting the importance of the BA-G as a breeding area. Individuals with greater dorsal fin damage showed significantly higher recapture frequencies, suggesting that exposure to anthropogenic pressures is associated with greater recurrent detectability. This catalogue, one of the most comprehensive catalogues available for D. delphis worldwide, represents a key tool for long-term monitoring of this population and provides a methodological framework that can be extrapolated to other regions where human pressure increases the marking of individuals. The results reinforce the need for specific management measures in the BA-G, including the establishment of protected areas, as a fundamental step towards conserving this endangered species. Full article

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21 pages, 6033 KB

Open AccessArticle

Limestone Processing Sludge: From Waste to Sustainable Resource

by Mafalda Guedes, Joana Carrasqueira, Tomás Seixas, Clélia Afonso, Maria Manuel Gil, Raul Bernardino, Roberto Gamboa and Susana Bernardino

Environments 2025, 12(11), 405; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110405 - 30 Oct 2025

Abstract

The limestone quarrying and processing industry generates huge amounts of waste, with limestone sludge being one of the most prevalent and challenging by-products. This study aims to evaluate the potential of limestone sludge as a sustainable secondary raw material for the mechanochemical synthesis [...] Read more.

The limestone quarrying and processing industry generates huge amounts of waste, with limestone sludge being one of the most prevalent and challenging by-products. This study aims to evaluate the potential of limestone sludge as a sustainable secondary raw material for the mechanochemical synthesis of bioceramics, specifically hydroxyapatite (HA), for high-added-value applications in bone tissue engineering. High-energy milling is innovatively used as the processing route: dry sludge (functioning as the calcium source), a phosphate source, and water were milled with the aim of producing calcium phosphates (in particular, hydroxyapatite) via mechanosynthesis. The industrial sludge was thoroughly analyzed for chemical composition, heavy metals, and mineral phases to ensure suitability for biomedical applications. The mixture of reagents was tailored to comply with Ca/P = 1.67 molar ratio. Milling was carried out at room temperature; the milling velocity was 600 rpm, and milling time ranged from 5 to 650 min. Characterization by XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and SEM confirmed the progressive transformation of calcite into hydroxyapatite through a metastable DCPD intermediate, following logarithmic reaction kinetics. The resulting powders are fine, homogeneous, and phase-pure, demonstrating that mechanosynthesis provides a low-cost and environmentally friendly pathway to convert limestone waste into functional bioceramic materials. This suggests that Moleanos sludge is a viable and sustainable source to produce tailored calcium phosphates and confirms mechanosynthesis as a cost-effective and reliable technology to activate the low-kinetics chemical reactions in the CaCO₃-H₃PO₄–H₂O system. This work highlights a novel circular economy approach for the valorization of industrial limestone sludge, turning a difficult waste stream into a high-value, sustainable resource. Full article

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22 pages, 8782 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Expedited Procedure to Highlight Rapid Recharge Processes by Means of Nitrate Pollution Dynamics in the Northern Italy Plain

by Dimitra Rapti and Giovanni Martinelli

Environments 2025, 12(11), 404; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110404 - 28 Oct 2025

Abstract

In recent decades, increasing anthropogenic pressure and climate change have made the protection and sustainable management of groundwater resources essential. In this context, the identification of aquifer recharge zones, especially those characterized by rapid groundwater flow and high vulnerability to surface pollution sources, [...] Read more.

In recent decades, increasing anthropogenic pressure and climate change have made the protection and sustainable management of groundwater resources essential. In this context, the identification of aquifer recharge zones, especially those characterized by rapid groundwater flow and high vulnerability to surface pollution sources, becomes a priority for the protection of underground resources. In the Po Plain (northern Italy), based on the lithological, geometric, hydraulic, and hydrodynamic characteristics of the aquifers, the recharge areas are mainly located in the alluvial fans of the Alpine and Apennine foothills. Due to the high hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer, the shallow depth of the water table and the agricultural activities, groundwater resources are vulnerable to nitrate (NO₃⁻) contamination. Given this background, the present study introduces a novel methodological approach based on the geochemical signature of groundwater, indicated by the presence of bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) and NO₃⁻ ions, aimed at identifying aquifer recharge areas. Specifically, by analyzing time series of NO₃⁻ and HCO₃⁻ concentrations for the period 2012–2023, and applying criteria of an HCO₃⁻/NO₃⁻ ratio < 10 and NO₃⁻ > 30 mg/L, it was possible to identify areas where aquifer recharge processes are clearly evident. These recharge processes are rapid, as confirmed by the hydraulic gradient, the high hydraulic conductivity of the aquifers, and further supported by the isotopic composition of groundwater, especially tritium concentrations. Furthermore, due to the hydrogeological characteristics of the surveyed region, which resemble those of alluvial basins in close proximity to mountain ranges, the methodology and findings of this study can be used as an unconventional and expedited method for similar research conducted globally, offering hope for the future of groundwater research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Pollution Risk Assessment)

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12 pages, 558 KB

Open AccessArticle

Recreational Water Risk from Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli of Broiler Origin: A Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment

by Nunzio Sarnino, Subhasish Basak, Lucie Collineau and Roswitha Merle

Environments 2025, 12(11), 403; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110403 - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli from broiler farms can reach watersheds used for recreational swimming. We assessed short-term swimmer exposure by extending a modular quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) to the recreational water pathway linking land manure application to in-stream fate and transport [...] Read more.

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli from broiler farms can reach watersheds used for recreational swimming. We assessed short-term swimmer exposure by extending a modular quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) to the recreational water pathway linking land manure application to in-stream fate and transport with dilution and decay. We modeled single-event exposure doses and estimated loss of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). We ran sensitivity analyses on several parameters and compared outputs to published recreational water assessments that include ESBL E. coli. Assuming a worst-case scenario, single-event doses were lower for adults (2.95 CFU; UI 0.14–6.11) and higher for children (8.78 CFU; UI 0.56–17.20) on day 1 after land application, then dropped below 0.01 CFU by day 200, with DALY losses from 10⁻⁷ to 10⁻¹⁰. Uncertainty was dominated by fate and transport. Stronger particle binding, faster in-stream decay, and larger effective volumes lowered exposure, while higher shedding, greater flow, and larger wash-off raised it. Estimates fell at the low end of prior studies. Swimmer exposure appears to be extremely low and short-lived. The modular QMRA links farm contamination to bathing-site risk and supports risk-based monitoring (after spreading or storms) and short-term forecasts that focus advisories on short, higher-risk windows after litter application. Full article

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28 pages, 1189 KB

Open AccessReview

Which American Wild Species Could Be Used in Grapevine Breeding Programs? A Review

by Matteo Dimaglie, Clara Ripa, Rita Annunziata Accogli, Gian-Pietro Di Sansebastiano, Alessio Aprile, Giuseppe Rossetti and Laura Rustioni

Environments 2025, 12(11), 402; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110402 - 26 Oct 2025

Abstract

Plant domestication has led to a series of morphological and physiological changes aimed at making species more suitable for human use and consumption. In Vitis vinifera ssp. sativa, these changes include increased sugar content and berry size, modifications in seed morphology, and [...] Read more.

Plant domestication has led to a series of morphological and physiological changes aimed at making species more suitable for human use and consumption. In Vitis vinifera ssp. sativa, these changes include increased sugar content and berry size, modifications in seed morphology, and the transition from dioecy to hermaphroditism. This process, which began approximately 6000–8000 years ago in the Transcaucasian region, unfolded in multiple stages and involved the natural abandonment of wild Vitis populations. While it contributed to the phenotypic diversification of modern grapevine cultivars, it also came at the expense of biodiversity. Selection for yield and quality has resulted in the loss of resilience traits in cultivated grapevines. In this study, 23 Vitis species of American origin were examined, analyzing for each their native range, susceptibility to biotic and abiotic stresses, and their suitability for propagation. The study, characterization, and compilation of these American Vitis species provide a valuable resource for consultation and use in targeted grapevine breeding programs. These efforts aim to recover adaptive traits from wild progenitors, enhance the resilience of cultivated grapevines, and address the challenges posed by modern agriculture and sustainability. Full article

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17 pages, 2120 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Importance of Municipal Waste Landfill Vegetation for Biological Relevance: A Case Study

by Jan Winkler, Marek Tomaník, Petra Martínez Barroso, Igor Děkanovský, Wiktor Sitek and Magdalena Daria Vaverková

Environments 2025, 12(11), 401; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110401 - 26 Oct 2025

Abstract

The vegetation of municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills and its ecosystem functions are often overlooked, despite their importance for enhancement and stabilization of biodiversity. The selected landfill is located in the cadastral area of Bystřice pod Hostýnem (Czech Republic). A total of 92 [...] Read more.

The vegetation of municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills and its ecosystem functions are often overlooked, despite their importance for enhancement and stabilization of biodiversity. The selected landfill is located in the cadastral area of Bystřice pod Hostýnem (Czech Republic). A total of 92 plant species were recorded during a two-year vegetation assessment at three sites of the MSW landfill. The species Lolium perenne, Arrhenatherum elatius, and Poa pratensis significantly dominated the restored parts of the landfill. The species Urtica dioica, Chelidonium majus, and Atriplex sagittata were dominant in the actively used parts of the landfill. Chenopodium album, Atriplex sagittata, and Amaranthus retroflexus were dominant in the composting zone. The vegetation of MSW landfills represents an ecologically important element with the ability to increase the biodiversity of the landscape. Nevertheless, there are also risks, e.g., the possibility of contamination of food chain with hazardous substances from waste. The spread of diaspores of certain species across the landscape and the spread of non-indigenous plant species can have negative ecological consequences. MSW landfills are often perceived only as technical facilities that solve the environmental problem of waste management. However, our results bring a new perspective on landfills as an environment for the biosphere. Full article

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18 pages, 1017 KB

Open AccessArticle

Circular Economy Model for Educational Plastics Reprocessing in College Town Communities

by Krista Belisle, Zachary Brown, Max Gonzales, Natalie Lott, Matthew Noti, Jared Stoltzfus and Hao Zhang

Environments 2025, 12(11), 400; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110400 - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Plastic recycling has been a challenge worldwide due to various reasons, including limited profit margins, the demand for high-quality plastic reprocessing techniques to make products comparable to those from virgin materials, and challenges in sorting and processing. This problem became particularly urgent in [...] Read more.

Plastic recycling has been a challenge worldwide due to various reasons, including limited profit margins, the demand for high-quality plastic reprocessing techniques to make products comparable to those from virgin materials, and challenges in sorting and processing. This problem became particularly urgent in the small towns in the U.S., where plastic waste was shipped overseas for treatment, but now it is not accepted in some countries. This study aims to understand the plastic value chain and find the necessary factors for a circular economy model of both environmental and economic settings. In this study, an educational plastics reprocessing workspace was developed with manufacturing processes such as shredding, filament extruding, 3D printing, and injection molding. A series of products was developed to increase the value of the recycled polymers. In addition, quality control of recycled polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) was examined. By collaborating with a university manufacturing lab, this work illustrates how plastics can be collected, prepared, and reprocessed, serving as a platform for student learning and community outreach. This study contributes to the body of knowledge by presenting a case-based educational model for community-level plastic recycling and reprocessing in a college town context. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circular Economy in Waste Management: Challenges and Opportunities)

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19 pages, 2265 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Biochar for Heavy Metal Remediation: A Meta-Analysis of Modification Methods and Pyrolysis Conditions

by Mohammad Ghorbani and Elnaz Amirahmadi

Environments 2025, 12(11), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12110399 - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Modified biochars have emerged as effective adsorbents for remediating heavy metal-contaminated environments, yet variability in modification methods, feedstocks, and pyrolysis conditions has led to inconsistent findings. This study provides a quantitative meta-analysis of 173 peer-reviewed publications to systematically evaluate how modification strategies, feedstock [...] Read more.

Modified biochars have emerged as effective adsorbents for remediating heavy metal-contaminated environments, yet variability in modification methods, feedstocks, and pyrolysis conditions has led to inconsistent findings. This study provides a quantitative meta-analysis of 173 peer-reviewed publications to systematically evaluate how modification strategies, feedstock types, and pyrolysis temperatures influence the adsorption of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and copper (Cu). Six modification approaches were assessed (metal oxides, bases, strong acids, weak acids, hydrogen peroxide, and physical treatments), pyrolysis temperatures were grouped into three ranges (<400 °C, 400–550 °C, and >550 °C), and feedstocks were categorized as wood-, straw-, herbaceous-, and manure-based. Effect sizes were calculated to identify the most effective combinations of modification, feedstock, and thermal regime, providing a robust, data-driven framework for predicting biochar performance. Results show that metal oxide-treated biochars consistently exhibited the highest adsorption, while physical modifications were least effective. Moderate pyrolysis temperatures (400–550 °C) and wood-derived biochars also significantly enhanced adsorption across all three metals. These findings provide actionable guidance for designing tailored biochars, resolving inconsistencies in the literature, and supporting future studies aimed at optimizing biochar for heavy metal remediation and sustainable environmental applications. Full article

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