BioMed

Breast cancer remains the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women worldwide, with outcomes strongly dependent on stage at detection. Conventional imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound and MRI are limited by reduced sensitivity in dense breasts, radiation exposure, high cost and restricted availability in low-resource settings. This review critically examines microwave imaging (MWI) as a non-invasive, radiation-free and an emerging resource-efficient breast imaging modality that exploits dielectric contrast between healthy and malignant breast tissues. We first summarise experimental and clinical evidence on breast dielectric properties and their implications for numerical phantoms and device design. We then review passive, active (tomographic and radar-based) and hybrid MWI systems, including key clinical prototypes such as SAFE, MammoWave, MARIA and Wavelia, and analyse associated image-reconstruction algorithms from classical inverse scattering to advanced beamforming, Huygens-based methods and AI based reconstruction. Finally, we discuss outstanding challenges—tissue heterogeneity, calibration, hardware constraints and computational complexity—and identify future directions including AI-assisted reconstruction, multimodal hybrid imaging and large-scale clinical validation needed to translate MWI into routine breast cancer screening and diagnosis. Full article

Background/Objectives: Diabetic Foot Ulceration (DFU) is one of the most debilitating and costly complications of diabetes mellitus, representing a significant cause of morbidity, disability, and healthcare burden worldwide. Refractory non-healing ulcers that fail to respond to conventional therapies require novel adjuvant treatment modalities. This clinical audit aimed to evaluate the long-term clinical outcomes of an autologous, bioactive platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) matrix combined with topical gentamicin in patients with chronic, non-healing DFUs. Methods: A retrospective observational audit was conducted, involving eleven patients with refractory DFUs who underwent adjunctive treatment with a PRF matrix (Arthrozheal^®) and co-applied gentamicin. Patients were followed at three-week intervals using standardised wound imaging (Silhouette^® 3D) to assess healing parameters. Long-term follow-up data, evaluating healing durability and complications, is presented. Results: All patients completed the treatment protocol, with significant reductions in mean wound area (87.9%), perimeter, depth, and volume (all p < 0.05). Epithelialised tissue increased from 24.7% to 82.8%. At 12 months, 81.8% of patients maintained complete ulcer healing. Two patients experienced complications: one ulcer recurrence requiring surgical debridement and one unrelated amputation due to osteomyelitis. Conclusions: The combination of autologous PRF matrix and gentamicin demonstrated promising results in promoting sustained healing of refractory DFUs with minimal complications. These findings support further investigation in larger, controlled studies to validate this biologic-antimicrobial approach as a safe, effective, and durable therapy for complex diabetic wounds. Full article

Background/Objectives: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are deemed to be a highly safe model for autologous and allogeneic cellular therapy, owing to their inherent lack of HLA-DR expression, immunomodulatory properties, homing ability, and plasticity allowing differentiation into different cell types. The interest in activating autophagic signaling in MSCs has recently grown due to its significant potential in maintaining stemness, enhancing paracrine signaling, and providing therapeutic benefits for cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. This study aimed to explore the impact of autophagy induction on enhancing the therapeutic potential of MSCs by maintaining their plasticity and to assess different induction agents. Methods: In this study, MSCs were first extracted from the fat tissue of Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats and characterized phenotypically and molecularly by their positive expression of stemness markers CD29, CD106, and CD44, and their negative expression of hematopoietic surface markers CD14, CD34, and CD45, using a flow cytometry approach. Isolated MSCs were then treated separately with two FDA-approved autophagy inducers: Lithium Chloride and Trehalose, following assessment of autophagy activity. Results: Treated MSCs showed significant increases in autophagic activity at both the transcriptional and translational levels. The successful induction of autophagy in MSCs was confirmed through the elevated expression of autophagy-related genes such as ATG3, ATG13, ATG14, P62, and ULK1. These data were confirmed by the significant upregulation in LC3 protein expression and the formation of autophagosomes, which was detected using a transmission electron microscope. Furthermore, the expression of Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog genes was significantly enhanced after treatment with Trehalose and Lithium Chloride compared with untreated control MSCs which may indicate an upregulation of pluripotency. Meanwhile, Lithium Chloride and Trehalose did not significantly induce cellular apoptosis, indicated by the Bax/Bcl-2 expression ratio, and significantly decreased the expression of the antioxidant markers SOD and GPx. Conclusions: Treatment of MSCs with Trehalose and, in particular, Lithium Chloride significantly activated autophagic signaling, which showed a profound effect in enhancing cells’ pluripotency, reinforcing the usage of treated MSCs for autologous and/or allogenic cellular therapy. However, further in vivo studies for activating autophagy in cellular grafts should be conducted before their use in clinical trials. Full article

Background/Objectives: Pilates is a form of exercise that benefits people with bodily pain and movement limitations. The Clinical Pilates method assesses a patient through history taking and exercise testing to identify the patient’s problem side and directional preference. This study is a technical report of two case studies to evaluate the feasibility of the Clinical Pilates conceptual framework for the management of neck and shoulder musculoskeletal conditions. Methods: A conceptual framework on the use of the diagnostic bullseye for neck and shoulder movements are presented. To illustrate the application of the framework, two independent case studies with neck and shoulder pain were interpreted. These cases were assessed for upper and lower quadrant movement preferences using the Clinical Pilates method. Patient self-reported outcome measures included the pain numeric rating scale (/10), patient-specific functional scale (/10), and shoulder pain and disability index (%). Results: In both case studies, the clinical outcomes improved by more than 50% from the baseline. These improvements showed that the conceptualized framework is feasible for use among individuals with neck and musculoskeletal conditions. Conclusions: The neck and shoulder diagnostic bullseyes developed provide an extension from existing lower quadrant diagnostic bullseye. The feasibility of the Clinical Pilates method for neck and shoulder conditions was illustrated in the two case studies. Full article

A 57-year-old man presented with fever and progressive odynophagia three days after a suspected fish bone impaction. Laboratory tests revealed leukocytosis (17,400/µL) and an elevated C-reactive protein level (8.93 mg/dL). Initial chest radiography was unremarkable, ruling out pneumomediastinum. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) of the neck revealed focal thickening of the cervical esophageal wall, along with a low-attenuation collection and mild fat stranding surrounding the esophagus. Also, extraluminal air was absent. These findings supported the diagnosis of intramural abscess rather than free perforation. Upper endoscopy revealed a submucosal bulging lesion with a pinpoint mucosal defect that was actively draining pus, consistent with a contained intramural collection. Water-soluble contrast esophagogram confirmed smooth passage without extravasation, obstruction, or the double-lumen sign. The patient received bowel rest, intravenous piperacillin/tazobactam, and close observation. Symptoms and inflammatory markers improved, and follow-up CT confirmed the resolution of the intramural collection. Esophageal intramural abscesses develop when an infection spreads within the submucosa after a mucosal breach. In East Asia, this often occurs due to fish bone impaction. Early CT enables the differentiation of esophageal intramural abscess from perforation or dissection and guides the selection of conservative, rather than interventional, management. Full article

Takotsubo syndrome (TTS), popularly known as “broken heart syndrome”, is a type of reversible but not benign acute heart failure condition of unknown etiology, usually triggered by physical or emotional stress, affecting primarily elderly women. Recently a subtype of TTS, triggered by positive/pleasant emotions, has been identified (“happy heart syndrome”) with affected patients showing the same complications, including in-hospital and long-term mortality, as the patients afflicted with the “broken heart syndrome”. There is a need to increase the awareness of physicians, other medical providers, our patients, and the general public about the existence of “happy heart syndrome”. Full article

Background/Objectives: Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) are the gold standard to measure fat mass, but they are unavailable in regular consultations. Relative Fat Mass (RFM) and Pediatric Relative Fat Mass (pRFM) equations are calculated using DXA images in adults and children, but they have not been correlated with BIA. Methods: A longitudinal prospective study was conducted with 531 children from a public school followed over one year; sex, age, weight, height, waist circumference and fat mass percentage were recorded. We calculated body mass index Z-score (Z-BMI), body mass index percentile (Pc BMI), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and RFM-pRFM to diagnose Overweight (Ow)/Obesity (Ob). We used descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation, sensitivity and specificity, 95% CI, and ROC curves; SPSS version 22 was used. Results: Adiposity was found in 34.5%, 33.2%, 21.5% and 43.5% of children using Z-BMI, Pc BMI, WHtR, and BIA, respectively; excluding children younger than 8 years old, the frequency of adiposity was 51.5% by RFM-pRFM. The highest correlation was between RFM-pRFM and BIA (0.84, p < 0.000). Of the total measurements of each visit considered as normal weight using Z-BMI, 21.5% had adiposity using BIA, and the proportion of girls underdiagnosed was twice that of boys. Conclusions: RFM-pRFM had the highest correlation with BIA but Z-BMI, Pc BMI, and WHtR are also helpful. It is important to consider that 21.5% of children with apparent normal weight present adiposity. Full article

Central sensitization of pain (CSP) is defined as the “increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) to normal or subthreshold afferent input” The primary objective of this study is to compare the prevalence of CSP between patients presenting with foot and ankle conditions and those presenting with low back pain. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted comparing a cohort of patients with a first consultation for foot and ankle disorders to another cohort with a first consultation for lumbar spine pain at the same institution. Demographic variables, pain duration, main diagnosis, and a series of questionnaires assessing pain and disability were collected. The Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) was administered to determine the presence of CSP within the groups. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA. Results: A total of 195 patients presenting with foot/ankle conditions and 252 patients with low back pain were included. Among the foot/ankle cohort, 16.4% (95% CI, 10.92–21.9%) were classified as having CSP, compared to 22.2% (95% CI, 16.85–27.6%) in the lumbar pain cohort. The difference in CSP prevalence between groups was not statistically significant (difference 5.79%, Chi² = 2.357, p = 0.125). However, the difference in mean scores on Part A of the CSI was statistically significant (31.82 ± 13.88 vs. 25.20 ± 14.31, z = 4.237, p < 0.001). Among foot/ankle pathologies, plantar fasciitis showed the highest prevalence of CSP (21.9%), followed by hallux valgus (18.8%). A significant association was observed between CSP and higher levels of pain and disability. Female patients demonstrated a higher prevalence of CSP. Conclusions: Patients with low back pain exhibited higher CSI scores and a greater prevalence of central sensitization compared with those with foot and ankle disorders. Recognizing these mechanisms may help clinicians tailor more effective, multidisciplinary treatment strategies. Full article

Introduction: Current treatments for patients with stage III non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are not sufficiently personalized, resulting in suboptimal outcomes and high mortality rates. The Developing Circulating and Imaging Biomarkers Towards Personalized Radiotherapy in Lung Cancer (VIGILANCE) study employs innovative health technologies to collect a range of clinical data and features. This includes longitudinal analyses of cell-free and circulating tumor DNA from blood samples and radiomic features extracted from standard-of-care imaging. Additionally, patient-reported outcome measures will be collected to capture patients’ symptoms and quality of life. This will provide invaluable insight into the patient experience during and after radiotherapy. We aim to evaluate whether the data, including patient-reported outcomes, can serve as biomarkers to refine treatment strategies, improve post-treatment follow-up and provide patients with realistic outcome predictions. Key endpoints include the following: (1) assessing whether baseline ctDNA status and its early on-treatment dynamics can identify patients with radioresistant disease who could benefit from treatment intensification; (2) determining whether post-radiotherapy ctDNA clearance can predict benefit from consolidation durvalumab, potentially sparing ctDNA-negative patients from unnecessary immunotherapy; and (3) developing integrated models combining novel ctDNA and radiomic biomarkers to distinguish between radiation fibrosis and tumor recurrence and to predict survival. We adopt a pragmatic approach by recruiting patients receiving standard-of-care treatments in a real-world setting. In addition, most of the clinical data is already routinely collected in our center, except for the blood tests for cell-free and circulating tumor DNA analysis. Methods and analysis: This is a single-center, prospective, exploratory, longitudinal, follow-up study, recruiting patients with stage III NSCLC undergoing standard-of-care curative-intent radiotherapy (with or without systemic therapy). Data collection spans from baseline to during radiotherapy and is extended up to 1 year following radiotherapy. The longitudinal analysis aims to describe and characterize dynamic changes in the collected features and assess their utility as prognostic and response biomarkers. Trial registration number: NCT06086574. Full article

Background and Clinical Significance: Primary Cutaneous Cribriform Apocrine Carcinoma (PCCAC) is a rare, inert low-grade cutaneous malignancy that is diagnosed on histopathologic assessment. PCCAC usually presents in middle-aged adults as a solitary, subcutaneous nodule on the extremities. Characterized by anastomosing tubules and solid/cribriform nests of atypical epithelial cells generating a sieve-like display, the tumor is a histopathological variant of apocrine metaplasia of the skin. PCCAC also follows characteristic staining patterns. It is important to distinguish PCCAC from other similar histological variants, which may hold more grievous indications. Case Presentation: A 47-year-old female presented with an enlarging, itchy growth of several months on her back. On physical exam, an indurated pink, nontender papule of 8 mm on the left lateral side wall was noted. Histopathology demonstrated a well-circumscribed, pandermal tumor composed of anastomosing solid and cribriform nests, tubules, and cords of mildly atypical, eosinophilic epithelial cells forming a glandular lumina. An immunohistochemical study revealed the tumoral epithelium to express CK7, CK5/6, BER-EP4, CD117 (C-kit), and S100. Positive EMA and CEA staining highlighted intratumoral glandular ductal differentiation and apocrine secretion. Immunohistochemical stains for CK20, GATA-3, and p63 were negative. Conclusions: We present this case to distinguish the histological attributes of PCCAC and help differentiate it from more concerning visceral metastatic malignancies. We follow with a narrative review of the histopathologic differential for PCCAC and feature reconciliation of corresponding staining patterns reported in the literature. Full article

Background/Objectives: Bacteriophages are considered promising alternatives for the treatment of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Methods: Five bacteriophages with lytic activity against MDR P. aeruginosa were isolated from lake and sewage samples and characterized for their biological properties, host range, and efficacy in biofilm and in vitro infection models. Results: The phages displayed broad host ranges, producing zones of lysis in 40–53% of MDR isolates. The average burst size was 112 ± 70 PFU per cell. All phages, either individually or in combination, inhibited biofilm formation and were capable of disrupting preformed biofilms. While treatment with single phages led to bacterial regrowth, the cocktail of all five phages achieved complete bacterial lysis with no regrowth observed. In an in vitro wound and burn infection model, the phage cocktail significantly enhanced cell proliferation and promoted healing. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis identified phage PA2 as a Myovirus based on its morphology. Conclusions: The phage isolates demonstrated strong activity in multiple in vitro models, effectively targeting both planktonic and biofilm-associated P. aeruginosa. Notably, the five-phage combination prevented the emergence of bacterial resistance, supporting its potential as a biocontrol strategy against MDR P. aeruginosa. Full article

Background and objectives: Clinical laboratory analyses are essential for diagnosing and treating allergic diseases mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE). Identifying the sources of sensitivity, subject to regional variations, enables the implementation of effective management strategies, such as prevention and immunotherapy. Through a cross-sectional study, this study aimed to determine the sensitivity profile to aeroallergens (latent class) and their correlation with age, sex, and season in the population sampled. Methods: The purpose was to map the concentrations of specific IgE serum levels linked to the most prevalent allergens, considering variations related to age, specific IgE levels, and seasons of the year through a cross-sectional study. Results: The 995 reports of specific IgE tests analyzed were clustered into six aeroallergen categories and were predominantly composed of female individuals (57.1%). The most prevalent age group was younger than 18 (56.5%), and most exams were performed in the spring (27.7%). The aeroallergen category ‘grass’ significantly correlated with sex and age, indicating that men have a 65% greater probability of having high levels of specific IgE as a response to this allergen, and age is related to higher IgE levels. Latent class analysis identified an optimal three-class solution for specific IgE sensitization patterns: Class 1: Moderate Sensitization; Class 2: Low Sensitization; and Class 3: High Sensitization. Conclusion: The present study highlights the importance of knowing the local aeroallergen profile for early diagnosis and prevention of allergic diseases, emphasizing the relevance of the allergen category related to the age and sex of the individuals. Full article

Background/Objectives: Chronic ankle instability is a common issue after lateral ankle sprain. The DMA Clinical Pilates method hypothesizes impairments in tibialis anterior and fibularis longus muscles. Methods: A total of 14 adults with chronic ankle instability, and 15 recovered and 16 healthy individuals were prospectively recruited and assessed for lower back, hip, knee, and ankle muscle activities during dominant and non-dominant sides single-leg stand on stable and unstable surfaces using wireless surface electromyography. Results: The study found consistent dysfunction in tibialis anterior muscle activity in adults with chronic ankle instability when compared with healthy adults during single-leg stand on stable and unstable surfaces, and against recovered individuals on unstable surface. As compared to healthy controls, chronic ankle instability group showed higher vastus lateralis activation during dominant side single-leg stand across surface conditions and during dominant side single-leg stand, while the higher dominant side longissimus dorsi activity on stable surface changed to higher dominant side medial gastrocnemius activity on unstable surface. As compared to recovered controls, chronic ankle instability group also showed higher gluteus medius and fibularis longus muscle activities on unstable surface. Conclusions: Tibialis anterior muscle is the main dysfunction among individuals with chronic ankle instability side. Full article

Background/Objectives: Black hairy tongue syndrome (BHT) is characterized by structural epithelial changes and a dark discoloration on the surface of the tongue, causing a variety of symptoms such as xerostomia, altered taste, and nausea. Methods: Herein, we report a 70-year-old female patient with a history of Sjogren’s syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and occasional use of intranasal and inhaled corticosteroids, who presented with BHT exacerbated by consumption of colored beverages and carbohydrates. We also provide a review of the literature on published articles reporting cases of BHT syndrome. Results: Our patient’s condition improved after implementing dietary restrictions in combination with local care. A literature review revealed that the most common reported exposures and underlying conditions in patients with BHT were the recent administration of antibiotics, solid organ or hematologic malignancy, immunosuppressants, smoking, corticosteroids, autoimmune conditions, receipt of antidepressants, local radiation therapy, proton pump inhibitors, and alcohol. The majority of cases were successfully managed with the elimination of implicated factors when possible and local hygiene. Conclusions: Different factors may contribute to the development of BHT. Discontinuation of implicated medications together with measures for topical care constitute the most effective ways to achieve resolution. Full article

Monkeypox (Mpox), a re-emerging zoonotic disease, has garnered global attention due to its evolving epidemiology, diverse clinical manifestations, and significant public health impact. The rapid international spread of the Mpox prompted the World Health Organization to designate the outbreak as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Accurate and timely diagnosis is hindered by its critical resemblance to other orthopoxviruses and viral exanthems, underscoring the need for improved diagnostic tools. Point-of-care diagnostic innovations, including CRISPR-based and smartphone-integrated technologies, have revolutionized outbreak management, offering rapid and accurate detection critical for containment and treatment. The effective control of Mpox outbreak underscores the necessity of strengthened global surveillance, equitable healthcare access, rapid diagnostics, the prompt isolation of infected individuals, and the implantation of ring vaccination strategies. The integration of a “One Health” framework that links human, animal, and environmental health is vital for sustained preparedness. Advances in vaccine development, including novel bionic self-adjuvating vaccines and platforms utilizing DNA, mRNA, and viral vectors, highlight promising prevention efforts. However, issues such as vaccine hesitancy, limited immunization coverage and accessibility in resource-constrained regions remain significant barriers. Therapeutic interventions like tecovirimat and the JYNNEOS vaccine demonstrate efficacy but face challenges in scalability and deployment. To address these multifaceted challenges, this review delves into the molecular insights, clinical features, epidemiological trends, and diagnostic challenges posed by Mpox. This review further highlights the critical need for robust scientific evidence and sustained research to inform effective, evidence-based responses, and long-term management strategies for Mpox outbreaks. Full article

Background: multiple sclerosis (MS) presentation varies depending on the location and severity of the lesions affecting different areas of the spinal cord and brain. Extensive research has focused on specific systems to detect the disease in its various stages. The objective of this study was to investigate the concentration of the soluble scavenger receptor for haptoglobin–haemoglobin complex (Hb-Hp), sCD163, which is mostly expressed by monocytes and protects tissues from oxidative damage, in patients with MS. Methods: enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) analysis was conducted in plasma samples collected from twenty-three relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS) subjects treated with teriflunomide and ten healthy control subjects (HCs). Results: the study results showed no differences between RRMS subjects and HCs in the concentration of CD163. A significantly higher concentration of sCD163 in RRMS was found in men in comparison to women (p = 0.038, Cohen d = 0.97). Conclusions: a significant correlation between disease activity, estimated using plasma-soluble CD163 (sCD163) and clinical assessment of the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) (p = 0.021), was detected in female patients with RRMS. Full article

Background/Objectives—The personalisation agenda—matching the correct psychological therapy to diverse and comorbid mental disorders—is an unanswered dilemma in the worldwide literature which has far reaching consequences for public health. This hypothesis article addresses the question: can a biomedical approach resolve the personalisation agenda? Methods—Narrative review drawing on clinical psychology, translational psychiatry, and biomedical science literature. Results—Diverse attempts to resolve the personalisation agenda have not yet succeeded. Randomised controlled trials are uniquely biased due to unwanted placebo effects; network meta-analysis cannot address adequately which psychological therapy to use; new methodologies have not yet produced data; and neuroscientific analysis cannot yet explain how trauma-based therapies work. However, a biomedical model which divides psychological therapy into low, medium and high intensity interventions can resolve the personalisation agenda. Conclusions—Combining low intensity (placebo), with medium intensity (cognitive behavioural techniques) and high intensity interventions (trauma-based therapies) are theoretically synergistic if combined with psychosocial treatments/exercise, and used in sequence in the correct order. A biomedical model based on recent advances in placebo studies and neuroplasticity can resolve the personalisation agenda, and improve outcomes for mental disorder. Full article

Background: The incidence of chemical ocular trauma after accidentally instilling the “wrong” eyedrops is still frequent, but cases resulting from stamper ink refills are rare. Case Presentation: A 73-year-old man presented to our emergency department with a history of inadvertently instilling stamper ink refill into both eyes (BEs) instead of artificial tears. Immediate irrigation and evaluation were performed. The initial visual acuity (VA) was 0.4 in the right eye (RE) and 0.8 in the left eye (LE). Slit lamp examination showed edema palpebra with periocular blue staining in BEs, chemotic conjunctiva with a much darker color in the RE than the LE, and epithelial defects with a positive fluorescein test in BEs. A diagnosis of bilateral corneal abrasion and chemotic conjunctiva was established. Ten hours after the emergency visit, RE VA decreased to 0.2, and corneal edema was found during the follow-up examination. Medications including levofloxacin antibiotic, sodium hyaluronate, sodium chloride, combined polymyxin sulfate–neomycin sulfate and dexamethasone eyedrops, mefenamic acid, and ascorbic acid tablets were prescribed. The RE corneal edema still occurred, and the endothelial cell count was 1952 and 987 cells/mm² in the RE and LE at the one-week follow-up. After three weeks, corneal edema had fully resolved, and the VA was 0.4 and 0.8 in the RE and LE, respectively. Conclusions: This case report adds to the spectrum of the continuing problem of chemical ocular trauma after mistakenly instilling the eyedrops. Promoting and changing to different packages for non-ophthalmic products in plastic bottles mimicking eyedroppers is essential to minimize these injuries. Full article

Diverticulosis is characterized by sac-like bulges of the mucosa through weakened portions of the intestinal wall, and is a common pathology observed in adult patient populations. The majority of diverticular disease and associated complications, such as inflammation of diverticula, form within the colon, with less frequent cases of diverticular disease observed in the small bowel. We present the case of a 48-year-old female who presented to the emergency department with a two-day history of abdominal pain, fever, and nausea. Upon admission, vital signs indicated fever and laboratory analysis demonstrated elevated white blood cell count. The patient’s workup included a computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen which revealed diffuse small bowel diverticulitis with surrounding inflammation, lymph node enlargement, and bowel wall thickening. CT scan of the abdomen with evidence of diverticula in the bowel wall is diagnostic of diverticulosis. Treatment could include bowel rest, clear liquid diet, broad-spectrum antibiotics, or surgical intervention. This case emphasizes the importance of CT imaging and consideration of broad differential diagnosis in patients presenting with abdominal pain due to the rare presentation of small bowel diverticulitis and aims to contribute to the current understanding and treatment of clinically significant diverticular pathologies. Full article