Chronic Lower Extremity Ischemia and Its Association with the Frailty Syndrome in Patients with Diabetes

Jakubiak, Grzegorz K.; Pawlas, Natalia; Cieślar, Grzegorz; Stanek, Agata

doi:10.3390/ijerph17249339

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Chronic Lower Extremity Ischemia and Its Association with the Frailty Syndrome in Patients with Diabetes

¹

Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Specialistic Hospital No. 2 in Bytom, 41-902 Bytom, Poland

²

Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland

³

Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 41-902 Bytom, Poland

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(24), 9339; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249339

Submission received: 25 October 2020 / Revised: 10 December 2020 / Accepted: 12 December 2020 / Published: 14 December 2020

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetes Mellitus and Frailty)

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Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is an important risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. Peripheral arterial disease affecting lower limb arteries is one of the clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis. The frailty syndrome (Frailty) is a problem associated with diminution of physiological reserves. The ankle-brachial index is a commonly used tool for diagnosing peripheral arterial disease (PAD). The usefulness of the ankle-brachial index (ABI) is limited in people with diabetes because of calcification of the middle layer of arteries. In this population, toe-brachial index should be measured. Frailty may be associated with worse prognosis for patients undergoing revascularization. Amputation may be an important factor leading to the development of Frailty. The risk of amputation and the prognosis after revascularization may be modified by some medications and blood glucose levels. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature about the association between PAD, especially in patients living with diabetes and Frailty.

Keywords: diabetes; Frailty; lower limb ischemia; peripheral arterial disease

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MDPI and ACS Style

Jakubiak, G.K.; Pawlas, N.; Cieślar, G.; Stanek, A. Chronic Lower Extremity Ischemia and Its Association with the Frailty Syndrome in Patients with Diabetes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 9339. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249339

AMA Style

Jakubiak GK, Pawlas N, Cieślar G, Stanek A. Chronic Lower Extremity Ischemia and Its Association with the Frailty Syndrome in Patients with Diabetes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(24):9339. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249339

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jakubiak, Grzegorz K., Natalia Pawlas, Grzegorz Cieślar, and Agata Stanek. 2020. "Chronic Lower Extremity Ischemia and Its Association with the Frailty Syndrome in Patients with Diabetes" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24: 9339. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249339

APA Style

Jakubiak, G. K., Pawlas, N., Cieślar, G., & Stanek, A. (2020). Chronic Lower Extremity Ischemia and Its Association with the Frailty Syndrome in Patients with Diabetes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24), 9339. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249339

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Chronic Lower Extremity Ischemia and Its Association with the Frailty Syndrome in Patients with Diabetes

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