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1 pages, 185 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

by Mateusz Kopec

Phys. Sci. Forum 2022, 4(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2022004034 - 15 Sep 2022

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In submitting conference proceedings to Physical Sciences Forum, the volume editors of the proceedings certify to the publisher that all papers published in this volume have been subjected to peer review administered by the volume editors [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics)

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7 pages, 1587 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Three Point Bending of Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS) Repaired Inconel 625

by Izabela Barwinska, Mateusz Kopec, Magdalena Łazińska, Adam Brodecki, Tomasz Durejko and Zbigniew L. Kowalewski

Phys. Sci. Forum 2022, 4(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2022004001 - 21 Jul 2022

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Abstract

In this paper, the LENS technique with optimized parameters was applied to investigate the feasibility of Inconel 625 repair process. The process was performed on the substrate material heated to 300 °C at laser power of 550 W. Subsequently, the specimens were subjected [...] Read more.

In this paper, the LENS technique with optimized parameters was applied to investigate the feasibility of Inconel 625 repair process. The process was performed on the substrate material heated to 300 °C at laser power of 550 W. Subsequently, the specimens were subjected to microhardness and three-point bending tests to assess the effectiveness of the repair system. The results showed that the mechanical properties of the Inconel 625 specimens repaired by using the LENS system were similar or even better than those of the substrate material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics)

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7 pages, 9168 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Direct and Inverse Characterization of the Asymmetric Hardening Behavior of Bulk Ti64 Alloy

by Víctor Tuninetti, Gaëtan Gilles, Héctor Sepúlveda, Gonzalo Pincheira, Paulo Flores, Laurent Duchêne and Anne Marie Habraken

Phys. Sci. Forum 2022, 4(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2022004002 - 22 Jul 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 939

Abstract

This work focuses on the evaluation of the calibration strategy of the CPB06 asymmetry parameter k and its influence on the predictive behavior of the model at large deformations for Ti64. The direct identification strategy is based on fitting the model with experimental [...] Read more.

This work focuses on the evaluation of the calibration strategy of the CPB06 asymmetry parameter k and its influence on the predictive behavior of the model at large deformations for Ti64. The direct identification strategy is based on fitting the model with experimental strain hardening data up to the onset of plastic instability. The inverse strategy is performed by reducing the prediction errors of the load–displacement curves of both the cylindrical bar tensile test and the elliptical cylinder compression test. Both strategies use an orthotropic tensor of the CPB06 criterion previously identified from experiments performed in all three dimensions. The results presented quantify the maximum error achieved by each method in terms of elongation and load predictions for specimens with different stress states. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics)

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9 pages, 3475 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Digital Image Correlation Employing Thermal Marking

by Luis Felipe-Sesé, Francisca Andrés-Castro, Ángel Molina-Viedma, Elías López-Alba and Francisco Díaz-Garrido

Phys. Sci. Forum 2022, 4(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2022004003 - 22 Jul 2022

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Abstract

Digital image correlation (DIC) is a widely used technique that makes it possible to obtain full field displacements, as well as 3D shapes, even at high speeds. However, it requires a pattern of random spots to be sprayed onto the surface, which would [...] Read more.

Digital image correlation (DIC) is a widely used technique that makes it possible to obtain full field displacements, as well as 3D shapes, even at high speeds. However, it requires a pattern of random spots to be sprayed onto the surface, which would be a major drawback in some applications, such as biomechanical studies. In this work, a new methodology (DIC) is presented by means of thermal marking to carry out mechanical analysis, obtaining data of interest such as deformations and displacements. Two types of tests were carried out. In the first, 2D DIC was used to evaluate the displacement of a rigid solid and thus validate the technique. In the second, 3D DIC was used in different parts of the human body, in, among others, the face, hand and arm to demonstrate the potential of the technique. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics)

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8 pages, 5320 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Specimen Setup for Lifetime Investigations of Rubber Materials in the Compression Range

by Lars Kanzenbach and Jörn Ihlemann

Phys. Sci. Forum 2022, 4(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2022004004 - 01 Aug 2022

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Abstract

Fatigue of rubber in compression is of high interest for many industrial applications. In this contribution, new lifetime investigations of filled EPDM rubber are performed in the compression range. A new test rig with measuring device is applied, which enables high-precision compression tests [...] Read more.

Fatigue of rubber in compression is of high interest for many industrial applications. In this contribution, new lifetime investigations of filled EPDM rubber are performed in the compression range. A new test rig with measuring device is applied, which enables high-precision compression tests up to 80% (engineering strain). Due to a special design of the specimen holder, a nearly homogeneous strain field can be achieved. As a result, new fatigue studies in the compression range (displacement- and force-controlled) can be conducted. In addition, it can be concluded that crack initiation and failure occur in the nearly homogeneous deformed measuring zone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics)

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8 pages, 2825 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Effect of Matrix Modification on the Post-Impact Flexural Characteristics of Glass Fiber Laminated Composites

by Manoj K. Singh and R. Kitey

Phys. Sci. Forum 2022, 4(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2022004005 - 01 Aug 2022

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Abstract

The post-impact residual behaviour of a modified-matrix glass fiber laminated composite is analysed. The matrix of the laminate was modified by mixing it with 1/4” long chopped glass fibers in up to 4% volume fractions. Beam impact tests were performed at 7.5 J [...] Read more.

The post-impact residual behaviour of a modified-matrix glass fiber laminated composite is analysed. The matrix of the laminate was modified by mixing it with 1/4” long chopped glass fibers in up to 4% volume fractions. Beam impact tests were performed at 7.5 J and 12.5 J impact energies with fixed boundary conditions. The data suggest that the impact resistance as well as the elastic response of the laminates increase with increasing chopped fiber content. Flexural test results showed improved residual properties in the case of reinforced epoxy laminates. Microscopic damage analysis shows a good correlation with laminates’ impact performance parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics)

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8 pages, 3133 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Experimental Protocol for Nonlinear Behavior Characterization of CFRP Materials under Dynamic Loadings

by Jordan Berton, Fabien Coussa, Julien Berthe, Eric Deletombe and Mathias Brieu

Phys. Sci. Forum 2022, 4(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2022004006 - 01 Aug 2022

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Abstract

This study presents an experimental protocol for the characterization of the strain rate effects on the nonlinear behavior of an organic matrix composite. This protocol is based on the development of a displacement interrupted tensile test device adapted to servo-hydraulic jacks. The protocol [...] Read more.

This study presents an experimental protocol for the characterization of the strain rate effects on the nonlinear behavior of an organic matrix composite. This protocol is based on the development of a displacement interrupted tensile test device adapted to servo-hydraulic jacks. The protocol allows for the performance of incremental cyclic tests for intermediate dynamic loading rates thanks to the device. Such combination allows for the evaluation of the macroscopic damage variable, the irreversible strain and the reversible phase after nonlinear loading. It also allows for the analysis of damage mechanisms such as cracks and delamination after cyclic dynamic loadings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics)

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8 pages, 14493 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

New Biaxial Specimens and Experiments to Characterize Sheet Metal Anisotropy and Damage

by Steffen Gerke, Sanjeev Koirala and Michael Brünig

Phys. Sci. Forum 2022, 4(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2022004007 - 01 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 916

Abstract

The damage and failure behavior of anisotropic ductile metals depends on the material direction and on the stress state. Consequently, these effects have to be taken into account in material modeling and the corresponding numerical simulation, and also have to be experimentally investigated [...] Read more.

The damage and failure behavior of anisotropic ductile metals depends on the material direction and on the stress state. Consequently, these effects have to be taken into account in material modeling and the corresponding numerical simulation, and also have to be experimentally investigated in a controlled and well-reproducible manner. In this context, the present paper focused on new biaxial experiments with the anisotropic aluminum alloy EN AW-2017A. Experiments with the newly developed, biaxially loaded H-specimen were performed with a focus on shear and shear-compression stress states. The formation of strain fields in critical parts of the H-specimen was monitored by digital image correlation, and fracture surfaces were visualized by scanning electron microscopy. Stress states were predicted by corresponding numerical simulations and they facilitated the comprehension of the damage and fracture processes at the micro level. The experiments with shear-compression stress states were realized with a special down-holder to avoid buckling, which enabled a well-controlled study in this generally difficult-to-access range. Furthermore, the anisotropic characterization of ductile sheet metals can be realized by an enhanced experimental program with a wide range of load ratios and loading directions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics)

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7 pages, 2818 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Study of Bond Length and Its Effect on Guided Waves Using Fiber Optic Sensors

by Kaleeswaran Balasubramaniam, Rohan Soman and Paweł Malinowski

Phys. Sci. Forum 2022, 4(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2022004008 - 01 Aug 2022

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Abstract

Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) based structural health monitoring applications are used in various engineering types of damage prediction and detection analysis. FBG can serve as an effective sensor for data monitoring applications as they are more robust in harsh environmental conditions and can [...] Read more.

Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) based structural health monitoring applications are used in various engineering types of damage prediction and detection analysis. FBG can serve as an effective sensor for data monitoring applications as they are more robust in harsh environmental conditions and can be embedded directly into the structure. The paper aims to study the effect of the guided wave (GW) relative magnitude based on the bond and bond length with different piezoelectric lead zirconate transducer (PZT actuator) connections. The paper compares the signal amplitudes between the directly bonded and remotely bonded FBG in the structure. A parametric study was also conducted based on signal attenuation to show the changes in the bond lengths affecting the GW. The study is conducted on the subsystem-level aluminum structure. The bond length wave attenuation-based studies were done by applying glue at various distances from the FBG sensor and glue of various spread lengths to facilitate the concept of remote and direct bonding configurations. The paper tends to predict Lamb wave modes based on the arrival time and check effective bonding type in producing quality signal amplitude with different PZT connections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics)

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8 pages, 2481 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Effect of Carbon Black Content on Viscoelastic Properties of Vulcanized Natural Rubber

by Spandan Bandyopadhyaya, R. Kitey and C. S. Upadhyay

Phys. Sci. Forum 2022, 4(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2022004009 - 02 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2049

Abstract

The effect of filler content on viscoelastic properties of carbon black filled vulcanized natural rubber is here studied. The filled natural rubber specimens are subjected to dynamic mechanical loading with the temperature varying from −80 °C to 100 °C. While the storage modulus [...] Read more.

The effect of filler content on viscoelastic properties of carbon black filled vulcanized natural rubber is here studied. The filled natural rubber specimens are subjected to dynamic mechanical loading with the temperature varying from −80 °C to 100 °C. While the storage modulus of unfilled and filled rubber materials remains nearly the same in the glassy state, the glass transition temperature significantly increased in the case of latter. The data also indicate that the rubbery modulus of filled rubber increases with increasing carbon black content. The loss factor data suggest that the damping characteristics of filled rubber decrease with increasing carbon black content. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics)

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6 pages, 2240 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Experimental Study on Galling Behavior in Aluminum Stamping Processes

by Heli Liu, Xiao Yang, Yang Zheng and Liliang Wang

Phys. Sci. Forum 2022, 4(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2022004010 - 02 Aug 2022

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Abstract

Aluminum stamping processes are extensively used in automotive and aviation manufacturing for fabricating lightweight components, but their qualities are often restricted by galling, an adhesive wear phenomenon that causes the aluminum transfer and adhesion on tool surfaces. This paper investigated the galling behavior [...] Read more.

Aluminum stamping processes are extensively used in automotive and aviation manufacturing for fabricating lightweight components, but their qualities are often restricted by galling, an adhesive wear phenomenon that causes the aluminum transfer and adhesion on tool surfaces. This paper investigated the galling behavior in the aluminum stamping processes by conducting friction tests between the AA6082 pin and G3500 cast iron strip using an automated tribo-testing system, Tribo-Mate [10.1016/j.triboint.2021.106934]. The evolutions of the friction coefficient, contact pressure and galling area fraction were presented against the sliding distance. Results show that the contact pressure disequilibrated and rebuilt the dynamic balance between the material generation and ejection during sliding, thus affecting the galling area fraction. The galling area fraction has positive correlation with the contact pressure during the dry sliding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics)

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6 pages, 2191 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Investigation of Friction Coefficient Evolution and Lubricant Breakdown Behaviour at Elevated Temperatures in a Pin-on-Disc Sliding System

by Lemeng Zhang, Xiao Yang, Qunli Zhang, Yang Zheng, Xiaochuan Liu, Denis J. Politis, Omer El Fakir and Liliang Wang

Phys. Sci. Forum 2022, 4(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2022004011 - 02 Aug 2022

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Abstract

The lubricant behaviour at elevated temperatures was investigated by conducting pin-on-disc tests between P20 tool steel and AA7075 aluminium alloy. The evolutions of coefficient of friction (COF) at elevated temperatures showed three distinct stages: stage I (low friction stage), in which boundary lubrication [...] Read more.

The lubricant behaviour at elevated temperatures was investigated by conducting pin-on-disc tests between P20 tool steel and AA7075 aluminium alloy. The evolutions of coefficient of friction (COF) at elevated temperatures showed three distinct stages: stage I (low friction stage), in which boundary lubrication was prevalent and the coefficient of friction was low; stage II (transient stage), in which the lubricant film thickness decreased to a critical value and the coefficient of friction increased rapidly; and stage III (breakdown stage), in which the lubricant was completely removed from the interface and the coefficient of friction was equal to its value under dry sliding conditions. In the present work, 2 types of water-graphite based lubricants were studied by pin-on-disc tests under different contact conditions. The effects of tooling and workpiece temperature determined from the experimental results were investigated in this paper and a comparison with an oil-graphite based lubricant was conducted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics)

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7 pages, 2519 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

High Strain Rate Ductility of the Selected Metals for Shaped Charge Liners

by Jacek Janiszewski, Judyta Sienkiewicz, Wojciech Burian, Aleksander Kowalski, Artur Żak and Paweł Prochenka

Phys. Sci. Forum 2022, 4(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2022004012 - 02 Aug 2022

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Abstract

An experimental study on various types of metals with the use of an electromagnetic expanding ring technique is presented in this paper. Three metals with differing physical–mechanical properties, i.e., OFE (oxygen-free electronic) copper, aluminum alloy AW 2017A, and Armco iron were considered. This [...] Read more.

An experimental study on various types of metals with the use of an electromagnetic expanding ring technique is presented in this paper. Three metals with differing physical–mechanical properties, i.e., OFE (oxygen-free electronic) copper, aluminum alloy AW 2017A, and Armco iron were considered. This study aimed to select a material with a desirable property for the performance of a shaped charged jet. The obtained results show that the OFE copper with the relatively smallest grain size reveals the highest ductility under electromagnetic expanding ring loading conditions. Armco iron rings also showed relatively good ductility under dynamic loading. These observations seem to suggest the possibility of applying the abovementioned metals in the manufacturing of shaped charge liners. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics)

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10 pages, 5465 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Planar Shear Specimens for High Strain-Rate Testing of Engineering Materials Using the Conventional SHPB Technique: Experimental and Numerical Studies

by Kamil Cieplak, Jacek Janiszewski, Michał Grązka and Łukasz Konwerski

Phys. Sci. Forum 2022, 4(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2022004013 - 02 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1331

Abstract

An experimental and numerical study on three flat specimen geometries for characterization of the dynamic shear behavior of metals with the use of the compression Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) technique is presented in the paper. The aim of the work is to [...] Read more.

An experimental and numerical study on three flat specimen geometries for characterization of the dynamic shear behavior of metals with the use of the compression Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) technique is presented in the paper. The aim of the work is to determine for which specimen shape the most equilibrium state of stress is achieved, and the stress state in the shear zone is closest to simple shear during dynamic deformation. The high strain rate tests were performed on a Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy, which was deformed with shear strain rate from 9200 to 12,700 s⁻¹. The obtained results indicate that the specimen geometry marked as D2S (double-shear version 2 specimen) with double shear zones guarantees high quality of the obtained experimental data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics)

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9 pages, 3356 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Modal Shape Visualization Employing FP + 2D-DIC and Phased-Based Motion Magnification

by Manuel Pastor-Cintas, Luis Felipe-Sesé, Ángel Molina-Viedma, Elías López-Alba and Francisco Díaz-Garrido

Phys. Sci. Forum 2022, 4(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2022004014 - 05 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 877

Abstract

Recently, the combination of Fringe Projection (FP) and 2D Digital Image Correlation (2D-DIC) has become a low-cost alternative for measuring deformations even in dynamic events such as vibration testing. FP and DIC are displacement measurement techniques, so high frequency vibration tests associated with [...] Read more.

Recently, the combination of Fringe Projection (FP) and 2D Digital Image Correlation (2D-DIC) has become a low-cost alternative for measuring deformations even in dynamic events such as vibration testing. FP and DIC are displacement measurement techniques, so high frequency vibration tests associated with low levels of displacement suppose a challenge. By means of Phase-Based Motion Magnification algorithm (PBMM), the periodic displacement observed in an image sequence can be magnified. This makes it possible to measure clear displacement maps by FP + 2D-DIC even when subtle displacement occurs. This methodology allows a better interpretation of the vibration behavior of mechanical components. In this work, the behavior of a beam excited at its natural frequencies has been studied, showing the potential of PBMM and FP + 2D-DIC Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics)

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8 pages, 4228 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

New Challenges on Developing Experimental Methods for Innovative Metal Forming Techniques

by Ruiqiang Zhang and Jianguo Lin

Phys. Sci. Forum 2022, 4(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2022004015 - 05 Aug 2022

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Abstract

For industrial applications of innovative metal forming techniques, advanced experimental methods have been developed to characterize the mechanical properties of materials under the corresponding forming conditions. This paper focuses on uniaxial tensile tests for the characterization of the thermomechanical behavior of materials and [...] Read more.

For industrial applications of innovative metal forming techniques, advanced experimental methods have been developed to characterize the mechanical properties of materials under the corresponding forming conditions. This paper focuses on uniaxial tensile tests for the characterization of the thermomechanical behavior of materials and biaxial tensile tests for the evaluation of the material formability under hot-stamping conditions; these test methods have been improved in recent years. Applications of both the uniaxial and biaxial tensile tests to a boron steel sheet are presented, and the associated experimental results are analyzed. Importantly, new challenges encountered in the development of these experimental methods are discussed and summarized. This paper concludes that more efforts are needed for the standardization of these experimental methods in future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics)

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8 pages, 1669 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Investigation into the Effects of Prior Plasticity on Creep Accumulation in 316H Stainless Steel

by Christopher Allen, Harry Coules and Christopher Truman

Phys. Sci. Forum 2022, 4(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2022004016 - 08 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1110

Abstract

Steel components in the boilers of nuclear reactors are subject to high temperatures and varying loading conditions. This can introduce time-dependent and time-independent plasticity, which can interact with one another. Specimens of 316H austenitic stainless steel were heated to 550 °C and tensile [...] Read more.

Steel components in the boilers of nuclear reactors are subject to high temperatures and varying loading conditions. This can introduce time-dependent and time-independent plasticity, which can interact with one another. Specimens of 316H austenitic stainless steel were heated to 550 °C and tensile pre-strained to 8%, 11% and 14% followed by 200 h, 280 MPa creep tests. These tests showed an increase in creep resistance with increasing tensile pre-strain. Macroscale simulations using RCC-MR deformation laws proved ineffective at predicting this interaction. Microscale crystal plasticity simulations proved effective at predicting the trends observed experimentally, hence demonstrating the potential of crystal plasticity as a predictive tool for structural integrity analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics)

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6 pages, 1561 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Combination of Milimeter Wave Spectroscopy, Ultrasonic Testing Techniques to Monitor Curing Evolution of TRC Plates

by Nicolas Ospitia, Ali Pourkazemi, Eleni Tsangouri, Houmam Azzam, Johan H. Stiens and Dimitrios G. Aggelis

Phys. Sci. Forum 2022, 4(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2022004017 - 08 Aug 2022

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Abstract

Non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques are used to study the mechanical properties of the materials without destroying, nor compromising, such properties. This paper focuses on two types of NDT methods in order to follow the curing process of textile-reinforced cementitious (TRC) composites and their [...] Read more.

Non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques are used to study the mechanical properties of the materials without destroying, nor compromising, such properties. This paper focuses on two types of NDT methods in order to follow the curing process of textile-reinforced cementitious (TRC) composites and their cementitious matrix for the first 24 h after hydration. Millimeter wave (MMW) spectroscopy has shown sensitivity to the chemical reactions involving water, whereas ultrasonic testing (UT) following the longitudinal wave velocity, as documented in the literature, is able to follow the development of stiffness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics)

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8 pages, 2178 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Acoustic Monitoring for Curing and Characterization of Advanced Cementitious Materials

by Gerlinde Lefever, Didier Snoeck, Nele De Belie, Danny Van Hemelrijck and Dimitrios G. Aggelis

Phys. Sci. Forum 2022, 4(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2022004018 - 08 Aug 2022

Viewed by 892

Abstract

In this study, non-destructive acoustic techniques were adopted to obtain information about various processes occurring inside cementitious materials. During the fresh stage, acoustic emission (AE) was used to monitor the hydration process of mixtures with and without superabsorbent polymers (SAPs). Results showed that [...] Read more.

In this study, non-destructive acoustic techniques were adopted to obtain information about various processes occurring inside cementitious materials. During the fresh stage, acoustic emission (AE) was used to monitor the hydration process of mixtures with and without superabsorbent polymers (SAPs). Results showed that the process of internal curing, induced by the release of absorbed water from the SAPs, could be evaluated by AE. Secondly, ultrasonic measurements through pencil lead break tests were conducted on hardened specimens to characterize the sound microstructure and follow-up the crack healing process. Ultrasound recordings were found to be sensitive to pore formation, as well as to the closure of cracks over time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics)

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9 pages, 4506 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Residual Stress Characterization and Part Distortion in Extruded Heat-Treated Aluminum Alloy Used in the Fabrication of Second Rib Structure of an Aircraft Wing

by Mohammad Sayeed Hossain, Sami Salim Al-Hinai and Md Salim Miah

Phys. Sci. Forum 2022, 4(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2022004019 - 10 Aug 2022

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Abstract

This paper presents the results of residual stress distribution measured by the neutron diffraction (ND) method in an extruded 7050 aluminum alloy used to fabricate the second rib structure of an aircraft wing. Residual stresses introduced due to heat treatments still remain following [...] Read more.

This paper presents the results of residual stress distribution measured by the neutron diffraction (ND) method in an extruded 7050 aluminum alloy used to fabricate the second rib structure of an aircraft wing. Residual stresses introduced due to heat treatments still remain following stress relief steps by stretching and extrusion and are completely unknown which were predicted using finite element analysis (FEA). These complex residual stresses may significantly influence distortions during wing-rib-2 structure fabrication. ND measurements were used to validate the FEA-predicted stresses, which can be further developed to model and explore different material removal strategies to minimize and alleviate undesired distortions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics)

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8 pages, 2430 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Full-Field Experimental Study and Numerical Modeling of Soft Polyurethane Foam Subjected to Cyclic Loading

by Caterina Casavola, Lucia Del Core, Vincenzo Moramarco, Giovanni Pappalettera and Marika Patronelli

Phys. Sci. Forum 2022, 4(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2022004020 - 11 Aug 2022

Viewed by 965

Abstract

In this study, the responses of three soft open cell polyurethane foam samples (85, 63 and 46 kg/m³) subjected to four incremental cyclic compression load steps of 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% strain are analyzed by digital image correlation. Facing large [...] Read more.

In this study, the responses of three soft open cell polyurethane foam samples (85, 63 and 46 kg/m³) subjected to four incremental cyclic compression load steps of 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% strain are analyzed by digital image correlation. Facing large deformation, the foam behavior is investigated in terms of engineering and true strain curves. Poisson’s ratio is studied by a tangent Poisson function which is able to capture the instantaneous behavior of the foam. Experimental displacement maps, stress–strain, and axial vs. transverse strain curves are compared in terms of numerical results obtained by FEM analysis for ν = 0 and ν ≠ 0. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics)

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8 pages, 1992 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Effect of Printing Direction on the Elastic Properties of 3D-Printed Nylon Materials

by Efstratios Polyzos and Lincy Pyl

Phys. Sci. Forum 2022, 4(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2022004021 - 11 Aug 2022

Viewed by 1224

Abstract

Thermoplastic parts created using the Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) technique exhibit transversely isotropic characteristics. The latter are associated with the development of bonds and voids between the printed filaments, both of which are an artifact of the FFF technique and can alter the [...] Read more.

Thermoplastic parts created using the Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) technique exhibit transversely isotropic characteristics. The latter are associated with the development of bonds and voids between the printed filaments, both of which are an artifact of the FFF technique and can alter the elastic response of a part. In this study, 3D-printed nylon specimens are examined. The voids included in the specimens are visualized using micro-CT and the elastic properties are quantified by tensile tests. The micro-CT results illustrate that the voids are almost exclusively located between the printed filaments and obtain convex and concave shapes while presenting a limited volume fraction. Finally, the tensile tests indicate that the elastic properties are affected by the printing direction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics)

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8 pages, 2544 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Experimental Study of Reinforcing Mechanical Properties of Nylon-11 by Selective Laser Sintering

by Lubov Andrusiv

Phys. Sci. Forum 2022, 4(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2022004022 - 13 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1150

Abstract

The main objective of this project was to study the effect of diatomaceous earth (DE) on nylon-11 reinforcement. A Selective Laser Sintering™ (SLS) (SLS uses a high-powered laser to sinter small particles of powdered material to create solid 3D parts) machine was used [...] Read more.

The main objective of this project was to study the effect of diatomaceous earth (DE) on nylon-11 reinforcement. A Selective Laser Sintering™ (SLS) (SLS uses a high-powered laser to sinter small particles of powdered material to create solid 3D parts) machine was used to sinter polymers with different percentages of DE to form composite mixtures and then rapidly prototype into the tensile bars to be tested in the tensile testing machine. The outcome of the investigation definitely indicated that DE is a feasible option for use as a reinforcement to strengthen the physical properties of polyamides when used in rapid prototyping. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics)

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8 pages, 5353 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Experiments on Damage and Failure Behavior of Biaxially Loaded Specimens under Non-Proportional Load Paths

by Moritz Zistl, Steffen Gerke and Michael Brünig

Phys. Sci. Forum 2022, 4(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2022004023 - 15 Aug 2022

Viewed by 892

Abstract

This paper discusses new experiments with the X0-specimen taken from steel sheets and numerical simulations to investigate the influence of proportional and non-proportional loading on damage and failure processes in the moderate stress state regime. The numerical simulations were based on a phenomenological, [...] Read more.

This paper discusses new experiments with the X0-specimen taken from steel sheets and numerical simulations to investigate the influence of proportional and non-proportional loading on damage and failure processes in the moderate stress state regime. The numerical simulations were based on a phenomenological, thermodynamically consistent anisotropic continuum damage model considering the effect of stress triaxiality and the Lode parameter on damage behavior. The proportional and non-proportional loading histories were compared and analyzed. During the experiments, digital image correlation (DIC) was used to assess strain fields on the surface of the specimens, while scanning electron microscopy allowed for an analysis of fracture surfaces (SEM). Numerical simulations reveal stress distributions and the evolution of stress states during the load path. The findings show the effectiveness of the experimental program for highly ductile metals, the accuracy of the presented continuum model as well as the influence of loading history on damage and failure behavior in steel sheets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics)

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8 pages, 3185 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Combination of Digital Image Correlation and Acoustic Emission for Damage Assessment of V-Shape Carbon/Epoxy Sub-Components

by Kalliopi-Artemi Kalteremidou, Brendan Raymond Murray, Delphine Carrella-Payan, Danny Van Hemelrijck and Lincy Pyl

Phys. Sci. Forum 2022, 4(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2022004024 - 17 Aug 2022

Viewed by 867

Abstract

In the automotive sector, lightweight carbon/epoxy composites have shown their benefits compared to traditional metals, and they are used in several parts of vehicles, such as frames and chassis. In such sub-components, different cross-section geometries are utilized and the materials can be subjected [...] Read more.

In the automotive sector, lightweight carbon/epoxy composites have shown their benefits compared to traditional metals, and they are used in several parts of vehicles, such as frames and chassis. In such sub-components, different cross-section geometries are utilized and the materials can be subjected to various loading combinations. Determining the precise damage development is of great importance to obtain improved designs, avoiding overdesigned parts and early failure. To that end, V-shape carbon/epoxy specimens have been experimentally characterized under both quasi-static and fatigue tensile loads. The potential of Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and Acoustic Emission (AE) for damage assessment is explored. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics)

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8 pages, 3049 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Additive Manufacturing of Lattice Structured Hot Stamping Dies with Improved Thermal Performance

by Dimitrios Chantzis, Xiaochuan Liu, Denis J. Politis and Liliang Wang

Phys. Sci. Forum 2022, 4(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2022004025 - 18 Aug 2022

Viewed by 1526

Abstract

In the present study, a new Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM) method for hot stamping dies is evaluated, namely lattice structured. In order to evaluate the benefits of the lattice structured method with regards to the thermal performance, a hot stamping die integrated [...] Read more.

In the present study, a new Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM) method for hot stamping dies is evaluated, namely lattice structured. In order to evaluate the benefits of the lattice structured method with regards to the thermal performance, a hot stamping die integrated with a lattice structure and a traditional solid die were additively manufactured. The dies were subsequently tested in the hot stamping of AA7075 aluminium alloy blanks under cyclic loading conditions, with the temperature evolutions, of both the blank and die, being presented. The analysis of the results shows that the lattice structured method has considerably improved the cooling performance of hot stamping dies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics)

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8 pages, 2181 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Curvature Change in Laser-Assisted Bending of Inconel 718

by Jacek Widłaszewski, Marcin Nowak, Zdzisław Nowak and Piotr Kurp

Phys. Sci. Forum 2022, 4(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2022004026 - 18 Aug 2022

Viewed by 945

Abstract

Laser heating is industrially applied to facilitate plastic shaping, especially for materials difficult to form due to their high hardness or brittleness. The effects of thermal softening and thermal forming in the total plastic deformation of pre-stressed beams are investigated in the study. [...] Read more.

Laser heating is industrially applied to facilitate plastic shaping, especially for materials difficult to form due to their high hardness or brittleness. The effects of thermal softening and thermal forming in the total plastic deformation of pre-stressed beams are investigated in the study. Laser-assisted bending experiments were performed using the moving CO₂ laser beam and cantilever thin beams made of the factory-annealed Inconel 718 nickel-based superalloy. The deformation process is simulated numerically using the Finite Element Method and the Johnson–Cook constitutive material model. Curvature changes in thermo-mechanical bending are calculated numerically. Phenomenological moment–curvature relations for the laser-assisted bending process are formulated. The curvature in hybrid bending can be estimated as a sum of components resulting from the elastic deformation and inelastic deformations due to the pure thermal bending and thermally enhanced mechanical bending. For the effective hybrid bending, the external mechanical load should be applied consistently with the deformation effect of the heat source alone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics)

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7 pages, 1410 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Evaluation of the Effective Stress Intensity Factor Using Thermoelastic Stress Analysis and 2D Digital Image Correlation

by Alonso Camacho-Reyes, Jose Manuel Vasco-Olmo, Elias Lopez-Alba, Luis Antonio Felipe-Sese, Angel Jesus Molina-Viedma, Juan Antonio Almazan-Lazaro and Francisco Alberto Diaz

Phys. Sci. Forum 2022, 4(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2022004027 - 18 Aug 2022

Viewed by 1009

Abstract

In the present work, fatigue crack tip shielding influence is assessed via two full-field optical techniques which are thermoelastic stress analysis and digital image correlation. Two different crack tip field models (CJP and Muskhelishvili) were combined with experimental data from both optical techniques [...] Read more.

In the present work, fatigue crack tip shielding influence is assessed via two full-field optical techniques which are thermoelastic stress analysis and digital image correlation. Two different crack tip field models (CJP and Muskhelishvili) were combined with experimental data from both optical techniques to determine the ΔK_eff. The crack tip fields were measured on an aluminium alloy (7050-T6) specimen during fatigue crack growth testing for different R-ratios. The obtained results agree well in terms of ΔK_eff showing a variation in ΔK as the R-ratio changes. Hence, the ability of both techniques and crack tip field models to measure effective fatigue crack driving forces is highlighted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics)

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8 pages, 4891 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Influence of Transversal Connections on the Mechanical Behavior of 3D-Textile-Reinforced Cements (TRCs): Effect on Plate Specimens

by Michael El Kadi, Danny Van Hemelrijck and Tine Tysmans

Phys. Sci. Forum 2022, 4(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2022004028 - 19 Aug 2022

Viewed by 833

Abstract

Three-dimensional textiles can offer improved mechanical performances compared with planar alternatives when used as reinforcement in Textile-Reinforced Cements (TRCs). The increased post-cracking stiffness observed in unidirectional flexural applications is attributed to the enhanced anchorage provided by the transversal connections in 3D textiles. Currently, [...] Read more.

Three-dimensional textiles can offer improved mechanical performances compared with planar alternatives when used as reinforcement in Textile-Reinforced Cements (TRCs). The increased post-cracking stiffness observed in unidirectional flexural applications is attributed to the enhanced anchorage provided by the transversal connections in 3D textiles. Currently, this effect has only been observed in unidirectional flexural applications and not in tension. To identify potential anchorage mechanisms in other loading conditions, this research study presents a bidirectional flexural campaign on plate specimens supported in four points. A configuration with 3D reinforcement is compared to a 2D-equivalent configuration as well as numerical simulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics)

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5 pages, 405 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Characterising the Tensile Properties of Short Polyethylene Fibre and Bioactive Glass Reinforced Silicone Composite Skin Simulants

by Akanae Chattrairat, Raj Das and Sontipee Aimmanee

Phys. Sci. Forum 2022, 4(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2022004029 - 29 Aug 2022

Viewed by 1041

Abstract

The present study proposes a novel silicone-based composite skin simulant to develop equivalent tensile properties and structures similar to the human scalp. The study utilised randomly distributed short polyethylene fibres and bioactive glass particles as reinforcements. The tensile properties of the composites reinforced [...] Read more.

The present study proposes a novel silicone-based composite skin simulant to develop equivalent tensile properties and structures similar to the human scalp. The study utilised randomly distributed short polyethylene fibres and bioactive glass particles as reinforcements. The tensile properties of the composites reinforced with 1% and 3% filler weight concentrations were characterised. Experimental results highlighted that the short polyethylene fibres could maintain the tensile strength and enhance the elastic modulus of the silicone matrix up to 14% when integrating a 3% fibre weight fraction. Bioglass particles could also increase the stiffness of a silicone-based composite up to 5% when integrating a 3% particle concentration. The study has established that the proposed composite skin simulants are more suitable as a human scalp simulant than silicone elastomer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics)

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9 pages, 6190 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Identification of the Damage Scenarios under Cyclic Loading of a Coated 300M Steel by Infrared Thermography Measurements

by Pierrick Lepitre, Sylvain Calloch, Matthieu Dhondt, Martin Surand and Cédric Doudard

Phys. Sci. Forum 2022, 4(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2022004030 - 05 Sep 2022

Viewed by 1122

Abstract

An ultra-high-strength steel used in aeronautics for landing gears, 300M is generally shot-peened and coated with high-velocity oxygen fuel-sprayed WC-10Co-4Cr to improve its tribological behavior. In the literature, few treatment parameters have been tested to analyze the impacts on fatigue properties. Post-mortem optical [...] Read more.

An ultra-high-strength steel used in aeronautics for landing gears, 300M is generally shot-peened and coated with high-velocity oxygen fuel-sprayed WC-10Co-4Cr to improve its tribological behavior. In the literature, few treatment parameters have been tested to analyze the impacts on fatigue properties. Post-mortem optical microscopy has shown that the coating–substrate interface plays a key role in fatigue life, with new fracture scenarios having been observed compared to uncoated steel. To explore damage scenarios, infrared thermography measurements provide substantial information complementary to optical microscopy. The identification of damage scenarios is the first step in developing a lifespan forecast model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics)

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9 pages, 1961 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

On the Modeling of Isolation and Vibration Control Using Laminated Composite Materials

by Sobhy Ghoneam, Ahmed Hamada and Ahmed Elkholy

Phys. Sci. Forum 2022, 4(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2022004031 - 13 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 979

Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive study of the influence of various composite structure characteristics, such as stacking sequences and fiber orientations, on the dynamic behavior of glass fiber reinforced composite (GFRC) plates for modeling isolation and vibration control levels. The dynamic behavior of [...] Read more.

This paper presents a comprehensive study of the influence of various composite structure characteristics, such as stacking sequences and fiber orientations, on the dynamic behavior of glass fiber reinforced composite (GFRC) plates for modeling isolation and vibration control levels. The dynamic behavior of GFRCs with fiber volume fraction of 0.6 and fiber orientations of 0°, ±35°, ±45°, and 90° was investigated numerically using Solid works software, then verified experimentally using B&K data acquisition analyzer. The numerical and experimental results were presented and analyzed to obtain the optimum configuration for controlling vibration nature using the Taguchi technique. The results show that the lamina orientation of 0° had the dominant effect on natural frequencies, while 90° lamina orientation is the foremost factor in damping behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics)

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5 pages, 4817 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Review of Recent Achievements in Stress State Evaluation in Technical Element with Barkhausen Effect

by Bolesław Augustyniak, Marek Chmielewski and Leszek Piotrowski

Phys. Sci. Forum 2022, 4(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2022004032 - 13 Sep 2022

Viewed by 738

Abstract

Relevant examples of the application of innovative measuring devices of NNT Company in the area of non-destructive assessment of the stress state of steel components using the Barkhausen effect are presented here. We have developed two innovative devices in which the Barkhausen effect [...] Read more.

Relevant examples of the application of innovative measuring devices of NNT Company in the area of non-destructive assessment of the stress state of steel components using the Barkhausen effect are presented here. We have developed two innovative devices in which the Barkhausen effect signal detected at a given point is converted into real-time information about the stress level at that point. The research was focused on the objects and technological processes where the high stress state causes specific problems both at the stage of construction and later exploitation. Such processes include steel section manufacturing process, welding, rolling or tensile loading. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics)

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8 pages, 2019 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Effect of Field Caprock Shale Exposure to CO₂ on Its Mechanical Properties—A Comparison of Experimental Techniques

by Pierre Cerasi, Marcin Duda, Laura Edvardsen, Nicolaine Agofack and Mohammad H. Bhuiyan

Phys. Sci. Forum 2022, 4(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2022004033 - 13 Sep 2022

Viewed by 875

Abstract

Laboratory tests were performed on the Draupne shale formation, which may serve as a seal over CO₂ storage sites. Different techniques were used to assess the integrity and mechanical properties of the shale, with the main objective of investigating whether exposure to [...] Read more.

Laboratory tests were performed on the Draupne shale formation, which may serve as a seal over CO₂ storage sites. Different techniques were used to assess the integrity and mechanical properties of the shale, with the main objective of investigating whether exposure to CO₂ would in any manner alter these properties. The laboratory methods used encompass traditional triaxial tests; however, with fluid substitution prior to increasing axial stress to failure. These tests were conducted on smaller cylindrical plugs than standard, taking advantage of the finer grained nature of the shale. Another set of experiments used the low-frequency technique, whereby small amplitude, cyclic axial strains are applied on the specimen, allowing a direct measurement of stiffness. Long exposure, with change of fluid from brine to CO₂, allowed for quantifying small changes in stiffness, thanks to the many repeated cycles of non-destructive testing. In a final experimental technique, the punch test, shear strength of the same material was obtained by cutting a central disk from a larger intact shale disk, while measuring the shear force needed to perform the cut. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 19th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics)

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