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Physics, Volume 7, Issue 3

September 2025 - 20 articles

Cover Story: This work presents a pedagogical derivation of the one-dimensional ray equation directly from Snell’s law. While the ray equation is usually obtained from Fermat’s principle via variational calculus, this study starts with Snell’s law, typically taught for sharp interfaces, and extends it to continuous refractive media. Two methods are introduced—one using Dyson’s expression for layered media and another based on a differential form of Snell’s law. As an application, we provide an analytical solution for the light trajectory in an inferior mirage. This approach offers students an accessible bridge between elementary geometric optics and the more general ray equation. View this paper
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Articles (20)

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,096 Views
26 Pages

PREFACE: A Search for Long-Lived Particles at the Large Hadron Collider

  • Burak Hacisahinoglu,
  • Suat Ozkorucuklu,
  • Maksym Ovchynnikov,
  • Michael G. Albrow,
  • Aldo Penzo and
  • Orhan Aydilek

1 August 2025

The Standard Model (SM) fails to explain many problems (neutrino masses, dark matter, and matter–antimatter asymmetry, among others) that may be resolved with new particles beyond the SM. No observation of such new particles may be explained ei...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,512 Views
15 Pages

1 August 2025

We report calculations of charging effect on an isolated conductor, gold nanosphere, under electron beam bombardment at primary electron energies of 0.1–10 keV based on an up-to-date Monte Carlo simulation method. The calculations consider elec...

  • Article
  • Open Access
828 Views
14 Pages

Exploring Hidden Sectors with Two-Particle Angular Correlations at Future e+e Colliders

  • Emanuela Musumeci,
  • Adrián Irles,
  • Redamy Pérez-Ramos,
  • Imanol Corredoira,
  • Edward Sarkisyan-Grinbaum,
  • Vasiliki A. Mitsou and
  • Miguel Ángel Sanchis-Lozano

22 July 2025

Future e+e− colliders are expected to play a fundamental role in measuring Standard Model (SM) parameters with unprecedented precision and in probing physics beyond the SM (BSM). This study investigates two-particle angular correlation distribu...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
840 Views
11 Pages

17 July 2025

The spin polarization of current in a conventional ferromagnetic and semiconductor-based Rashba spin–orbit interaction (RSOI) in an infinite two-dimensional system and the electrical properties of the junction are described using the square lat...

  • Review
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,637 Views
32 Pages

15 July 2025

The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria and biofilm-associated infections has created a significant hurdle for conventional antibiotics, prompting the exploration of alternative strategies. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a technique that uti...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,962 Views
12 Pages

Terahertz Optoelectronic Properties of Monolayer MoS2 in the Presence of CW Laser Pumping

  • Ali Farooq,
  • Wen Xu,
  • Jie Zhang,
  • Hua Wen,
  • Qiujin Wang,
  • Xingjia Cheng,
  • Yiming Xiao,
  • Lan Ding,
  • Altayeb Alshiply Abdalfrag Hamdalnile and
  • Haowen Li
  • + 1 author

14 July 2025

Monolayer (ML) molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is a typical valleytronic material which has important applications in, for example, polarization optics and information technology. In this study, we examine the effect of continuous wave (CW) laser pumping...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
1,686 Views
9 Pages

Derivation of the Ray Equation from Snell’s Law

  • Carmen Toro-Castillo,
  • Joel Cervantes-Lozano,
  • David I. Serrano-García and
  • Héctor O. González-Ochoa

The one-dimensional ray equation, the differential description of Fermat’s principle, is deduced directly from Snell’s law using two methods. In the first method, we obtain the ray equation from a differential equation relating the spatia...

  • Article
  • Open Access
776 Views
19 Pages

Quantum Scattering by Multiple Slits—A Lippmann–Schwinger Approach

  • Rafael M. Fortiny,
  • Matheus E. Pereira and
  • Alexandre G. M. Schmidt

We investigate the non-relativistic scattering of a plane wave by a vertical segment formulating the problem in terms of the Lippmann–Schwinger equation in two spatial dimensions. Adjusting the coupling strength function we show how to implemen...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
757 Views
19 Pages

25 June 2025

In this paper, we analyze the application of an analytical gluon distribution based on double-asymptotic scaling to the photoproduction of vector mesons in coherent pp, pA, and AA collisions at LHC energies, using the color dipole formalism. Predicti...

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Physics - ISSN 2624-8174