Heritage

21 pages, 12885 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Material Properties of Lime Mortars Used in the Architectural Heritage of the Joseon Dynasty

by Han Ul Im, Sang Ok Lee and Gwang Yong Chung

Heritage 2025, 8(2), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020082 - 18 Feb 2025

Viewed by 640

This study aimed to identify the raw materials and characteristics of lime mortar samples recovered from three Joseon dynasty architectural heritage sites: the Munsusanseong Fortress in Gimpo, Namhansanseong Fortress, and Godeung-dong lime-barrier tomb in Seongnam. To achieve this, comprehensive analyses were conducted, including [...] Read more.

This study aimed to identify the raw materials and characteristics of lime mortar samples recovered from three Joseon dynasty architectural heritage sites: the Munsusanseong Fortress in Gimpo, Namhansanseong Fortress, and Godeung-dong lime-barrier tomb in Seongnam. To achieve this, comprehensive analyses were conducted, including physical property assessments (specific gravity, water absorption, apparent porosity, hydrochloric acid aggregate test, and particle size distribution), material characterization using optical microscopy and SEM-EDS, as well as XRD, WD-XRF, and TGA analyses. The results revealed that the lime mortars from all three sites exhibit the characteristics of Sammulhoe, a traditional Joseon dynasty mixture of lime, sand, and clay minerals. While the binders primarily consisted of air-setting lime, minor hydraulic properties were observed in the samples from the Namhansanseong Fortress and the Godeung-dong lime-barrier tomb, possibly due to the inclusion of dolomite. Additionally, the presence of brick and tile particles (Waseol) in some samples corroborate historical records of lime mortar production techniques during the Joseon dynasty. This study provides scientific insights into the raw materials and characteristics of the Joseon dynasty lime mortar, contributing to a deeper understanding of traditional construction materials and techniques. Full article

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24 pages, 2264 KiB

Open AccessReview

Transforming Architectural Digitisation: Advancements in AI-Driven 3D Reality-Based Modelling

by Kai Zhang and Francesco Fassi

Heritage 2025, 8(2), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020081 - 18 Feb 2025

Viewed by 845

Abstract

The capture of 3D reality has demonstrated increased efficiency and consistently accurate outcomes in architectural digitisation. Nevertheless, despite advancements in data collection, 3D reality-based modelling still lacks full automation, especially in the post-processing and modelling phase. Artificial intelligence (AI) has been a significant [...] Read more.

The capture of 3D reality has demonstrated increased efficiency and consistently accurate outcomes in architectural digitisation. Nevertheless, despite advancements in data collection, 3D reality-based modelling still lacks full automation, especially in the post-processing and modelling phase. Artificial intelligence (AI) has been a significant focus, especially in computer vision, and tasks such as image classification and object recognition might be beneficial for the digitisation process and its subsequent utilisation. This study aims to examine the potential outcomes of integrating AI technology into the field of 3D reality-based modelling, with a particular focus on its use in architecture and cultural-heritage scenarios. The main methods used for data collection are laser scanning (static or mobile) and photogrammetry. As a result, image data, including RGB-D data (files containing both RGB colours and depth information) and point clouds, have become the most common raw datasets available for object mapping. This study comprehensively analyses the current use of 2D and 3D deep learning techniques in documentation tasks, particularly downstream applications. It also highlights the ongoing research efforts in developing real-time applications with the ultimate objective of achieving generalisation and improved accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Heritage)

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19 pages, 11487 KiB

Open AccessArticle

3D Imaging and Additive Manufacturing for Original Artifact Preservation Purposes: A Case Study from the Archaeological Museum of Alexandroupolis

by Antreas Kantaros, Panagiotis Douros, Evangelos Soulis, Konstantinos Brachos, Theodore Ganetsos, Efstathia Peppa, Eleni Manta and Elli Alysandratou

Heritage 2025, 8(2), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020080 - 17 Feb 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 774

Abstract

This study explores the use of advanced 3D imaging and printing technologies to digitally document and physically replicate cultural artifacts from the Archaeological Museum of Alexandroupolis. By employing structured light scanning and additive manufacturing techniques, detailed digital models and precise physical replicas of [...] Read more.

This study explores the use of advanced 3D imaging and printing technologies to digitally document and physically replicate cultural artifacts from the Archaeological Museum of Alexandroupolis. By employing structured light scanning and additive manufacturing techniques, detailed digital models and precise physical replicas of two significant artifacts were created—a humanoid ceramic vessel and a glass cup. A handheld 3D scanner was utilized for capturing intricate surface details, with post-processing methods to refine and colorize the digital models. Regarding 3D printing, both Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) and Stereolithography (SLA) were employed, tailored to the artifacts’ unique requirements for resolution and material properties. This dual approach supports heritage preservation by generating tangible educational resources and providing alternative exhibits to safeguard original artifacts. Our results demonstrate that integrating 3D scanning and printing effectively enhances the accessibility, durability, and educational utility of cultural heritage assets, offering a sustainable model for artifact preservation and study. Full article

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26 pages, 10429 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Architect Ivo Radić: Merging International and Regional Design Principles in Collective Housing in the 1960s in Split, Croatia

by Vesna Perković Jović, Neda Mrinjek Kliska and Ivan Mlinar

Heritage 2025, 8(2), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020079 - 16 Feb 2025

Viewed by 693

Abstract

Ivo Radić (Split, 1930–Split, 2006) is a prominent Croatian architect who contributed mostly to the field of residential architecture and tourism facilities. The most important buildings that he designed were realised in Split, a city in the Mediterranean part of Croatia. Buildings that [...] Read more.

Ivo Radić (Split, 1930–Split, 2006) is a prominent Croatian architect who contributed mostly to the field of residential architecture and tourism facilities. The most important buildings that he designed were realised in Split, a city in the Mediterranean part of Croatia. Buildings that he designed have many features of the International style. Nevertheless, in their design, the architect also successfully introduced the elements of regional Mediterranean vocabulary, using contemporary materials and technology. This paper is focused on three formative projects of architect Ivo Radić, analysing them by their urban context, architectural design and technical innovation of their architectural elements, trying to outline the architect’s discourse. The aim of the research is to emphasise the importance of Ivo Radić’s work in the context of the modernist urban and architectural heritage of Split and Croatia and to underline the need to define an appropriate approach in the evaluation and protection of the heritage of modernist residential architecture and urbanism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Heritage)

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28 pages, 12915 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Kami Fumi-e: Japanese Paper Images to Be Trampled on—A Mystery Resolved

by Riccardo Montanari, Philippe Colomban, Maria Francesca Alberghina, Salvatore Schiavone and Claudia Pelosi

Heritage 2025, 8(2), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020078 - 16 Feb 2025

Viewed by 726

Abstract

There has been long-standing debate as to whether Kami Fumi-e (paper images to be trampled on) had actually been used in image trampling sessions as part of the 250-year persecution of Christianity enforced by the Tokugawa Shogunate. Sacred images of Christianity officially recorded to [...] Read more.

There has been long-standing debate as to whether Kami Fumi-e (paper images to be trampled on) had actually been used in image trampling sessions as part of the 250-year persecution of Christianity enforced by the Tokugawa Shogunate. Sacred images of Christianity officially recorded to have been trampled on are housed in the permanent collection of the Tokyo National Museum and are almost uniquely made of metal alloy. The controversy regarding paper images, apart from the medium being considered unsuitable for such extreme use, was fueled by the appearance of a significant number of them in museum collections and institutions worldwide in the 20th century. Most of the prints bear dates from different eras of the Edo period, sometimes hundreds of years apart; therefore, long-standing arguments regarding their authenticity marked the last century. In order to distinguish later copies from potentially original pieces, if ever existed, XRF, Raman, and FTIR analytical techniques were used to study the materials characterizing them. In addition, detailed observation of the main visual features (overall design composition, inscriptions, paper support, etc.) was carried out to highlight potential discrepancies that could pair with scientific evidence and lead to a definitive conclusion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers)

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33 pages, 7323 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Service Quality and Heritage Tourism on Tourist Loyalty: The Case of Borobudur Temple

by Gatot Sasongko, Daniel Daud Kameo, Virgiana Nugransih Siwi, Yustinus Wahyudi and Andrian Dolfriandra Huruta

Heritage 2025, 8(2), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020077 - 15 Feb 2025

Viewed by 1184

Abstract

UNESCO designated Borobudur as a World Heritage Site (WHS), a tourist and cultural destination capable of increasing visitor demand. However, the number of international tourists visiting the Borobudur Temple Park is still considered low compared to similar destinations in other countries, such as [...] Read more.

UNESCO designated Borobudur as a World Heritage Site (WHS), a tourist and cultural destination capable of increasing visitor demand. However, the number of international tourists visiting the Borobudur Temple Park is still considered low compared to similar destinations in other countries, such as Angkor Wat in Cambodia. This study aims to identify the determinants of visitor loyalty to Borobudur through consumer preferences, as indicated by service quality and heritage tourism variables. This research employs the reflective measurement model. We conducted this study at the Borobudur Temple tourist site. We used a non-probability sampling technique, specifically accidental sampling, with 248 domestic and foreign tourists visiting Borobudur. The results indicate that price and responsiveness have a positive effect on satisfaction, as well as on loyalty. While communication significantly influences satisfaction, tangibles have a significant impact on loyalty. Furthermore, research has proven that tourist satisfaction positively influences tourist loyalty. The conclusion of this study is that tourists’ high loyalty to Borobudur indicates that individual experiences with service quality and price are important factors influencing travel characteristics and destination loyalty. Full article

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20 pages, 10609 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Ecological Comparison of Two Abandoned Heritage Orchards in Northern Israel

by Eli Ashkenazi, Ido Wachtel, Guy Bar-Oz, Roy Marom and Liora Kolska Horwitz

Heritage 2025, 8(2), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020076 - 15 Feb 2025

Viewed by 579

Abstract

In this study, we documented two relict traditional Palestinian orchards; one was abandoned following the 1948 war when the farmers were exiled to Lebanon and the second was tended by farmers up until the early 1970s. The orchards examined are located in two [...] Read more.

In this study, we documented two relict traditional Palestinian orchards; one was abandoned following the 1948 war when the farmers were exiled to Lebanon and the second was tended by farmers up until the early 1970s. The orchards examined are located in two different Mediterranean phytogeographic regions, one in the hilly Upper Galilee and the other on the slopes of Mount Carmel in the hinterland of the Mediterranean coast. We found differences in the species composition and spatial layout of trees in each orchard which followed the dictates of the geographic settings, demonstrating the farmer’s knowledge of their environment. We discuss the importance of these orchards as part of the heritage horticultural systems of the region and explore possible measures that can be taken to preserve this unique historical arboricultural landscape and ways to empower local, traditional knowledge in promoting awareness for the conservation and preservation of heritage horticulture. Full article

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23 pages, 39838 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reconstructing Saint Mark’s Square in Venice: A 4D Model with Point Cloud Integration for Analyzing Historiographical Hypotheses

by Isabella di Lenardo, Beatrice Vaienti, Paul Guhennec, Yves Ubelmann, Irene Bianchi and Frédéric Kaplan

Heritage 2025, 8(2), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020075 - 15 Feb 2025

Viewed by 652

Abstract

This study explores the 4D reconstruction of part of the monumental heritage of St. Mark’s Square in Venice, contextualizing the modeling of its evolution in the broader field of digital historiography. The presented methodology is based on comparing the plausibility of proposed 3D [...] Read more.

This study explores the 4D reconstruction of part of the monumental heritage of St. Mark’s Square in Venice, contextualizing the modeling of its evolution in the broader field of digital historiography. The presented methodology is based on comparing the plausibility of proposed 3D models with current point cloud and historiographical hypotheses that have been compared to the problem of planimetric and volumetric simulation of buildings. Methods include integrating 3D modeling with temporal data to simulate architectural and urban evolution, providing a dynamic and problematic visualization of historical changes and identifying discordant historiographical assumptions. Aligning 3D model reconstructions with the current point cloud provides a better understanding of the plausibility of reconstructions proposed by historiography while identifying potential errors and inconsistencies in some historical documentary sources on which reconstructive approaches are often based. For the reconstructions proposed here, the paper provides an assessment of the level of uncertainty based on some recent notions related to quantifying average uncertainty. Although preliminary, these results provide a basis for testing hypotheses about Venice’s architectural past. Moreover, they open up a new, more generic perspective for the analysis of architectural–urban transformations, based on the notion of planimetric and volumetric constraints, and their comparison with current point cloud records. Using this methodology, we are able to make some solid points with respect to reconstructive hypotheses of the past and indicate which historiographical theories are more plausible than others. Full article

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25 pages, 19180 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Variations in Hiroshige’s Print “The Plum Garden at Kameido”

by Capucine Korenberg

Heritage 2025, 8(2), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020074 - 14 Feb 2025

Viewed by 648

Abstract

This work examines variations in Utagawa Hiroshige’s “The Plum Garden at Kameido” by studying 82 surviving impressions of the print. Through comparative analysis, differences were observed across printings, driven by changes in woodblocks, block wear, colourants and printing techniques. Four distinct printing ‘states’ [...] Read more.

This work examines variations in Utagawa Hiroshige’s “The Plum Garden at Kameido” by studying 82 surviving impressions of the print. Through comparative analysis, differences were observed across printings, driven by changes in woodblocks, block wear, colourants and printing techniques. Four distinct printing ‘states’ were identified, reflecting evolving production methods and adaptations to meet commercial demands, but also woodblock wear. Early impressions preserve Hiroshige’s artistic intent more faithfully, featuring intricate printing effects, a greater number of printing steps and minimal block wear. Later states demonstrate alterations to colour schemes, reduced printing complexity, printing misalignment and woodblock anomalies, highlighting the pressures of mass production and publisher-driven decisions. Evidence of fading was observed in several impressions, indicating the original colours would have been more vibrant. This research underscores the importance of detailed analysis in understanding the material and artistic evolution of Japanese ukiyo-e prints. It offers new insights into the publication chronology of “The Plum Garden at Kameido” and calls for further studies to explore the technological, artistic and commercial factors shaping ukiyo-e printmaking. Few in-depth investigations exist that have explored the evolution of specific designs over time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cultural Heritage)

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23 pages, 8858 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Virtual 3D Reconstruction Hypothesis of the Mural Decorations in the Sala de los Amores, Castulo Archeological Site (Linares, Jaén, Spain)

by Ana Carrasco-Huertas, Ana I. Calero-Castillo, David Domínguez Rubio and Teresa López-Martínez

Heritage 2025, 8(2), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020073 - 14 Feb 2025

Viewed by 685

Abstract

The advancement of digital techniques and reduced costs have greatly facilitated their integration into cultural heritage preservation. These technologies are especially valuable in archaeology, where detailed documentation is crucial. However, minimal intervention in restorations often limits public understanding of archaeological spaces, making digital [...] Read more.

The advancement of digital techniques and reduced costs have greatly facilitated their integration into cultural heritage preservation. These technologies are especially valuable in archaeology, where detailed documentation is crucial. However, minimal intervention in restorations often limits public understanding of archaeological spaces, making digital tools essential for enhancing engagement. An example is the study and the virtual hypothesis of the mural decorations in the Sala del Mosaico de los Amores, located in the Castulo Archaeological Site (Linares, Jaén, Spain), dated to the late first and early second centuries AD. The hall originally featured an elaborate wall decoration, now largely lost due to the collapse of its walls, leaving only a few fragments in situ. Using SfM photogrammetry, the hall and the original paintings and cornices—restored in a laboratory—were documented and virtually reassembled. This process employed precise color calibration and dimensional scaling to ensure the faithful recreation of the original appearance. In addition to the anastylosis of the surviving fragments, a virtual reconstruction hypothesis was developed, offering the public an immersive visualization of how the space would have looked in its original state. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Data Environment in Current Cultural Heritage 3D Digitization Practices)

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14 pages, 2732 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determining Gold Thickness in Multilayer Samples by Measuring the Intensity Ratio of the Au-Lα/Fe-Kα X-Ray

by Giovanni Buccolieri, Roberto Cesareo, Alfredo Castellano, Antonio Serra, Fabio Paladini and Alessandro Buccolieri

Heritage 2025, 8(2), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020072 - 13 Feb 2025

Viewed by 469

Abstract

Multilayer samples are used in a wide range of sectors for their functionality. In the field of cultural heritage, multilayer samples are also common, as in the case of gilded or silvered alloys in the pigment layers in paintings. The X-ray ratios Lα/Lβ, [...] Read more.

Multilayer samples are used in a wide range of sectors for their functionality. In the field of cultural heritage, multilayer samples are also common, as in the case of gilded or silvered alloys in the pigment layers in paintings. The X-ray ratios Lα/Lβ, Kα/Kβ, or K/L for an element or for different elements in a multilayer sample depend on the chemical composition and thickness of the superimposed layers and on the chemical composition and thickness of the layer in which the element is situated. Gold decorations of paintings on wood represent examples of multilayered structures and, for this reason, it is important to be able to determine the thickness of the gold layer. In the present paper, gold coatings of several paintings on gilded wood, by Italian artist Taddeo Gaddi (1300–1366 AD), were examined using portable energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) in order to calculate the thickness of the gold layer on ochre by measuring the intensity ratio of the Au-L_α/Fe-K_α X-ray. The experimental results obtained showed that the gold leaves used by the artist have a thickness of approximately 0.3 to 0.4 µm; this also demonstrates the artist’s remarkable ability in creating the gilding. Full article

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17 pages, 17242 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Bioarchaeological Insight into Etruscan Female Activity at Civita, Tarquinia

by Lucie Biehler-Gomez, Claudia Moro, Matilde Marzullo, Giovanna Bagnasco and Cristina Cattaneo

Heritage 2025, 8(2), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020071 - 13 Feb 2025

Viewed by 624

Abstract

This research investigates sex roles and labor in ancient Etruscan society, comparing and contrasting the bioarchaeological profile of human remains of five females and two males from the sacred area of the ‘monumental complex’ (Civita, Tarquinia). Despite the small sample size, analyses of [...] Read more.

This research investigates sex roles and labor in ancient Etruscan society, comparing and contrasting the bioarchaeological profile of human remains of five females and two males from the sacred area of the ‘monumental complex’ (Civita, Tarquinia). Despite the small sample size, analyses of entheseal changes, spinal and appendicular osteoarthrosis, Schmorl’s nodes, and dental wear reveal much higher frequencies of biomechanical stress markers compared to other coeval Etruscan sites as well as pre-Roman and Roman data. Both males and females exhibited evidence of repeated strenuous physical activity, but the degree of biomechanical stress in females was particularly striking, suggesting involvement in physically intensive tasks. The study also draws comparisons with Roman populations, highlighting the higher biomechanical stress among women living in the Etruscan society compared to Roman females. These findings challenge the assumption of strict sex divisions of labor in ancient societies, indicating that Etruscan women at Civita may have shared in physically demanding activities typically associated with men, such as agricultural labor, sports, or domestic production. While the sample is limited and precludes definitive conclusions, this study represents a rare bioarchaeological contribution to the study of Etruscan society, offering insight into their lived experiences. Moreover, it underscores the importance of valorizing this skeletal material to enrich our understanding of sex roles and labor in one of antiquity’s most enigmatic civilizations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Palaeopathological Analysis Applied to Forensic and Archaeological Studies)

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50 pages, 1263 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Review, Analysis, and Roadmap to Support the Short-Term and Long-Term Sustainability of the European Crafts Sector

by Nikolaos Partarakis, Xenophon Zabulis, Carlo Meghini, Arnaud Dubois, Ines Moreno, Chistodoulos Ringas, Aikaterini Ziova, Danai Kaplanidi, David Arnaud, Noël Crescenzo, Patricia Hee, Juan José Ortega, Josefina Garrido, Marie-Adelaide Benvenuti and Jelena Krivokapic

Heritage 2025, 8(2), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020070 - 13 Feb 2025

Viewed by 1146

Abstract

This publication highlights the strategic combination of the preservation of heritage and innovation for supporting the sustainability of traditional crafts in Europe. Demonstrating both challenges and opportunities faced by artisans, there is a need to balance cultural authenticity and the pressures of current [...] Read more.

This publication highlights the strategic combination of the preservation of heritage and innovation for supporting the sustainability of traditional crafts in Europe. Demonstrating both challenges and opportunities faced by artisans, there is a need to balance cultural authenticity and the pressures of current markets and environmental imperatives. The research has explored interventions at three levels of craft practice, education, and training and recommends practical directions on short- and long-term bases. Key findings include new materials and technologies to revitalize crafts, the integration of digital tools in education, and cross-border collaboration, which are considered vital for enhancing the visibility and viability of traditional crafts. The circular economy principles and eco-certifications emerge as key to aligning traditional crafts with global sustainability goals. The analysis also highlights cultural policies and funding mechanisms as a means of encouraging innovation and promoting the resilience of the craft sector. The publication, by weaving together case studies, policy analysis, and strategic recommendations, provides a comprehensive roadmap for stakeholders—from artisans and educators to policymakers and researchers—to ensure that the legacy and relevance of Europe’s rich craft heritage continue. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cultural Heritage)

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15 pages, 9680 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fission Track Dating of Obsidian Samples from Lipari Neolithic Settlements

by Maria Clara Martinelli, Letizia Bonizzoni, Mauro Coltelli, Marco Manni, Arianna Pefano, Massimo Oddone and Alessandra Guglielmetti

Heritage 2025, 8(2), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020069 - 13 Feb 2025

Viewed by 699

Abstract

The present work describes the first results of the project “Lipari Obsidian and Neolithic Human Communities in the Aeolian Islands”, which aims to study the connection between obsidian sources on the island of Lipari and Neolithic populations on the Aeolian archipelago in Italy. [...] Read more.

The present work describes the first results of the project “Lipari Obsidian and Neolithic Human Communities in the Aeolian Islands”, which aims to study the connection between obsidian sources on the island of Lipari and Neolithic populations on the Aeolian archipelago in Italy. Obsidian is a natural volcanic glass used to produce chipped tools; in the Neolithic period it was the sharpest known material and its trade played an important role in the Mediterranean area. It is thus of particular interest for tracing prehistoric trading patterns. Indeed, Lipari obsidian has a wide distribution and has been found even in southern France, Dalmatia, Sicily and mainland Italy. To reach the project goal, we considered both raw materials from different obsidian geological samples and artefacts from Neolithic settlements on the Aeolian islands, and performed fission-track dating (FT), a radiometric technique that can be used for uranium-bearing minerals and glasses. The preliminary results facilitated the age determination of geological samples, which we could relate to the different eruption phases. Archaeological samples were also dated; their link with the studied volcanic deposits and lava flows made it possible to shed some new light on raw material procurement and on the ability of the Neolithic populations to move from their locations, with particular attention to the consequences of environmental features on the first human settlements on the Aeolian islands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue It's All a Matter of Time: Exploring the Past, Present and Future of Artworks through Dating, Authentication, Material Characterization, Monitoring and Restoration)

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15 pages, 3257 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of a Subsequent Deposition of Human Bodies in a Funerary Site in Sardinia (Italy) Using Entomological Evidence

by Fabiola Tuccia, Consuelo Rodriguez, Giorgia Giordani, Maria Eulàlia Subirà, Vittorio Mazzarello and Stefano Vanin

Heritage 2025, 8(2), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020068 - 10 Feb 2025

Viewed by 790

Abstract

Environmental elements, such as insects, plants, algae and microbes, may provide important information when reconstructing and interpreting past events. In archaeological contexts, the study of the insects associated with dead bodies can contribute to describe funerary practices. Funerary archaeoentomology is increasingly being utilized; [...] Read more.

Environmental elements, such as insects, plants, algae and microbes, may provide important information when reconstructing and interpreting past events. In archaeological contexts, the study of the insects associated with dead bodies can contribute to describe funerary practices. Funerary archaeoentomology is increasingly being utilized; however, there is a lack of application in ancient contexts, thousands of years old. During archaeological excavations carried out at the Filigosa archaeological site (Sardinia, Italy), a prehistoric grave cut named Domus de Janas was found. This type of grave is typical of the island and dates to the Recent Neolithic period. The sepulchral chamber containing 77 individuals (49 adults and 28 subadults) was investigated revealing the presence of some entomological fragments. The mineralized specimens found belonged to the immature stages of flies (Diptera) in the genera Calliphora and Lucilia, as well as beetles (Coleoptera) in the genus Necrobia. These species are typically associated with body decomposition. The analysis and interpretation of these findings led to the following conclusions based on archaeological hypotheses: (1) the cadavers were exposed for a period of time, allowing the arrival of the blow flies during the initial wave of colonization; (2) subsequent primary depositions occurred within the chamber, and (3) a geological change likely occurred shortly after the cessation of the tomb utilization leading to the presence of mud and water. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biological and Natural Heritage)

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20 pages, 7064 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Archaeological and Archaeochemical Analysis of the Painting in the Baths in Julián Besteiro Square, Carmona (Seville, Spain)

by Gonzalo Castillo Alcantara, Daniel Cosano Hidalgo, Alicia Fernández Díaz, Juan Manuel Román Rodríguez, Fernando Lafont and José Rafael Ruiz Arrebola

Heritage 2025, 8(2), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020067 - 9 Feb 2025

Viewed by 955

Abstract

This paper addresses the archaeological and archaeochemical study of the fragments of mural painting recovered from the excavation of the baths in Julián Besteiro Square in Carmona. The analysis of the fragments allowed us to associate them with the first phase of the [...] Read more.

This paper addresses the archaeological and archaeochemical study of the fragments of mural painting recovered from the excavation of the baths in Julián Besteiro Square in Carmona. The analysis of the fragments allowed us to associate them with the first phase of the building’s decoration, one of the few examples of urban mural painting currently known in Carmona. It was dated between the first half and the middle of the first century AD. The archaeochemical study identified the composition of the mortar and the pigments of the fragments belonging to the middle and upper zones of the wall, confirming the presence of palmitic and stearic fatty acids, as well as traces of oleic and tetradecanoic acids corresponding to the binders used for the execution of the decoration. This discovery provides specific information on the techniques used in Roman architectural decoration, shedding light on the materials and methods used in first-century-AD urban contexts. Full article

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24 pages, 8157 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preserving Ecclesiastical Cultural Heritage of Thrace: A Needs Analysis for Digital Recording in Monasteries and Temples

by Aikaterini Stamou, Fr Chrysostomos Nassis, Eleni Chrysafi, Stella Sylaiou, Guldehen Kaya, Evangelia Sarlak, Svet Ribolov, Ventzislav Karavaltchev, Argyris Constantinides, Marios Belk and Efstratios Stylianidis

Heritage 2025, 8(2), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020066 - 8 Feb 2025

Viewed by 870

Abstract

Cultural heritage is a common good passed down as a legacy from previous to future generations. Its preservation is a strong commitment to humanity. The main motivation for this project is based on this understanding and arose from the need for the proper [...] Read more.

Cultural heritage is a common good passed down as a legacy from previous to future generations. Its preservation is a strong commitment to humanity. The main motivation for this project is based on this understanding and arose from the need for the proper and scientifically documented recording of cultural heritage (CH), both movable and immovable monuments of ecclesiastical cultural treasures. Despite its significance, the systematic documentation of ecclesiastical heritage remains fragmented, lacking a standardized and scientifically driven approach. This research addresses this critical gap by developing a structured methodology for the recording, organization, and digital archiving of ecclesiastical CH monuments. This was accomplished by codifying the actual recording and documentation needs for the ecclesiastical cultural treasures, with the systematic study of the users’ needs. The study focused on the region of Thrace, encompassing areas of Greece, Turkey, and Bulgaria, where post-Byzantine ecclesiastical treasures are expected to be in abundance. Through the design and implementation of surveys and metadata collection, this project has the capacity to facilitate digital transformation across the interconnected fields of religion, arts, and CH. Stakeholders from diverse backgrounds, both within and outside the clergy community, including owners and end-users connected to ecclesiastical cultural treasures, were actively involved in the process. The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the vital role of building distance communication channels and promoting digital transformation across the interconnected fields of religion and cultural heritage. Our emphasis was to actively engage stakeholders from diverse backgrounds to create a practical, user-friendly documentation tool that meets their actual needs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Digital Heritage)

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28 pages, 13812 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multidisciplinary Approach to the Study of Tableware and Common Wares from Early Medieval Tokharistan

by Maura M. Bestetti, Verónica Martínez Ferreras and Josep M. Gurt Esparraguera

Heritage 2025, 8(2), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020065 - 7 Feb 2025

Viewed by 764

Abstract

Between the 5th and 8th centuries AD, several (semi-)nomadic populations invaded ancient Tokharistan (Central Asia), introducing political, socio-economic and cultural changes that also affected pottery production. The study of ceramic materials thereby represents a useful tool for shedding light on the transformations related [...] Read more.

Between the 5th and 8th centuries AD, several (semi-)nomadic populations invaded ancient Tokharistan (Central Asia), introducing political, socio-economic and cultural changes that also affected pottery production. The study of ceramic materials thereby represents a useful tool for shedding light on the transformations related to such historical events. Unfortunately, no systematic research on ceramics from this region and this period has been conducted to date, and the information available mostly concerns the formal characteristics and imprecise relative chronologies. Aiming to contribute to the knowledge of Early Medieval pottery production in the territory north of the Amu Darya, we present a preliminary investigation on tableware and common wares recovered in the settlements of Khosijat Tepe, Shurob Kurgan, Balalyk Tepe and Dabil Kurgan. This paper provides new data on the vessels’ morphological/stylistic characteristics and relative chronologies, allowing their contextualisation and categorisation. In order to explore the manufacturing processes and their provenance (production areas), a multidisciplinary approach that combines WD-XRF, powder XRD and thin-section optical microscopy was carried out, allowing us to determine the chemical, mineralogical and petrographic compositions, respectively. The results suggest that most vessels consist of local/regional products. The choice and processing of the raw materials are broadly similar. However, slight variations are observed among the ceramics from distinct sites, related to the procurement of clayey sediments from different sources. Although a certain degree of morphological and technological continuity regarding the preceding Kushano-Sasanian pottery tradition is attested for some functional categories, new shapes and decorations appear, confirming the introduction of new practices in the region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Archaeological Heritage)

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24 pages, 7873 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diagnostics and Analytical Campaign as Support for the Restoration Activity of a 14th-Century Mural Painting Representing the Virgo Lactans

by Valery Tovazzi, Claudia Pelosi, Claudio Falcucci, Mark Gittins and Luca Lanteri

Heritage 2025, 8(2), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020064 - 7 Feb 2025

Viewed by 1127

Abstract

The restoration of medieval wall paintings often involves the combination of heterogeneous techniques and materials considering their nature and period. One of the many obstacles in the study of the restoration of these types of artifacts is the paucity of sources that remain [...] Read more.

The restoration of medieval wall paintings often involves the combination of heterogeneous techniques and materials considering their nature and period. One of the many obstacles in the study of the restoration of these types of artifacts is the paucity of sources that remain and the fragmentary nature of the paintings. As support, we can identify information about the modus operandi of the artists and artisans’ workshops that were active in the medieval period. Such information can be derived from important treatises-for example, Theophilus’ mid-12th-century treatise, the Diversarum artium Schedula, and chapter XV of Cennino Cennini’s Book of Art. These all coincide with the paintings presented in this paper, which represent the Virgo Lactans (or Madonna del Latte, Nursing Virgin) and a likely pre-existing figure of a praying woman. The investigated wall paintings are located in the porch of St. Andrew’s church, situated in the neighborhood of Pianoscarano (Viterbo, Central Italy). The historical context and the execution technique of the paintings were carefully studied, supported by a diagnostic and analytical campaign carried out by means of hypercolorimetric multispectral imaging, spot X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy using a portable instrument, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and cross-section analysis. These analyses allowed us to characterize the original materials, the stratigraphic sequence of the paintings, and the previous interventions applied to the paintings’ layers, giving relevant data to support the recently concluded restoration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Materials and Heritage)

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11 pages, 26172 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Radiocarbon Ages of a Possible Titian Painting

by Claudio Tuniz, Fabio Marzaioli, Filippo Terrasi, Isabella Passariello, Giuseppe Porzio and Paolo Molaro

Heritage 2025, 8(2), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020063 - 7 Feb 2025

Viewed by 606

Abstract

A radiocarbon study of a painting that might have been made by Titian or Tintoretto or by their workshops is presented. It could be the lost Titian self-portrait or, more convincingly, the sitter might be the Venetian Andrea Cappello, elected Procuratore de Supra [...] Read more.

A radiocarbon study of a painting that might have been made by Titian or Tintoretto or by their workshops is presented. It could be the lost Titian self-portrait or, more convincingly, the sitter might be the Venetian Andrea Cappello, elected Procuratore de Supra in 1537 AD. Due to the variability in the concentration of atmospheric radiocarbon during the reference period, the calibrated ¹⁴C ages of the painted canvas are 1450–1530 and 1540–1635 AD (2

σ

), while those of the wooden frame are 1504–1597 and 1616–1657 AD (2

σ

). They are also consistent with previous analyses based on scanning macro X-ray fluorescence. These results, combined with stylistic, considerations suggest that the painting was made in the first half of the 16th century by Titian or his workshop. Circumstantial evidence that the painting was executed between 1523 and 1528 is also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue It's All a Matter of Time: Exploring the Past, Present and Future of Artworks through Dating, Authentication, Material Characterization, Monitoring and Restoration)

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26 pages, 10028 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An African Art Re-Discovered: New Revelations on Sword Manufacture in Dahomey

by Ron Lawrence Anderson, Filomena Salvemini, Maxim Avdeev and Vladimir Luzin

Heritage 2025, 8(2), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020062 - 7 Feb 2025

Viewed by 1193

Abstract

Antique swords from the pre-colonial West African kingdom of Dahomey are aesthetically unique, but they also have many design features inspired by swords from Europe, the Islamic world and elsewhere. As the kingdom was famous for importing luxury European objects, this study aimed [...] Read more.

Antique swords from the pre-colonial West African kingdom of Dahomey are aesthetically unique, but they also have many design features inspired by swords from Europe, the Islamic world and elsewhere. As the kingdom was famous for importing luxury European objects, this study aimed to pinpoint evidence of Dahomean sword composition and manufacture to determine scientifically whether they were being made in Dahomey, or imported. An inter-disciplinary team made up of historical archaeologists and neutron scientists examined six 19th century Dahomean swords, using a non-invasive multi-methodological approach based on neutron tomography, powder diffraction full pattern analysis and diffraction residual stress measurements. The findings suggest that, despite their foreign design influences, not only were these striking heritage objects made in Africa, they may also have been likely made from locally smelted iron–something that contradicts the assumptions of the few existing historical reports. This has important implications for studies on the kingdom, and also helps to further the long-standing debate surrounding European iron imports—not just within Dahomey, but throughout the wider West African region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Cultural Heritage Diagnostics)

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24 pages, 20196 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inclusive Museum Engagement: Multisensory Storytelling of Cagli Warriors’ Journey and the Via Flamina Landscape Through Interactive Tactile Experiences and Digital Replicas

by Paolo Clini, Romina Nespeca, Umberto Ferretti, Federica Galazzi and Monica Bernacchia

Heritage 2025, 8(2), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020061 - 6 Feb 2025

Viewed by 1532

Abstract

This paper presents a case study from the Archaeological and Via Flaminia Museum in Cagli (Italy), developed within the ERASMUS+ Next-Museum project, which explores inclusive approaches through the digital transformation of small museums and their connection to the surrounding territory. A key goal [...] Read more.

This paper presents a case study from the Archaeological and Via Flaminia Museum in Cagli (Italy), developed within the ERASMUS+ Next-Museum project, which explores inclusive approaches through the digital transformation of small museums and their connection to the surrounding territory. A key goal was to “return” bronze statuettes to the museum, symbolically compensating the community for their absence. The initiative integrates accessibility and multisensory storytelling following “Design for All” principles. Three installations were implemented: tactile replicas of the statuettes produced through 3D printing, a sensorized table for interactive storytelling, and a story map displayed on a touchscreen for exploring local archaeological heritage. The design prioritized inclusivity, particularly for visitors with visual impairments, while addressing practical constraints such as the need for a mobile and flexible setup within a limited budget. Verification and validation tests were conducted with visually impaired participants during the pre-opening phase, and the installations were later evaluated using the User Experience Questionnaire, complemented by qualitative feedback. These evaluations highlight the potential of phygital experiences to foster engagement with cultural heritage while addressing technological and design challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multisensory Museums: Richer Experiences, Inclusivity and Accessibility to Cultural Heritage)

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21 pages, 2113 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cultural Dimensions of Territorial Development: A Plan to Safeguard the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Guano’s Knotted Carpet Weaving Tradition, Chimborazo, Ecuador

by Claudia Patricia Maldonado-Erazo, Susana Monserrat Zurita-Polo, María de la Cruz del Río-Rama and José Álvarez-García

Heritage 2025, 8(2), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020060 - 5 Feb 2025

Viewed by 1608

Abstract

The current research article focuses on safeguarding the knotted carpet weaving tradition in Guano, an endangered intangible cultural heritage (ICH) threatened by globalisation and a lack of intergenerational transmission. The research aims to revitalise this artisanal technique through a comprehensive safeguarding plan, using [...] Read more.

The current research article focuses on safeguarding the knotted carpet weaving tradition in Guano, an endangered intangible cultural heritage (ICH) threatened by globalisation and a lack of intergenerational transmission. The research aims to revitalise this artisanal technique through a comprehensive safeguarding plan, using a participatory action research approach. Activities included in-depth interviews, workshops, and the documentation of seven key cultural practises related to the weaving, such as spinning, natural dyeing, and design. The study found that 86% of these practises are highly vulnerable. To address this, the research developed strategies to promote generational transmission, strengthen local collaboration, and connect the craft to territorial identity and sustainable tourism. Proposed actions include intergenerational education programmes, tourism initiatives, and local fairs to boost carpet marketing. The study contributes to the field of ICH by highlighting the role of cultural tourism in preserving at-risk artisanal techniques and community identity. It emphasizes the need for collaborative approaches to safeguard living heritage in a globalized world. The research findings underscore the importance of integrating traditional practices into modern contexts to ensure their long-term sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heritage Tourism and Sustainable City Dynamics)

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18 pages, 12307 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Invasive Investigation of 19th-Century Photographs: Enrico Van Lint’s Historical Collection in Pisa

by Francesco Poggialini, Beatrice Campanella, Claudia Giostrella, Giulia Lorenzetti, Vincenzo Palleschi, Simona Raneri and Stefano Legnaioli

Heritage 2025, 8(2), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020059 - 5 Feb 2025

Viewed by 754

Abstract

Enrico Van Lint (Pisa, 1808–1884) was a very prolific photographer, active in Pisa in the 19th century where he had a prominent photographic atelier. He was a meticulous experimenter, investigating the evolving photographic activity of his historical period. While his early works included [...] Read more.

Enrico Van Lint (Pisa, 1808–1884) was a very prolific photographer, active in Pisa in the 19th century where he had a prominent photographic atelier. He was a meticulous experimenter, investigating the evolving photographic activity of his historical period. While his early works included calotypes using Fox Talbot’s methods, he rapidly adopted the collodion processes, becoming one of the most important Italian photographers that used this technique. At the present time, a vast number of examples of the works from Van Lint’s ateliers are preserved and archived in Pisa, under the supervision of the Italian Ministry of Culture in the Photographic Archive of the “Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio per le provincie di Pisa e Livorno” (SABAP). This collection is composed of positive prints as well as glass plate negatives, from both Van Lint himself and his colleagues. To this day, Van Lint’s collection has not been studied using analytical techniques, and the identification of the photographic processes involved in the preparation of the positive prints has relied exclusively on thorough observation by historians and conservators. This provides a unique occasion for a first study of Van Lint’s collection, using multiple non-invasive and non-destructive techniques (multispectral imaging, XRF, and FTIR) that can identify the photographic process used to make the positives, as well as highlight significant differences or degradation phenomena. In this preliminary work, we investigated a selection of ten positive prints, attributed to both Van Lint himself and later reproductions from the original glass negatives. The selected samples include prints previously classified as albumen prints and gelatin prints, displaying slight differences in conservation status as well as in print finish. This analytical approach allowed for a proper characterization of these Van Lint’s prints, improving the historical and conservation knowledge to implement the best preventive preservation actions in the near future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring Novel Approaches to Preserve and Monitor the Cultural Heritage Materials)

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12 pages, 2277 KiB

Open AccessProject Report

Counting Money: Rehousing the Greek and Roman Numismatic Collection in the Auckland War Memorial Museum Tāmaki Paenga Hira

by Alexandra Lewis and Joshua Emmitt

Heritage 2025, 8(2), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020058 - 31 Jan 2025

Viewed by 767

Abstract

The numismatic collection in the Auckland War Memorial Museum Tāmaki Paenga Hira, Auckland, New Zealand, is an extensive although little-known collection. As part of a wider rehousing project for the coins, a trial was conducted to rehouse the Greek and Roman coins to [...] Read more.

The numismatic collection in the Auckland War Memorial Museum Tāmaki Paenga Hira, Auckland, New Zealand, is an extensive although little-known collection. As part of a wider rehousing project for the coins, a trial was conducted to rehouse the Greek and Roman coins to establish the best storage and analysis practices. Records were also created or updated during this process to make them visible online and enable their use in future research. Best practice standards include handling and measurement practice, retaining all existing information about the collection, and, where possible, reuniting coins with their acquisition information. The project’s end goal is to create populated records in the museum database (Vernon) for the entire numismatic collection, either through updating existing records, creating records using available acquisition information, or creating records with temporary numbers where that information has been lost. This report gives a brief history of the collection and the rehousing process and suggests future research avenues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Museum and Heritage)

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19 pages, 10758 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Archaeometric Investigation of Artificial Stone Materials from the Theatrum Marcelli (Rome, Italy)

by Maria Aantonietta Zicarelli, Michela Ricca, Maria Francesca Alberghina, Salvatore Schiavone, Mauro Francesco La Russa and Luciana Randazzo

Heritage 2025, 8(2), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020057 - 31 Jan 2025

Viewed by 802

Abstract

This study illustrates the results of minero-petrographic and microchemical investigations of artificial stone materials (mortars, plasters, and bricks) taken from the Theatrum Marcelli (Rome, Italy). To achieve this objective, the artificial building materials were analysed using Polarized Optical Microscopy (POM) and a Scanning [...] Read more.

This study illustrates the results of minero-petrographic and microchemical investigations of artificial stone materials (mortars, plasters, and bricks) taken from the Theatrum Marcelli (Rome, Italy). To achieve this objective, the artificial building materials were analysed using Polarized Optical Microscopy (POM) and a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) used in backscattered electron (BSE) mode and coupled with an Energy-Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) after a sampling campaign. The POM was aimed at collecting information on the textural and mineralogical characteristics of the samples (identification of the main minerals constituting the aggregate, grain size and shape, and the evaluation of the binder/aggregate ratio). The data also supported technological assessments through the characterization of the raw materials used for the manufacture of the mortars/plasters. Furthermore, the SEM-EDS investigations revealed the chemical composition of both the aggregate and the binder, which was useful for estimating their hydraulicity index (HI). The diagnostic campaign allowed us to obtain interesting information on the plasters/mortars used in the Theatrum Marcelli, together with their probable production technology. In particular, the raw materials were quite homogeneous, thus confirming the traditional methodology used in Roman times to create natural hydraulic mortars by the addition of pozzolanic volcanic material to aerial lime. The volcanic component of the aggregate seems to be compatible with the ultrapotassic products of the Roman Magmatic Province—likely with the Pozzolane Rosse pyroclastic deposit of the Alban Hills district. Full article

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21 pages, 6873 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multidisciplinary Approach of Proactive Preservation of the Religions Complex in Old Cairo—Part 1: Geoscience Aspects

by Hany M. Hassan, Hesham E. Abdel Hafiez, Mariam A. Sallam, Chiara Bedon, Marco Fasan and Ahmed Henaish

Heritage 2025, 8(2), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020056 - 31 Jan 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 844

Abstract

Old Cairo is a unique site in the world because of its historical, cultural, and religious values. Old Cairo, a UNESCO World Heritage site, represents a rich tapestry of history and culture. Its significance lies in its role as a center of Coptic [...] Read more.

Old Cairo is a unique site in the world because of its historical, cultural, and religious values. Old Cairo, a UNESCO World Heritage site, represents a rich tapestry of history and culture. Its significance lies in its role as a center of Coptic and Islamic civilizations and its preservation of numerous historical monuments. Today, the conservation of cultural heritage demands a proactive approach that integrates a robust multidisciplinary strategy. This approach must consider the unique characteristics of the heritage itself and the extensive research and efforts devoted to various scientific fields and avenues. As a case study, the focus is on the Religions Complex, the target of the “Particular Relevance” bilateral Italy–Egypt “CoReng” project. The historic Religions Complex in Old Cairo, a UNESCO World Heritage site, faces significant seismic hazards, threatening its irreplaceable Coptic and Islamic heritage. This research contribution focuses on reviewing and assessing aspects of geological and seismic hazards. This assessment serves as a crucial foundation for future vulnerability analyses and the development of effective retrofitting strategies for the Complex’s historic structures. The current work identifies critical vulnerabilities related to sub-surface geology and geotechnical conditions, various deterioration driving forces, rising groundwater levels, and earthquake ground shaking of the complex site to mitigate these risks and ensure the long-term preservation of this invaluable cultural heritage. In addition, attention is given to missing/weak characterization aspects and the proposal of possible future solutions and research developments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heritage Materials and Historic Buildings: Preservation and Environment)

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31 pages, 11675 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recording of Historic Buildings and Monuments for FEA: Current Practices and Future Directions

by Francesca Turchetti, Branka Cuca, Daniela Oreni and Athos Agapiou

Heritage 2025, 8(2), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020055 - 28 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1320

Abstract

Cultural heritage (CH) sites and monuments share significant historical and cultural value, but at the same time, these are highly vulnerable to deterioration due to age, construction methods, and materials used. Therefore, stability studies for CH structures through numerical analyses allow researchers and [...] Read more.

Cultural heritage (CH) sites and monuments share significant historical and cultural value, but at the same time, these are highly vulnerable to deterioration due to age, construction methods, and materials used. Therefore, stability studies for CH structures through numerical analyses allow researchers and stakeholders to safeguard them against time and exposure to hazards. To obtain reliable results for stability studies, detailed and accurate geometric documentation is needed prior to any modeling or simulation. In this context, geomatics technologies like LiDAR and photogrammetry can offer great support in documenting their structural integrity, providing efficient, non-invasive data collection methods that generate 3D point clouds. Nevertheless, despite the benefits, geomatic methods remain underutilized in structural engineering due to limitations in converting 3D point clouds directly for use in finite element modeling (FEM) analysis. The paper aims to review current approaches for the generation of FE models for structural analysis employing data obtained from 3D digital surveys. Each approach is described in detail, providing examples from literature and highlighting its advantages and disadvantages. Studies show that analysis accuracy depends strongly on point cloud level of detail, underlining the importance of precise geomatic surveys. Emerging workflows and semi-automated methods enable point clouds to be integrated with BIM (building information modeling) and FEM, thereby enhancing the contribution that laser scanning techniques and 3D modeling provide for the analysis of the stability of structures belonging to cultural heritage. Full article

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29 pages, 26989 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Integrated Method for the Reconstruction of Private Renaissance Exhibition Rooms (camerini) Starting from Ippolito II d’Este’s Cabinet of Paintings at His Tiburtine Villa

by Carmelo Occhipinti, Olga Concetta Patroni, Marco Gaiani, Luca Cipriani and Filippo Fantini

Heritage 2025, 8(2), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020054 - 28 Jan 2025

Viewed by 756

Abstract

This paper presents a new object of study—the so-called camerini, private rooms for study and reflection in the great stately palaces of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, which contained riches and artistic heritage of inestimable value and were characterized by very dim [...] Read more.

This paper presents a new object of study—the so-called camerini, private rooms for study and reflection in the great stately palaces of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, which contained riches and artistic heritage of inestimable value and were characterized by very dim lighting. Analysis of the camerini, true precursors of the modern museum, is not only study of a specific subject but also extremely relevant because it allows us to re-analyze the entire evolution of the museum type and its characteristics, discovering its origins, following its evolution, and critically reviewing its current features. Starting from the case study of the Quarto Camerino of the Villa d’Este in Tivoli, a superset of the specific features of this type of space and possible problems in its 3D reconstruction, this article presents a method and a workflow aimed at reconstruction and visualization, with high visual quality of these spaces and their features. Digital surveying technologies were integrated with advanced methods that allowed for the reproduction of the full optical properties of spatial surfaces and with tools for semantic modeling and visualization to generate a digital artifact that is consistent with the available information and its interpretations and that can be analyzed both perceptually and analytically. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Heritage)

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20 pages, 1633 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Implementation of Ecological Sustainability Goals in Public Industrial Heritage Facilities in Europe

by Adam R. Szromek

Heritage 2025, 8(2), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020053 - 28 Jan 2025

Viewed by 770

Abstract

Industrial heritage tourism has been subject to increasing visitor interest, making Europe’s old factories, mines, and steelworks into attractive tourist installations. However, these facilities, like all other market players, impact the environment, and, therefore, their management should take into account achieving sustainable development [...] Read more.

Industrial heritage tourism has been subject to increasing visitor interest, making Europe’s old factories, mines, and steelworks into attractive tourist installations. However, these facilities, like all other market players, impact the environment, and, therefore, their management should take into account achieving sustainable development goals. The purpose of this article is to identify key sustainability measures taken by public industrial heritage tourism facilities in Europe to protect the environment. This article discusses the results of a survey of administrators of public industrial heritage facilities in Europe. This research was carried out using the Computer Assisted Web Interview technique, sending a research questionnaire to facilities associated with the European Route of Industrial Heritage. The results indicate that these entities are taking numerous measures to implement environmental sustainability patterns, particularly in the areas of waste segregation, pollution and waste generation reduction, and low energy consumption in equipment purchases. Unfortunately, the survey shows that many of the stated actions are not being implemented, as only one in four managers has implemented a formal program related to the implementation of at least some sustainability principles or training conducted in this regard. Managers of industrial heritage sites also advocate for increased national and international cooperation between sites. The author also draws attention to the need to acquire green technologies and communicate the effects of these activities to stakeholders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Built Heritage Conservation: Materials, Methods and Management)

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