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Article

Primordial Black Hole Formation Beyond the Standard Cosmic QCD Transition

by
Maël Gonin
1,2,*,
Oleksii Ivanytskyi
1,3,4,5,
David Blaschke
3,4,5 and
Günther Hasinger
1,2
1
Deutsches Zentrum für Astrophysik (DZA), Postplatz 1, 02826 Görlitz, Germany
2
Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics, Technical University Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
3
Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Wroclaw, Max Born Pl. 9, 50-204 Wroclaw, Poland
4
Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
5
Center for Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS), Untermarkt 20, 02826 Görlitz, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Particles 2026, 9(3), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/particles9030076
Submission received: 13 May 2026 / Revised: 9 June 2026 / Accepted: 10 July 2026 / Published: 16 July 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Particles and Plasmas in Strong Fields, Part 2)
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Abstract

We review the role of primordial black holes (PBHs) for illuminating the dark ages of the cosmological evolution and as dark matter (DM) candidates. We elucidate the role of phase transitions for primordial black hole formation in the early Universe and focus our attention on the cosmological QCD phase transition within a recent microscopic model. We explore the impact of physics beyond the Standard Model (SM) on the cosmic equation of state and the probability distribution for the formation of PBHs, which serve as candidates for DM and contribute to present-day binary black hole merger events.
Keywords: Big Bang; QCD transition; black holes; cosmology Big Bang; QCD transition; black holes; cosmology

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MDPI and ACS Style

Gonin, M.; Ivanytskyi, O.; Blaschke, D.; Hasinger, G. Primordial Black Hole Formation Beyond the Standard Cosmic QCD Transition. Particles 2026, 9, 76. https://doi.org/10.3390/particles9030076

AMA Style

Gonin M, Ivanytskyi O, Blaschke D, Hasinger G. Primordial Black Hole Formation Beyond the Standard Cosmic QCD Transition. Particles. 2026; 9(3):76. https://doi.org/10.3390/particles9030076

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gonin, Maël, Oleksii Ivanytskyi, David Blaschke, and Günther Hasinger. 2026. "Primordial Black Hole Formation Beyond the Standard Cosmic QCD Transition" Particles 9, no. 3: 76. https://doi.org/10.3390/particles9030076

APA Style

Gonin, M., Ivanytskyi, O., Blaschke, D., & Hasinger, G. (2026). Primordial Black Hole Formation Beyond the Standard Cosmic QCD Transition. Particles, 9(3), 76. https://doi.org/10.3390/particles9030076

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