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Ceramics
Volume 8
Issue 1
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Ceramics, Volume 8, Issue 1 (March 2025) – 28 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Doping of transparent ceramics with transition metal ions is crucial for a wide range of state-of-the-art optical applications. However, the actual speciation of said dopants in terms of oxidation state and coordination number is the result of a complex interplay of various factors, such as the electronic structure of the dopant, the crystalline structure of the host and the processing conditions during sample preparation. Focusing on two representative hosts of high technological relevance, this work provides a critical assessment of the speciation of 3d dopants (from Ti to Cu) into transparent α-Al2O3 (corundum) and MgAl2O4 (spinel) ceramics, interpreting and rationalizing experimental observations on the basis of ligand field theory and structural considerations. View this paper
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30 pages, 7801 KiB  
Review
Porous Glass for Thermal Insulation in Buildings with a Focus on Sustainable Materials and Technologies: Overview and Challenges
by Francesco Baino and Pardeep Kumar Gianchandani
Ceramics 2025, 8(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8010028 - 12 Mar 2025
Viewed by 1185
Abstract
In response to environmental challenges and primary resource scarcity, sustainable approaches that rely on recycling and reusing waste materials are becoming valuable and highly appealing options in modern society. This paper deals with the usage of porous glass and glass-ceramic products derived from [...] Read more.
In response to environmental challenges and primary resource scarcity, sustainable approaches that rely on recycling and reusing waste materials are becoming valuable and highly appealing options in modern society. This paper deals with the usage of porous glass and glass-ceramic products derived from waste in the field of thermal insulation in buildings. After providing an overview of the current state of the art with a focus on existing commercial products and related manufacturing methods (foaming strategies), this review discusses the emerging trends toward greener approaches, including the use of by-products or waste substances as foaming agents (e.g., eggshells or mining residues), the use of vitrified bottom or fly ashes from municipal solid waste incinerators as starting materials, the application of surface treatment to reduce post-processing temperatures, and the promise of additive manufacturing technologies in this field. The increased use and spread of sustainable practices are expected to significantly contribute to glass recycling, to minimize landfilling, and to generally reduce energy consumption as well as greenhouse emissions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramics in the Circular Economy for a Sustainable World)
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18 pages, 13470 KiB  
Article
Inhibition Mechanism of Corrosion of Aluminium Alloy in Ordinary Portland Cement Paste by Polyaluminium Sulphate
by Haining Geng, Qi Wei, Haosen Ma and Qiu Li
Ceramics 2025, 8(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8010027 - 10 Mar 2025
Viewed by 570
Abstract
The expansion, cracking and deterioration of properties during utilisation and solidification of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash are key problems that are caused by the reaction of metallic aluminium in the bottom ash in the highly alkaline environment of hardened Portland cement. [...] Read more.
The expansion, cracking and deterioration of properties during utilisation and solidification of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash are key problems that are caused by the reaction of metallic aluminium in the bottom ash in the highly alkaline environment of hardened Portland cement. In this study, polyaluminium sulphate (PAS) was introduced into ordinary Portland cement (OPC) to inhibit the corrosion of aluminium alloy. The results indicate that PAS successfully inhibited the corrosion of Al in hardened OPC paste, prevented the expansion and cracking, reduced the amount of hydrogen gas release and formed a thinner and dense corrosion layer on the Al plate surface. The mechanism of corrosion inhibition of Al by PAS was the increase of initial Al(OH)4− concentration by hydrolysis, which expanded the pH range of passivation and transformed the porous loose bayerite layer to a dense homogeneous one around the Al plate without modification of the corrosion product (bayerite). The corrosion rate of the Al alloy in hardened OPC paste was reduced by 213 times by the addition of PAS, from 288.30 mm a−1 without PAS addition to 1.35 mm a−1 with PAS addition. This study casts light on the effective inhibition of corrosion of the Al alloy in OPC. Full article
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15 pages, 3971 KiB  
Article
Impact Resistance of Yttria- and Ceria-Doped Zirconia Ceramics in Relation to Their Tetragonal-to-Monoclinic Transformation Ability
by Mohamed Imariouane, Malika Saâdaoui, Norberto Labrador, Helen Reveron and Jérôme Chevalier
Ceramics 2025, 8(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8010026 - 7 Mar 2025
Viewed by 1030
Abstract
In this work, the impact resistance of three zirconia ceramics was investigated: two yttria-stabilized zirconia (3Y-TZP and 1.5Y-TZP) and a ceria-stabilized-zirconia (Ce-TZP) composite. The impact resistance was evaluated through drop-ball impact tests on disk-shaped samples. The results are discussed in terms of the [...] Read more.
In this work, the impact resistance of three zirconia ceramics was investigated: two yttria-stabilized zirconia (3Y-TZP and 1.5Y-TZP) and a ceria-stabilized-zirconia (Ce-TZP) composite. The impact resistance was evaluated through drop-ball impact tests on disk-shaped samples. The results are discussed in terms of the materials’ transformability, which was correlated to the size of tetragonal-to-monoclinic (t-m) transformation zones observed after the impact tests and to the volume fraction of the monoclinic content on fractured surfaces. The findings show that impact resistance increases with the ability of the material to undergo t-m transformation. The Ce-TZP composite exhibited the highest transformability and consequently the highest impact resistance, followed by 1.5Y-TZP, and then 3Y-TZP. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior and Reliability of Engineering Ceramics)
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16 pages, 1697 KiB  
Article
Heat Treatment-Driven Structural and Morphological Transformation Under Non-Parametric Tests on Metal–Ceramic-Sputtered Coatings
by Federico Gamboa-Soto, Roberto Bautista-García, Diana I. Llanes-Gil López, Juan E. Bermea, René Tinoco Mendiola, Sion F. Olive-Méndez and Andrés González-Hernández
Ceramics 2025, 8(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8010025 - 6 Mar 2025
Viewed by 615
Abstract
The present study analyzes experimental data using qualitative and quantitative methods to identify significant statistical changes. These methods were employed to evaluate the results from the structural characterization of annealed TiWN and TiWC coatings elaborated by magnetron sputtering. The as-grown coatings were thermally [...] Read more.
The present study analyzes experimental data using qualitative and quantitative methods to identify significant statistical changes. These methods were employed to evaluate the results from the structural characterization of annealed TiWN and TiWC coatings elaborated by magnetron sputtering. The as-grown coatings were thermally treated at 500 °C in a furnace under an Ar atmosphere. Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and optical and electronic microscopy. The chemical composition was determined by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis (K-W) and Spearman correlation tests as non-parametric methods, employing free statistical software. The response variable—the crystallite size calculated through the Scherrer formula—is statistically tested. The data of the crystallite size of each sample were forecasted using the simple moving average (SMA) method to increase the number of data points of each sample to 12. The crystallite size of each sample remained unchanged before and after thermal treatment. However, microscopy analyses revealed strong surface cracking. The average crystallite size before and after the thermal treatment was analyzed by the K-W correlation, revealing significant changes considering a reliability level of 95% and a significance error of 5%. The analysis revealed a strong correlation between experimental data and statistical treatment results. Full article
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12 pages, 2501 KiB  
Article
Reduction and Phase Transformation of Ce-Doped Zirconolites
by Kohei Hayashizaki, Shun Hirooka, Tadahisa Yamada, Takeo Sunaoshi, Tatsutoshi Murakami and Kosuke Saito
Ceramics 2025, 8(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8010024 - 4 Mar 2025
Viewed by 662
Abstract
Zirconolite is a wasteform that can immobilize Pu. Herein, zirconolites comprising Ce as a Pu simulant and Al as a charge compensator of Ce/Pu were synthesized by sintering raw CaO, ZrO2, TiO2, CeO2, and Al2O [...] Read more.
Zirconolite is a wasteform that can immobilize Pu. Herein, zirconolites comprising Ce as a Pu simulant and Al as a charge compensator of Ce/Pu were synthesized by sintering raw CaO, ZrO2, TiO2, CeO2, and Al2O3 powder mixtures at 1400 °C in static air. The reduction behavior and phase transformation of zirconolites during their heat treatment in an Ar–H2 gas flow were investigated. In pure and Ce–Al co-doped zirconolite compositions, 2M-zirconolite and small amounts of perovskite were obtained after sintering. In contrast, 2M-, 4M-zirconolite and relatively large amounts of perovskite were obtained in Ce-doped zirconolite composition. All zirconolite compositions first underwent reduction at ~1050 °C by forming a small domain of perovskite phase. Ce–Al co-doped zirconolite showed a smaller fraction of phase transformation in perovskite than Ce-doped zirconolite, indicating the advantage of using a charge compensator to prevent perovskite formation. Full article
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11 pages, 2383 KiB  
Article
Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Thermal Shock Behavior of Insulating Refractory Materials
by Anabella Mocciaro, Ricardo Anaya, María Florencia Hernández, Diego Richard and Nicolás Maximiliano Rendtorff
Ceramics 2025, 8(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8010023 - 28 Feb 2025
Viewed by 938
Abstract
This study investigates the thermal shock behavior of three Al2O3-SiO2 commercial insulating refractory materials (JM23, JM26, and JM28) used in high-temperature industries (>1000 °C). Thermal shock resistance was evaluated through experimental tests and compared with theoretical parameters (R, [...] Read more.
This study investigates the thermal shock behavior of three Al2O3-SiO2 commercial insulating refractory materials (JM23, JM26, and JM28) used in high-temperature industries (>1000 °C). Thermal shock resistance was evaluated through experimental tests and compared with theoretical parameters (R, R⁗, Rst) based on thermoelastic and thermomechanical models. The tests revealed that JM23 did not withstand thermal shock due to its fragility when in contact with water at room temperature, resulting in its immediate collapse. In contrast, JM26 and JM28 maintained their mechanical strength after several thermal shock cycles, although JM28 experienced a more significant decrease in compressive strength. The mechanical behavior under compression changed from semi-fragile to apparently plastic after severe heat treatments. Porosity analysis showed that JM26 had a lower pore size distribution, which contributed to its better thermal shock performance. Theoretical parameters were calculated, confirming that JM26 exhibited the highest resistance to thermal shock. These findings suggest that controlled porosity and microstructure are key factors in improving the thermal performance and durability of insulating refractory materials in high-temperature applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior and Reliability of Engineering Ceramics)
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19 pages, 3639 KiB  
Article
Hot Modification of Silicomanganese Slag in Its Crystallization and Viscosity Properties for Preparation of Cast Stone
by Yi Huang, Yu Li, Zhaoyang Cheng and Wei Feng
Ceramics 2025, 8(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8010022 - 25 Feb 2025
Viewed by 641
Abstract
The direct hot modification and subsequent preparation of qualified building materials from molten slag has gained significant attention at present due to its characteristics of saving energy and reducing CO2 emissions. Molten silicomanganese slag, discharged at 1500–1600 °C with high content of [...] Read more.
The direct hot modification and subsequent preparation of qualified building materials from molten slag has gained significant attention at present due to its characteristics of saving energy and reducing CO2 emissions. Molten silicomanganese slag, discharged at 1500–1600 °C with high content of SiO2 and Al2O3 (above 50 mass%), was suitable for the preparation of casting stone. To ensure a qualified casting stone, the study focused on improving the crystallization properties and fluidity of molten silicomanganese slag by modifying of its composition, crystallization, structure, and viscosity. The raw slag and two modified slags were compared, and the physical properties of their final cast stone were discussed. The results showed that after being modified by addition of 10 mass% chromite and serpentine or 20 mass% ferrochrome slag into the silicomanganese slag, both the crystallization ability and fluidity of the molten slag were improved simultaneously. Augite and spinel precipitated in the modified slag, compared with glass phase in the raw slag. The precipitation of spinel, on the one hand, acted as a nucleation agent, dynamically promoting the formation of augite, and on the other hand, increased the proportion of SiO2 and its polymerization of [SiO4] structural units in the residual liquid slag, further promoting the generation of augite in the composition and structure. The gradual precipitation of crystals effectively mitigated sudden viscosity fluctuations resulting from crystallization, contributing to a smooth casting process for molten slag. Both cast stones from the modified slag exhibited qualified physical properties, compared with the broken glass from the raw slag. This indicated the feasibility of low-cost modification during the discharging process of molten silicomanganese slag by blending 10 mass% cold modifiers or 20 mass% molten ferrochrome slag into it. Full article
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25 pages, 6183 KiB  
Article
Modification of Sepiolite for Its Catalytic Upgrading in the Hydrogenation of Furfural
by Antonio Guerrero-Torres, Rocío Maderuelo-Solera, Cristina García-Sancho, José J. Quirante-Sánchez, Ramón Moreno-Tost, Pedro J. Maireles-Torres and Juan A. Cecilia
Ceramics 2025, 8(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8010021 - 25 Feb 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 658
Abstract
In this work, a new methodology for dispersing metal particles supported in clay has been described. For this purpose, a sepiolite has been modified by a microwave-assisted treatment to increase the surface area and pore volume due to the progressive leaching of the [...] Read more.
In this work, a new methodology for dispersing metal particles supported in clay has been described. For this purpose, a sepiolite has been modified by a microwave-assisted treatment to increase the surface area and pore volume due to the progressive leaching of the Mg2+-species located in the octahedral sheet. These materials have been used as support to incorporate Cu species on the surface by a precipitation-deposition process from the thermal decomposition of urea at 95 °C. Once calcined and reduced, the Cu-based catalysts showed a Cu0-particle size lower than 5 nm in the case of catalysts whose support is a sepiolite subjected to acid treatment. On the other hand, when raw sepiolite is used as a support, the Cu0-crystal size is much larger (15–20 nm). This difference in Cu0-crystal size showed a variable catalytic behavior for the hydrogenation reaction of furfural in gas-phase. Catalysts with larger particle size promote the hydrogenation reaction, obtaining a yield towards furfuryl alcohol close to 60% after 5 h at 190 °C. In contrast, catalysts with smaller particle size promote the hydrogenation reaction and subsequently the hydrogenolysis reaction, obtaining methylfuran as a product with a yield of 58% after 1 h of reaction at 190 °C; however, the sites where hydrogenolysis are involved are more prone to be deactivated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Manufacturing Processes of Silicate Materials)
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26 pages, 17771 KiB  
Article
From Andalusia to the Atlantic During Early Globalization: Multidisciplinary Archaeometric Approach to Ceramic Production from Jerez de la Frontera (Spain)
by Saúl Guerrero Rivero, Javier G. Iñañez, Fernando Amores Carredano, Joana B. Torres, André Teixeira, Gorka Arana and José Luis Sánchez Zavala
Ceramics 2025, 8(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8010020 - 24 Feb 2025
Viewed by 654
Abstract
The technological development of ceramic production during the early modern period in the Iberian Peninsula is a crucial topic in historical archaeological research. The present study analyzes pottery from Jerez de la Frontera, Andalusia, focusing on ceramic materials from the Convent of Santo [...] Read more.
The technological development of ceramic production during the early modern period in the Iberian Peninsula is a crucial topic in historical archaeological research. The present study analyzes pottery from Jerez de la Frontera, Andalusia, focusing on ceramic materials from the Convent of Santo Domingo (late 15th to early 17th centuries). Through the analysis of production wastes, including dolia and olive jars (botijas), this text unveils key aspects of regional ceramics practices. Using a multidisciplinary archaeometric approach, we applied petrography, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to investigate compositional, technological, and provenance characteristics. The petrographic analysis identified clay matrix variability and mineral inclusions, indicating diverse raw material sources and production techniques. The XRD analysis confirmed key mineral phases that reflect controlled firing temperatures, while the ICP-MS analyses provided trace element profiles that were used to distinguish between local and non-local raw materials. Together, these results reveal technological shifts and resource diversity over time, challenging the assumption that Seville was the sole supplier of ceramics for Atlantic trade. This study establishes Jerez as a potential complementary production center, offering a new understanding of early globalization processes and ceramics manufacturing in southwestern Andalusia. Full article
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22 pages, 13726 KiB  
Article
Nanoflower-Shaped ZnO Nanoparticles Reduced with Blueberry Waste and Their Evaluation of Malachite Green Dye Degradation
by Iván Balderas-León, Jorge Manuel Silva-Jara, Miguel Ángel López-Álvarez, Pedro Ortega-Gudiño, Arturo Mendoza-Galván, Omar Fabela-Sánchez, Rocío Ivette López-Roa and María Esther Macías-Rodríguez
Ceramics 2025, 8(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8010019 - 21 Feb 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1296
Abstract
This work focuses on the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) to be used as a photocatalyst, preparing a blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) extract as a reducing agent, zinc chloride as a precursor, and NaOH as precipitating agent (1, 7 [...] Read more.
This work focuses on the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) to be used as a photocatalyst, preparing a blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) extract as a reducing agent, zinc chloride as a precursor, and NaOH as precipitating agent (1, 7 and 14 M). Characterization techniques included X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy. The XRD analysis confirmed the hexagonal wurtzite crystalline structure of ZnO NPs, while the SEM and TEM revealed a flower-like morphology. Moreover, the ZnO NPs exhibited a band gap energy in the range of 3.17 to 3.27 eV, depending on the concentration of NaOH. Regarding the photocatalytic activity, the synthesized ZnO NPs showed a photocatalytic efficiency greater than 90%, degrading malachite green (MG) dye in 60 min under sunlight. The proposed photocatalytic mechanism includes reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation (hydroxyl radicals (OH•) and superoxide radicals (O2−)). The XRD and Raman analysis also revealed that the ZnO NPs maintained structural integrity after repeated photocatalytic cycles, emphasizing their stability and suitability for practical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramics in the Circular Economy for a Sustainable World)
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20 pages, 11698 KiB  
Article
Influence of Glass Fiber Content on Sintering of Construction and Demolition Waste to Manufacture Ceramic Parts
by José Carlos Rebollo-Alburquerque, Jesús Iñaki Gómez-Domínguez and María Natividad Antón Iglesias
Ceramics 2025, 8(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8010018 - 21 Feb 2025
Viewed by 834
Abstract
The present work aims to determine the possibility of using construction and demolition waste (CDW) and wind turbine blade waste (WTBW) together for the fabrication of sintered specimens using only waste materials. The sinterability curve was determined for five compositions with different amounts [...] Read more.
The present work aims to determine the possibility of using construction and demolition waste (CDW) and wind turbine blade waste (WTBW) together for the fabrication of sintered specimens using only waste materials. The sinterability curve was determined for five compositions with different amounts of WTBW (from 10 to 50% in mass). The materials were characterized by optical and electronic microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Later, the series was mechanically characterized by the application of the Brazilian test. The obtained tensile strength values were approximately 12 MPa, which were sufficient for their utilization as building materials; however, the composition with more WTBW was problematic due to the deformation in the specimens, which was the main effect of the addition of a larger amount of WTBW. Full article
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19 pages, 1659 KiB  
Article
Enhancement of Sol–Gel Coatings for Photoprotection of Rosé Wines
by Jennifer Moriones, Javier Osés, Pablo Amézqueta, José F. Palacio, Jonathan Fernández De Ara and Eluxka Almandoz
Ceramics 2025, 8(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8010017 - 19 Feb 2025
Viewed by 664
Abstract
Exposure to short-wavelength light, including UV-A and blue light, can degrade high-value products like rosé wine, which are usually packaged in colourless bottles. This study investigates the optimisation of sol–gel coatings enhanced with UV-absorbing additives (Tinuvin 479 and semaSORB 20109) to provide photoprotection [...] Read more.
Exposure to short-wavelength light, including UV-A and blue light, can degrade high-value products like rosé wine, which are usually packaged in colourless bottles. This study investigates the optimisation of sol–gel coatings enhanced with UV-absorbing additives (Tinuvin 479 and semaSORB 20109) to provide photoprotection for rosé wines. Coatings with varying additive concentrations (0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, and 1.5%) were applied to glass substrates via spin coating and cured with UV light. Then, optical and mechanical characterisation was performed. The 1.5% concentration semaSORB 20109 bilayer coating demonstrated improved photoprotective properties without compromising colour properties, leading to successful application on glass bottles by spray coating. Accelerated degradation tests confirmed that the optimised coating effectively protected against photodegradation, as indicated by the stability of polyphenol levels and colour parameters in rosé wines. The results suggest that these coatings could be a suitable option for commercial-scale applications, enhancing the light resistance of colourless-bottled products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transparent Ceramics—a Theme Issue in Honor of Dr. Adrian Goldstein)
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24 pages, 4015 KiB  
Review
Speciation of 3d Elements in Spinel Versus Corundum: Elucidating the Interplay Between Ligand Field, Structural Dissimilarities and Processing Conditions
by Adrian Goldstein and Alessio Zandonà
Ceramics 2025, 8(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8010016 - 19 Feb 2025
Viewed by 677
Abstract
The simultaneous analysis of optical and electronic paramagnetic resonance spectra of all 3d metals, doped into transparent α-Al2O3 and MgAl2O4 spinel, was effectuated with a view of establishing the speciation pattern of the dopants. The examination of [...] Read more.
The simultaneous analysis of optical and electronic paramagnetic resonance spectra of all 3d metals, doped into transparent α-Al2O3 and MgAl2O4 spinel, was effectuated with a view of establishing the speciation pattern of the dopants. The examination of these patterns enabled the revelation of certain regularities (rules) affecting the correlation between the physical factors controlling the process and speciation patterns. It was observed that structural dissimilarities between the lattices significantly affected the correlation. Thus, the spinel lattice was found to impose the accommodation of the dopants as 2+ cations replacing native Mg2+ ions located in tetrahedral sites, with the process concerning only the late 3d elements. The difference in behavior between the early and late 3d elements is mostly caused by the increase in ionization potential along the series. In alumina, the dopants are accommodated as 3+ cations in octahedral sites; 6-coordinated 2+ cation stabilization is feasible but requires extremely reductive conditions for late 3d elements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transparent Ceramics—a Theme Issue in Honor of Dr. Adrian Goldstein)
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16 pages, 27002 KiB  
Article
Design and Mechanical Properties of ZTA–Niobium Composites with Reduced Graphene Oxide
by Sergey Grigoriev, Oleg Yanushevich, Natella Krikheli, Olga Kramar, Yuri Pristinskiy, Nestor Washington Solis Pinargote, Pavel Peretyagin and Anton Smirnov
Ceramics 2025, 8(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8010015 - 19 Feb 2025
Viewed by 700
Abstract
Niobium–graphene oxide–zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA) composites were produced by wet mixing and spark plasma sintering. The microstructure and mechanical properties of this novel composite have been studied. The results show that niobium particles are homogeneously dispersed in the ZTA matrix. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the [...] Read more.
Niobium–graphene oxide–zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA) composites were produced by wet mixing and spark plasma sintering. The microstructure and mechanical properties of this novel composite have been studied. The results show that niobium particles are homogeneously dispersed in the ZTA matrix. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the thermal reduction in graphene oxide during sintering. The presence of ductile metal and graphene flakes leads to an increase in the crack resistance value of the ZTA matrix. The developed composites demonstrate a fracture toughness of 16 MPa∙m1/2, which is three times higher than ZTA ceramic composites. The high toughness values found in this new composite are a consequence of the strong interaction between the simultaneous action of several toughening mechanisms, specifically involving crack trapping, crack blunting, crack renucleation, and the bridging mechanisms of the metallic and graphene particles. Moreover, this increase has also occurred due to the enhancement of the transformability of zirconia in ceramic–metal composites. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Horizons in Ceramic Processing and Manufacturing: Celebrating the Institute for Manufacturing Technologies of Ceramic Components and Composites of the University of Stuttgart)
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15 pages, 7202 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Glazing and Repeated Firing on Color, Translucency, and Flexural Strength of Different Types of Zirconia: An In Vitro Study
by Ruwaida Z. Alshali, Mohamed Abdelmageed Awad, Amnah A. Assiri, Shahad A. Aljahdali, Walaa A. Babeer, Dalea M. Bukhary, Mosa M. Altassan and Lulwa E. Al-Turki
Ceramics 2025, 8(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8010014 - 6 Feb 2025
Viewed by 961
Abstract
This study evaluated the impact of glazing and multiple firing on the flexural strength, translucency, and color stability of three types of zirconia: 3 mol% yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (3Y-TZP), 4 mol% yttria partially stabilized zirconia (4Y-PSZ), and 5 mol% yttria partially stabilized [...] Read more.
This study evaluated the impact of glazing and multiple firing on the flexural strength, translucency, and color stability of three types of zirconia: 3 mol% yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (3Y-TZP), 4 mol% yttria partially stabilized zirconia (4Y-PSZ), and 5 mol% yttria partially stabilized zirconia (5Y-PSZ). A total of 120 samples were categorized into four groups: polishing only (P), polishing + glazing (PG), polishing + glazing + one glaze firing (PGF), and polishing + glazing + two glaze firings (PGFF). A three-point bending test was used for assessing flexural strength and a spectrophotometer analysis for assessing color difference (ΔE*ab) and translucency parameter (TP). Statistical analysis included one-way ANOVA and Kruskal–Wallis tests, with significance set at α = 0.05. The type 3Y-TZP showed the highest flexural strength (918.46 MPa) and lowest translucency (TP = 4.32), while 5Y-PSZ exhibited the lowest strength (401.58 MPa, p < 0.001) and highest translucency (TP = 6.26, p ≤ 0.012). Heat treatment resulted in a significant reduction in the flexural strength of 5Y-PSZ (p = 0.002), followed by 3Y-TZP (p = 0.04). The type 5Y-PSZ exhibited significant change in translucency (p = 0.003) and unacceptable variations in color (ΔE*ab: 1.49–9.6). The type 4Y-PSZ exhibited the highest stability in flexural strength, translucency, and color under multiple treatments. In conclusion, while glazing and firing significantly compromised 5Y-PSZ’s flexural strength and altered its color and translucency, 4Y-PSZ demonstrated the highest stability. Full article
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14 pages, 5678 KiB  
Article
Combination of Physico-Chemical and Lead Isotope Analyses for the Provenance Study of the Archaeological Materials: Example of Saadien Ceramics (16th Century, Marrakech Morocco)
by Mouhssin El Halim, Lahcen Daoudi, Hicham El Boudour El Idrissi, Meriam El Ouahabi, Fatima Ezzahra Omdi, Abdelali Gourfi, Hanane Ait Hmeid, Hanane Id Abdellah and Nathalie Fagel
Ceramics 2025, 8(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8010013 - 31 Jan 2025
Viewed by 936
Abstract
This paper aims to study the provenance of archaeological Saadien ceramics (16th century, Marrakech) based on the chemical, mineralogical and lead isotope composition of clays used as raw materials in the manufacture of ceramics in Morocco and collected in the six major potter [...] Read more.
This paper aims to study the provenance of archaeological Saadien ceramics (16th century, Marrakech) based on the chemical, mineralogical and lead isotope composition of clays used as raw materials in the manufacture of ceramics in Morocco and collected in the six major potter sites of Marrakech (Ourika I and II, Saada I and II and Mzouda) and Fez (Benjlikh). The clay chemical, mineralogical and isotopic signatures of these raw materials are compared to the compositions of decorated ceramics from El Badi Palace and Saadien Tombs, the most visited archaeological sites in Marrakech, described as World Heritage by UNESCO. The chemical composition was determined using X-ray fluorescence analysis, while the structural changes of the mineral phases during firing were studied using X-ray diffraction over a temperature range between 500–1000 °C. Pb isotopes, on the other hand, were measured using the Nu Plasma MC-ICP-MS technique. Results show that Saadien ceramics were made using calcareous clay from the Fez region. These clays were imported by the artisans from 400 km away to be used in the manufacturing of ceramics in the Saadien buildings of Marrakech. The firing temperature of these materials ranges between 600 and 700 °C for El Badi Palace, and from 800 to 900 °C for the Saadien Tombs ceramics using traditional ovens. This study reveals the mystery behind the source of Saadien ceramics and provides artisans with information about the origin of the raw materials used in Marrakech’s 16th-century buildings, which should be considered for any future restoration of these materials. Full article
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22 pages, 4874 KiB  
Article
Tracking Secondary Raw Material Operational Framework—DataOps Case Study
by Gabriel Pestana, Marisa Almeida and Nelson Martins
Ceramics 2025, 8(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8010012 - 28 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1047
Abstract
The ceramic and glass industries, integral to the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), face significant challenges in achieving decarbonization despite advancements in energy efficiency. The circular economy offers a promising pathway, emphasizing the reuse and recycling of waste materials into secondary raw [...] Read more.
The ceramic and glass industries, integral to the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), face significant challenges in achieving decarbonization despite advancements in energy efficiency. The circular economy offers a promising pathway, emphasizing the reuse and recycling of waste materials into secondary raw materials (SRMs) to reduce resource consumption and emissions. This study investigates a standardized waste supply chain framework, developed collaboratively with stakeholders, tailored for the ceramic sector. The Waste Resource Platform (WRP) integrates Industry 4.0 paradigms, utilizing a modular, layered architecture and a process-centric design. The framework includes experimental tests and co-creation methodologies to refine a digital marketplace that connects stakeholders, facilitates SRM exchange, and fosters industrial symbiosis. The WRP demonstrates the potential for SRMs to replace virgin materials, reducing environmental impacts and production costs. It enhances supply chain transparency through digital traceability, promotes predictive material sourcing, and streamlines logistics via algorithmic optimization. Challenges such as regulatory gaps and quality standards are addressed through standardized processes, open data governance, and innovative algorithms. The WRP project advances circular economy goals in the ceramic sector, promoting waste reuse, industrial symbiosis, and supply chain resilience. Its standardized, open-access platform offers a scalable model for other industries, fostering sustainable practices and resource efficiency while addressing global climate targets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramics in the Circular Economy for a Sustainable World)
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35 pages, 10866 KiB  
Article
Improving the Mechanical, Corrosion Resistance, Microstructural and Environmental Performance of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Using Ceramic Waste Powder as an Alternative to Cement
by Ansam Ali Hashim, Rana Anaee and Mohammed Salah Nasr
Ceramics 2025, 8(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8010011 - 26 Jan 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1423
Abstract
This study investigates the effectiveness of replacing the cement with 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt.% of ceramic waste powder (HCCP) to improve the performance of recycled aggregate concrete (RCA) prepared using 25 wt.% wall tile ceramic coarse aggregates. The slump, initial [...] Read more.
This study investigates the effectiveness of replacing the cement with 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt.% of ceramic waste powder (HCCP) to improve the performance of recycled aggregate concrete (RCA) prepared using 25 wt.% wall tile ceramic coarse aggregates. The slump, initial and final setting time, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, electrical resistivity, bulk density, porosity, total and surface water absorption, pH level, ultrasonic pulse velocity, dynamic elastic modulus, chloride ion diffusion coefficient, chloride penetration depth, microstructure analysis, and environmental assessment properties were investigated. The results showed that replacing cement with HCCP by 5 to 20 wt.% prolonged the setting time and improved all hardened properties. The highest improvements in mechanical properties were observed at 5 wt.% HCCP, with increasing rates of 26.5%, 22%, and 22.4% at 90 days for compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength, respectively. On the other hand, the optimum enhancement for the durability, microstructural, and environmental efficiency properties was recorded at a 20 wt.% HCCP replacement rate. However, the strength at this ratio tended to decrease but remained higher than that of the control RAC. For instance, the total water absorption, surface water absorption, void ratio, chloride penetration depth, and migration coefficient were reduced by 47%, 45%, 38%, 62.3%, and 55.52%, respectively, compared to the reference sample. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramics in the Circular Economy for a Sustainable World)
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34 pages, 12145 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Layer Thickness and Nozzle Diameter in Fused Deposition Modelling Printing on the Flexural Strength of Zirconia Ceramic Samples Produced by a Multistage Manufacturing Process
by Anton Smirnov, Oleg Yanushevich, Natella Krikheli, Yulia Zhukovskaya, Mihail Soloninkin, Petr Naumenko, Nestor Washington Solis Pinargote, Pavel Peretyagin, Sergey Grigoriev and Nikita Nikitin
Ceramics 2025, 8(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8010010 - 24 Jan 2025
Viewed by 937
Abstract
The process of creating ceramic items using fused deposition modelling (FDM) enables the creation of intricate shapes for a variety of purposes, including tooling and prototyping. However, due to the numerous variables involved in the process, it is challenging to discern the impact [...] Read more.
The process of creating ceramic items using fused deposition modelling (FDM) enables the creation of intricate shapes for a variety of purposes, including tooling and prototyping. However, due to the numerous variables involved in the process, it is challenging to discern the impact of each parameter on the final characteristics of FDM components, which impedes the advancement of this technology. This paper deals with the application of statistical analysis in the study of the dependence of the flexural strength of sintered zirconia disks on the printing parameters (nozzle diameter, layer thickness, and infill pattern) of the fused deposition method printing of a ceramic–polymer filament containing 80 wt.% zirconia and 20 wt.% polylactide. X-ray-computed tomography and diffraction systems, scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive spectroscopy, were used for a microstructural analysis of the sintered samples. It was found that the nozzle diameter and infill pattern have no significant influence on the flexural strength values. It was assumed that this is due to the heterogeneous distribution of the ceramic phase in the manufactured filament during extrusion. On the other hand, correlation analysis and analysis of correlation diagrams have shown that the thickness of the filling layer has the greatest effect on flexural strength. The maximum (684 MPa) strength value was found in a sample printed with a layer thickness of 0.2 mm. The minimum layer thickness ensures a more uniform distribution of ceramic particles and minimizes defects in samples that occur during FDM printing. The results obtained make it possible to optimize the considered process of manufacturing ceramic products from ZrO2 printed using FDM technology from extruded composite filaments. Full article
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17 pages, 4174 KiB  
Article
Investigating Australian Calcined Clays as Supplementary Cementitious Materials
by Emily Canda, Rackel San Nicolas, Madhuwanthi Rupasinghe, Haleh Rasekh and Arnaud Castel
Ceramics 2025, 8(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8010009 - 20 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1092
Abstract
Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) has become a highlighted research topic over the past decade. Through various research, LC3 demonstrated the capability to supplement portions of cement, highlighting the possibility to decrease CO2 emissions due to the low calcination [...] Read more.
Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) has become a highlighted research topic over the past decade. Through various research, LC3 demonstrated the capability to supplement portions of cement, highlighting the possibility to decrease CO2 emissions due to the low calcination temperatures and low levels of CO2 released from the material during calcination. At this stage, there is no research into the feasibility of LC3 in any parts of Australia, limited research in finding clay, and incomplete research understanding how low calcination temperatures affect the compressive strength. The results show the feasibility of LC3, where we demonstrated the feasibility of a low calcination temperature of 650 °C and found that various overburden waste clays (clay in quarries and mines that are not needed) across the East Coast of Australia produced comparable compressive strength results to conventional Portland cement-based mixes. The results also indicate that optimising the particle size distribution of the calcined clay enhanced both the workability and compressive strength of the mortars. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)
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21 pages, 16522 KiB  
Article
Development and Research of New Hybrid Composites with Increased Requirements for Heat and Wear Resistance
by Peter Rusinov, Chao Zhang, Polina Sereda, Anastasia Rusinova, George Kurapov and Maxim Semadeni
Ceramics 2025, 8(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8010008 - 18 Jan 2025
Viewed by 917
Abstract
Hybrid layered reinforced materials are able to increase the reliability, durability, and expand the functionality of high-temperature components in supercritical and ultra-supercritical power plants and in oil, gas, and petrochemical equipment operating under conditions with multifactorial influences (temperature, force, deformation). As a result [...] Read more.
Hybrid layered reinforced materials are able to increase the reliability, durability, and expand the functionality of high-temperature components in supercritical and ultra-supercritical power plants and in oil, gas, and petrochemical equipment operating under conditions with multifactorial influences (temperature, force, deformation). As a result of this research, surface reinforced ceramic composite materials with a gradient distribution of properties have been developed. These materials include thermal barrier layers (Gd2O3-Yb2O3-Y2O3-ZrO2) and Ni-based layers reinforced with ceramic carbide and oxide particles. They are strong, have a high heat and wear resistance, and provide the specified functional and mechanical properties. The formation technology for the hybrid composites has also been developed. This technology includes the mechanical alloying of powder compositions, which is followed by vacuum plasma spraying. The structure of the powder compositions and composite layers, the density of the obtained composite materials, and the heat and wear resistance of the composites have also been investigated. The microhardness of the alloy layers of the hybrid composite materials Hastelloy X–GYYZO–material 1 and Hastelloy X–GYYZO–material 2 was as follows: super alloy Hastelloy X, HV0.2 = 3.8–3.95 GPa; layer GYYZO, HV0.3 = 16.1–16.7 GPa; layer material 1, HV0.3 =18.3–18.8 GPa; layer material 2, HV0.3 =19.1–19.6 GPa. The influence of the refractory phase of HfC and TaC on the strength of the composites was studied. It was found that the maximum strength (710–715 MPa) in the composites Hastelloy X—GYYZO—material 1 and Hastelloy X–GYYZO–material 2 is achieved with a content of HfC and TaC–27–28%. Full article
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15 pages, 16469 KiB  
Article
Effect of Superstoichiometric Bismuth Addition on the Structure and Dielectric Characteristics of the Solid Solutions (1−x)BiFeO3-xBaTiO3
by Nikita A. Boldyrev, Egor S. Esin, Lidia A. Shilkina, Svetlana I. Dudkina, Alexander V. Nagaenko and Larisa A. Reznichenko
Ceramics 2025, 8(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8010007 - 13 Jan 2025
Viewed by 935
Abstract
Ceramic samples of solid solutions of the binary system (1−x)BiFeO3-xBaTiO3 + 2 wt.% Bi2O3 (0.29 ≤ x ≤ 0.33, Δx = 0.01) were prepared using the conventional solid-phase reaction method with and without [...] Read more.
Ceramic samples of solid solutions of the binary system (1−x)BiFeO3-xBaTiO3 + 2 wt.% Bi2O3 (0.29 ≤ x ≤ 0.33, Δx = 0.01) were prepared using the conventional solid-phase reaction method with and without mechanical activation. Using X-ray studies, it was found that the objects have a pseudocubic crystal structure, and limited solubility occurs in solid solutions of the studied composition, as evidenced by the presence of regions with an increased Bi or Ba content and similar cell parameters. A diffuse phase transition occurred from the FE to PE state in the temperature ranges of (650–850) K. Relaxor-like behavior and the smearing of the phase transition in the studied ceramics can be associated with the presence of non-interacting regions with an increased content of Bi or Ba, different modulation, and crystal lattice symmetry. The grain morphology and dielectric characteristics of the selected solid solutions were investigated. The highest piezoelectric coefficient, d33 = 120 pC/N, was obtained in the mechanically activated ceramics 0.71BiFeO3-0.29BaTiO3 + 2 wt.% Bi2O3. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electronic Ceramics)
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13 pages, 6246 KiB  
Article
Differentiated Slip Casting: Producing Variable Thickness Ceramic Tiles with Functionally Graded Plaster Moulds
by Efilena Baseta, Marco Palma, Florian Heher, Thomas Konegger and Martin Kaftan
Ceramics 2025, 8(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8010006 - 11 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1059
Abstract
This paper introduces a method that enhances the traditional slip casting technique’s potential to fabricate ceramic objects with variable thickness. The variability depends on the different filtration rates offered by plaster moulds of varying densities. Two sets of experiments are presented. They focused [...] Read more.
This paper introduces a method that enhances the traditional slip casting technique’s potential to fabricate ceramic objects with variable thickness. The variability depends on the different filtration rates offered by plaster moulds of varying densities. Two sets of experiments are presented. They focused on identifying (1) the maximum workable density range of moulds made from plaster of Paris and (2) the range of thickness in the resulting ceramic casts. This was accomplished by creating four square flat moulds with different gypsum/water (G:W) ratios and their corresponding casts. Based on these findings, the second set of experiments focused on assembling graded plaster moulds with variable densities (G:W 1:3 to 2:1), resulting in ceramic tiles exhibiting a thickness gradient of 2 mm. These results suggest the possibility of producing double-curved ceramic objects (e.g., custom ceramic tiles or sanitaryware) with graded thickness, tailored to their desired structural and functional performance. Full article
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16 pages, 8830 KiB  
Article
Porcelain Stoneware Slabs: An Investigation into Pyroplastic Deformation in New Body Formulations Containing Waste Glasses
by Caterina Sgarlata, Lincy Varghese, Francesco Ferrari, Davide Venturelli and Cristina Siligardi
Ceramics 2025, 8(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8010005 - 9 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1000
Abstract
The ceramics industry has consistently applied circular economy principles by efficiently reusing and recovering raw materials in the production process. Incorporating secondary raw materials, such as production scraps and recycled materials, reduces costs and improves sustainability. In the ceramics sector, raw materials like [...] Read more.
The ceramics industry has consistently applied circular economy principles by efficiently reusing and recovering raw materials in the production process. Incorporating secondary raw materials, such as production scraps and recycled materials, reduces costs and improves sustainability. In the ceramics sector, raw materials like feldspars can be substituted with secondary raw materials from other production processes, particularly glass-based ones. This study selected waste glass, such as bottle glass or glass fiber processing scraps, to investigate its performance in a porcelain stoneware slab mixture. The behavior of this mixture was compared to a traditional porcelain stoneware mixture and a mixture containing a glass-ceramic frit, which exhibits significantly different behavior from waste glass. The study involved a comprehensive characterization of the fired samples, with a specific focus on addressing pyroplastic deformation—an issue that occurs in large slabs during the firing process. Although pyroplastic deformation has been extensively studied in the past using various waste glasses, this research work uniquely employed waste glass fiber and glass-ceramic material to mitigate pyroplastic deformation compared to the more commonly studied waste soda–lime glass. The pyroplastic deformation tests were conducted using an instrument from Expert Lab Service-MDF. Full article
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17 pages, 6637 KiB  
Article
Influence of Cell Geometry on the Mechanical and Failure Characteristics of 3D Voronoi Hydroxyapatite Through the Stereolithography Technique
by Ali Arab, Zhwan Dilshad Ibrahim Sktani, Zainab Alknery and Chunwei Zhang
Ceramics 2025, 8(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8010004 - 4 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1185
Abstract
This study investigates the design and mechanical evaluation of hydroxyapatite (HAp) scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, using stereolithography (SLA) to fabricate homogeneous and hollow elongated Voronoi structures. HAp, known for its biocompatibility and biodegradability, was selected to create scaffolds with a structure that [...] Read more.
This study investigates the design and mechanical evaluation of hydroxyapatite (HAp) scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, using stereolithography (SLA) to fabricate homogeneous and hollow elongated Voronoi structures. HAp, known for its biocompatibility and biodegradability, was selected to create scaffolds with a structure that supports cell growth. Both scaffold designs were tested under compression to measure key properties, including compressive strength, Young’s modulus, stiffness, and energy absorption. The homogeneous design demonstrated superior mechanical properties, achieving a maximum load of 913.6 N at a displacement of 0.166 mm and a stiffness of 5162.8 N/mm, indicating a higher load-bearing capacity and energy absorption compared to the hollow design. Despite these strengths, failure analysis revealed early fractures at strut junctions, particularly in slender areas, leading to fluctuations in the load–displacement curve and suggesting a risk to neighboring tissues in practical applications. These findings underscore the potential of Voronoi-based scaffolds for orthopedic use, while also highlighting the need for structural refinements to improve scaffold durability and clinical effectiveness. Full article
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17 pages, 9272 KiB  
Review
An Overview on the Manufacture and Properties of Clay-Based Porous Ceramics for Water Filtration
by Iffat Qoudsiyyah Maury Njoya, Gisèle Laure Lecomte-Nana, Kassoum Barry, Dayirou Njoya, Youssef El Hafiane and Claire Peyratout
Ceramics 2025, 8(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8010003 - 30 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1588
Abstract
This study explores the different techniques used to manufacture porous clay-based ceramics, examining their properties such as porosity, strength, permeability and filtration efficiency. Different techniques are discussed in this review, with additive manufacturing being one of the most innovative techniques for manufacturing porous [...] Read more.
This study explores the different techniques used to manufacture porous clay-based ceramics, examining their properties such as porosity, strength, permeability and filtration efficiency. Different techniques are discussed in this review, with additive manufacturing being one of the most innovative techniques for manufacturing porous ceramics. Porous ceramics have their applications in numerous domains. Such ceramic filters have the advantages of retaining heavy materials, suspended particles, bacteria, viruses and, water turbidity. Thus, the choice of the technique and propriety is a crucial step in obtaining a porous ceramic with the best performance. Barry et al. prepared porous phyllosilicate-based ceramics by freeze-tape casting on four samples and obtained porosity values in the range of 67–79% and diametrical compressive strength in the range of 3–7 MPa. Manni et al. prepared porous red ceramics from Moroccan clay and coffee waste (10, 20 and 30 wt.%) via uniaxial pressing and sintering at 1150 °C. They obtained porosities ranging from 30.2 to 63.8% and flexural strength values from 1.8 to 19.5 MPa. Medri et al. prepared ZrB2-based porous bodies with the use of sponges and polyurethane foams as templates via the replica method and obtained high porosity over 80% and compressive strength up to 4.8 MPa. The use of clay and peanut shell mixtures was used in preparing porous silicate ceramics after unidirectional pressing and sintering at 1100 °C. These samples included 25 mass% of peanut shells, and exhibited porosity in the range of 40 to 60% and diametrical compressive strength in the range of 1–6 MPa. Such properties are suitable for domestic use of these types of clay-based ceramic filters. Moreover, the permeability values and removal of some pollutants, like arsenic, have been satisfactory for the first set of samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Manufacturing Processes of Silicate Materials)
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24 pages, 6956 KiB  
Article
Tailoring the Preparation, Microstructure, FTIR, Optical Properties and Photocatalysis of (Fe/Co) Co-Doped ZnO Nanoparticles (Zn0.9FexCo0.1−xO)
by A. M. Faramawy, W. R. Agami and Mohamed A. Swillam
Ceramics 2025, 8(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8010002 - 28 Dec 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1110
Abstract
In this work, Fe3+- and Co2+-doped ZnO NPs (zinc oxide nanoparticles), Zn0.9FexCo0.1−xO, with a hexagonal wurtzite phase (single-phase), were synthesized via a co-precipitation technique where the phase purity and elemental composition were confirmed [...] Read more.
In this work, Fe3+- and Co2+-doped ZnO NPs (zinc oxide nanoparticles), Zn0.9FexCo0.1−xO, with a hexagonal wurtzite phase (single-phase), were synthesized via a co-precipitation technique where the phase purity and elemental composition were confirmed by XRD and EDX, respectively. Due to the substitution of Fe by Co, the cell parameters (a and c) were increased, alongside which a slight shift to higher diffracted angles appeared. FTIR was carried out to confirm the insertion of both the Fe3+ and Co2+ dopants into the ZnO hexagonal phase. Based on the experimental results, different numerical techniques were used to determine the optical gap and refractive index for the ZnO NP-doped samples, and when the concentration of Fe3+ ions was increased, the band gap value of ZnO decreased from 3.36 eV to 3.29 eV, accompanied by a decrease in the Urbach energy, while the refractive index increased. The doped ZnO NPs were later found to be effective UV photocatalysts which demonstrated a maximum reduction (84%) of methylene blue (MB) in a neutral environment for X = 0.05. The correlation between the Fe3+ concentration, structure, optical parameters, and photocatalytic efficacy is explained in detail. Full article
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11 pages, 2643 KiB  
Article
Characterisation of the Electrical Properties of Wastes Vitrified from Canarian Island Basaltic Quarries: Original Glasses and Glass-Ceramics
by Jesús Ma. Rincón, Pío Callejas, María Belén Almendro-Candel and Manuel Jordan
Ceramics 2025, 8(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8010001 - 27 Dec 2024
Viewed by 898
Abstract
We obtained original glasses and glass-ceramics through the controlled melting and recrystallisation of basalt rocks extracted from several quarries in the Canary Islands. The electrical measurements of the resulting glasses and glass-ceramics were conducted in a complex impedance at temperatures in the 250–700 [...] Read more.
We obtained original glasses and glass-ceramics through the controlled melting and recrystallisation of basalt rocks extracted from several quarries in the Canary Islands. The electrical measurements of the resulting glasses and glass-ceramics were conducted in a complex impedance at temperatures in the 250–700 °C range. These electrical determinations made it possible to follow the nucleation and crystal growth processes. The main crystalline phases were pyroxenes, feldspar (anorthite) and magnetite, which decorate the dendritic crystallisation of pyroxenes. The magnetite is present as nanocrystals, being the component chiefly responsible for the electrical conduction properties of these glass-ceramics. Electrical conduction is facilitated by the presence of magnetite nanocrystals on the axes of dendrites of pyroxene crystals, enabling polar electron conduction in these materials. Thus, the Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio was related to the total Fe2+/Fe, which made it possible to express an electronic conduction model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramic and Glass Material Coatings)
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