Monkeypox from Diagnosis to Treatment: Epidemiological Analysis of Monkeypox in Southern Brazil Using Public SINAN Data (2022–2025) ^†

Introduction: Monkeypox (mpox) is an emerging public health concern, with more than 134,000 confirmed cases worldwide by 2025. In Brazil, 10,000 cases had been reported by January 2024, highlighting the scale of the outbreak. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological profile of mpox in Southern Brazil. Methodology: An observational and descriptive study was conducted using secondary data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) between 2022 and 2025. Variables assessed included demographic, laboratory, clinical, transmission-related, vaccination, and sample data. Results: A total of (1237) cases were reported among men, with the majority between 19 and 44 years old (1170). Most cases occurred among Whites (899) and mixed-race individuals (171). By state, Santa Catarina reported the highest number (540), followed by Paraná (412) and Rio Grande do Sul (375). The primary diagnostic method was MPX PCR (1226). Regarding transmission, sexual contact was the most frequent route (603), followed by contact with contaminated material (20), while (679) records lacked classification. Vaccination status showed that (1063) individuals were not immunized. The most common biological samples collected were vesicular swabs (828) and skin crusts (206). The predominant symptoms were skin eruptions (778), fever (661), genital lesions (501), and anal lesions (460). Conclusions: Adult men remain the most affected group, emphasizing the need for regional strategies focused on health education, improved access to diagnosis, and vaccination, in order to prevent the further spread of mpox to other population groups.