Effects of Nutrition, and Physical Activity Habits and Perceptions on Body Mass Index (BMI) in Children Aged 12–15 Years: A Cross-Sectional Study Comparing Boys and Girls
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Measurement
2.2. Questionnaires
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Results of Partial Proportional Odds Models
3.2.1. Partial Proportional Odds Models (PPOM): Boys
3.2.2. Partial Proportional Odds Models (PPOM): Girls
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Regions | Prefectures | % of Sample |
---|---|---|
Eastern Macedonia Thrace | Drama | 1.10 |
Evros | 1.10 | |
Kavala | 1.10 | |
Xanthi | 1.10 | |
Rodopi | 1.10 | |
Central Macedonia | Thessaloniki (2 regional units) | 10.40 |
Imathia | 1.10 | |
Kilkis | 1.10 | |
Pella | 1.10 | |
Pieria | 1.10 | |
Serres | 2.20 | |
Halkidiki | 1.10 | |
Western Macedonia | Kastoria | 1.10 |
Kozani | 2.20 | |
Florina | 1.10 | |
Epirus | Arta | 1.10 |
Thesprotia | 1.10 | |
Ιoannina | 2.20 | |
Preveza | 1.10 | |
Thessalia | Magnesia | 2.00 |
Larissa | 2.70 | |
Trikala | 1.50 | |
Ionian Islands | Zakynthos | 1.00 |
Corfu | 1.10 | |
Kefallinia | 1.00 | |
Western Greece | Aetoloakarnania | 2.50 |
Ahaia | 3.20 | |
Viotia | 1.80 | |
Evia | 2.00 | |
Fthiotida | 1.70 | |
Attiki | Athens (6 regional units) | 20.80 |
Piraeus | 6.30 | |
Peloponnese | Argolida | 1.10 |
Arkadia | 1.10 | |
Corinthοs | 1.10 | |
Laconia | 1.10 | |
Messenia | 2.20 | |
North Aegean | Lesvos | 1.10 |
Samos | 1.10 | |
Chios | 1.10 | |
South Aegean | Cyclades (Samos, Santorini) | 2.20 |
Dodecanese (Rhodes, Kastelorizo) | 2.20 | |
Crete | Heraklion | 2.60 |
Lasithi | 1.00 | |
Rethymno | 1.00 |
Compounds | Eigenvalues | % Cumulative Variance | Description | Variable Labels | Variable Names |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
comp 1 | 3.85 | 9.167 | Meals frequency and perceptions of fattening | Number of afternoon meals/week | afternoon_meals |
Frequency of dinner meals per week | diner_week | ||||
Frequency of breakfast consumption per week | breakfast_meal | ||||
Eating 5 meals per day is: | five_meals_per_day | ||||
Eating frequently (without order) fattens | eating_frequently | ||||
Skipping breakfast fattens | fattening_breakfast | ||||
Eating light products fattens | light_fattens | ||||
comp 2 | 3.643 | 17.839 | Sociodemographic factors | Age | age |
Area | area | ||||
Sex | sex | ||||
Comp 3 | 3.155 | 25.45 | Body images and behaviors against obesity and fattening | I want to be thin | wanna_be_thin |
I deal with diets | deal_with_diets | ||||
I’m scared to be overweight | scared_be_overweght | ||||
Comp 4 | 2.969 | 32.55 | Perceptions about physical activity | Self evaluation of physical activity | caracterize_yourself |
The recommended physical activity is 1 h | recommendedPA | ||||
The gym hours and breaks at school are enough to be physically active | gym_hours | ||||
Comp 5 | 2.613 | 38.6 | Foods/snacks eaten at meals and after meals | Bread at brunch | bread_brunch |
Cheese pie at breakfast | pie _ cheese | ||||
Fruit after diner | fruit_afterdiner | ||||
Comp 6 | 2.517 | 44.6 | Drinks consumed for breakfast | Whole milk at breakfast per week | whole_milk |
Cocoa milk at breakfast per week | cocoa_milk | ||||
Fresh juice per week | freshjuice | ||||
Compound 7 | 2.319 | 50.31 | Organized physical activity | Football per week | football |
Basket per week | basket | ||||
Track and field per week | track_field | ||||
Dance per week | danse_week | ||||
Comp 8 | 1.703 | 54.71 | Purchase criteria/choice of food and socioeconomic status | Buying products according to their price | importance_of_low_cost |
Buying products according to their calories | count_calories | ||||
ses | ses | ||||
comp 9 | 1.583 | 58.51 | Sedentary behaviors and eating | Meals in front of PC per week | pc_food |
Snack (salty) in front of PC/tv per week | tv_snack | ||||
Snack (sweet) in front of pc(TV) per week | pc_snack |
Variables (Codes) | Boys N = 2527 (49.00) | Girls N = 2617 (51.00) | p-Value 1 |
---|---|---|---|
N (%) | N (%) | ||
BMI | |||
Underweight/Normal Weight (0) | 1574 (62.3) | 1824 (69.7) | <0.001 |
Overweight (1) | 661 (26.2) | 574 (21.9) | |
Obese (2) | 209 (8.2) | 130 (5.0) | |
Missing | 83 (3.3) | 89 (3.4) | |
Area | |||
Rural (0) | 610 (24.1) | 633 (24.2) | 0.753 |
Semi urban (1) | 462 (18.3) | 492 (18.8) | |
Urban (2) | 1455 (57.6) | 1492 (57.0) | |
Track and field per week | |||
Never (0) | 1699 (67.2) | 1809 (69.1) | 0.037 |
1 time (1) | 319 (12.6) | 271 (10.4) | |
At least 2–3 times (2) | 342 (13.6) | 341 (13.0) | |
Missing | 167 (6.6) | 196 (7.5) | |
Characterize yourself in relation to physical activity | |||
No active/Not much either a little (1) | 606 (24.0) | 1067 (40.8) | <0.001 |
Quite/very active (2) | 1921 (76.0) | 1550 (59.2) | |
The gym hours and breaks at school are enough for me to be physically active | |||
Strongly disagree/disagree (0) | 1176 (46.5) | 1300 (49.7) | 0.001 |
Undecided (1) | 559 (22.1) | 628 (24.0) | |
Agree/strongly agree (2) | 740 (29.3) | 647 (24.7) | |
Missing | 52 (2.1) | 42 (0.6) | |
Eating cheese pie at breakfast | |||
Νever/rarely (0) | 1439 (56.9) | 1764 (67.4) | <0.001 |
Sometimes/often (1) | 847 (33.5) | 629 (24.0) | |
Daily (2) | 68 (2.8) | 29 (1.1) | |
Missing | 173 (6.8) | 195 (7.5) | |
I deal with diets | |||
Always (0) | 64 (2.5) | 111 (4.2) | <0.001 |
Sometimes/often (1) | 243 (9.6) | 337 (12.9) | |
Rarely (2) | 608 (24.1) | 798 (30.5) | |
Never (3) | 1529 (60.5) | 1299 (49.6) | |
Missing | 83 (3.3) | 72 (2.8) | |
I am scared to get overweight | |||
Always (0) | 1065 (42.1) | 1463 (55.9) | <0.001 |
Sometimes/often (1) | 681 (26.9) | 623 (23.8) | |
Rarely (2) | 440 (17.4) | 345 (13.2) | |
Never (3) | 272 (10.9) | 134 (5.1) | |
Missing | 69 (2.7) | 52 (2.0) | |
I want to be thin | |||
Always (0) | 453 (17.9) | 762 (29.1) | <0.001 |
Sometimes/often (1) | 476 (18.8) | 567 (21.7) | |
Rarely (2) | 634 (25.1) | 610 (23.3) | |
Never (3) | 894 (35.4) | 632 (24.1) | |
Missing | 70 (2.8) | 46 (1.8) | |
Drinking whole milk at breakfast | |||
Never/rarely | 732 (29.0) | 876 (33.5) | <0.001 |
Sometimes/Often | 648 (25.6) | 606 (23.2) | |
Daily | 933 (36.9) | 912 (34.8) | |
Missing | 214 (8.5) | 223 (8.5) | |
Eating bread at brunch | |||
Never | 635 (25.1) | 643 (24.6) | 0.079 |
Sometimes | 1071 (42.4) | 1201 (45.9) | |
Often/always | 629 (24.9) | 607 (23.2) | |
Missing | 192 (7.6) | 166 (6.3) | |
Eating fruit after dinner | |||
Never | 608 (24.0) | 701 (26.8) | 0.023 |
1–2 times | 675 (26.7) | 734 (28.0) | |
3–4 times | 553 (21.9) | 507 (19.4) | |
>4 times | 623 (24.7) | 610 (23.3) | |
Missing | 68 (2.7) | 65 (2.5) | |
Buying products according to their calories | |||
Not or little important | 833 (33.0) | 732 (28.0) | <0.001 |
Enough Important | 726 (28.7) | 610 (23.3) | |
Very Important | 858 (34.0) | 1198 (45.8) | |
Missing | 110 (4.4) | 77 (2.9) | |
Eating five meals per day is | |||
Very bad/ bad | 338 (13.4) | 221 (8.4) | <0.001 |
Neither good or bad | 560 (22.2) | 519 (19.8) | |
Good/very good | 1540 (60.9) | 1813 (69.4) | |
Missing | 89 (3.5) | 64 (2.4) | |
Eating light products is fattening | |||
Strongly disagree/disagree | 1137 (45.0) | 1220 (46.6) | 0.574 |
Undecided | 781 (30.9) | 805 (30.8) | |
Agree /Strongly agree | 506 (20.0) | 503 (19.2) | |
Missing | 103 (4.1) | 89 (3.4) | |
Skipping breakfast is fattening | |||
Strongly disagree/disagree | 1501 (59.4) | 1386 (53.0) | <0.001 |
Undecided | 449 (17.8) | 446 (17.0) | |
Agree/strongly agree | 485 (19.2) | 722 (27.6) | |
Missing | 92 (3.6) | 63 (2.4) | |
Frequency of breakfast consumption per week | 3.82 (1.37) | 3.76 (1.43) | 0.102 |
Frequency of dinner meals per week | 4.03 (1.13) | 3.80 (1.23) | <0.001 |
Number of afternoon meals/week | 3.56 (1.26) | 3.57 (1.28) | 0.839 |
Cocoa milk for breakfast per week | 3.82 (1.26) | 1.71 (1.20) | <0.001 |
Age | 13.55 (0.94) | 13.54 (0.94) | 0.845 |
Variables (Codes) | Boys N = 2527 (49.00) | Girls N = 2617 (51.00) | p-Value 1 |
---|---|---|---|
Boys | Girls | ||
The recommended physical activity is 1 h | |||
Strongly disagree/disagree (0) | 356 (14.1) | 221 (8.4) | <0.001 |
Undecided (1) | 1256 (49.7) | 1344 (51.4) | |
Agree/strongly agree (2) | 831 (32.9) | 984 (37.6) | |
Missing | 84 (3.3) | 68 (2.6) | |
Buying products according to their price | |||
Not or little important (0) | 1828 (72.3) | 2154 (82.3) | <0.001 |
Enough Important (1) | 401 (15.9) | 255 (9.7) | |
Very Important (2) | 199 (7.9) | 133 (5.1) | |
Missing | 99 (3.9) | 75 (2.9) | |
Football per week | |||
Never (0) | 763 (30.1) | 2027 (77.5) | <0.001 |
1 time (1) | 328 (13.0) | 361 (13.8) | |
At least 2–3 times (2) | 1414 (56.0) | 219 (8.3) | |
Missing | 22 (0.9) | 10 (0.4) | |
Basket per week | |||
Never (0) | 862 (34.1) | 1445 (55.2) | <0.001 |
1 time (1) | 600 (23.7) | 429 (16.4) | |
At least 2–3 times (2) | 754 (29.9) | 291 (11.1) | |
Missing | 311 (12.3) | 452 (17.3) | |
Dance per week | |||
Never (0) | 1824 (72.2) | 936 (35.8) | <0.001 |
1 time (1) | 222 (8.8) | 547 (20.9) | |
At least 2–3 times (2) | 86 (3.4) | 768 (29.3) | |
Missing | 395 (15.6) | 366 (14.0) | |
Meals in front of PC per week | 2.32 (1.087) | 2.06 (1.066) | 0.015 |
Snack (salty) in front of PC per week | 1.990 (1.056) | 1.910 (1.092) | <0.001 |
Snack (sweet) in front of TV per week | 1.980 (1.079) | 2.480 (1.054) | <0.001 |
SES | 6.330 (1.841) | 6.870 (0.900) | <0.001 |
Fresh juice per week | 3.140 (1.315) | 3.040 (1.310) | 0.008 |
Appendix B
Partial Proportional Odds Model PPOM | Generalized Ordered Logit Model GOLM | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | |
Log Likelihood (null) | −886.01 | −708.56 | −886.01 | −708.56 |
Log Likelihood (model) | −599.02 | −540.91 | −585.40 | −536.60 |
Likelihood Ratio chi2 | 573.96 | 335.38 | 580.60 | 339.44 |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Akaike’s Information Criterion | 1442.06 | 1237.82 | 1455.30 | 1244.71 |
Bayesian Information Criterion | 2046.29 | 1619.05 | 2064.45 | 1616.08 |
Predictors | p > |z| | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Overweight/Obese Versus other BMI Categories | ||||
Characterize yourself in relation to physical activity | Boys | Girls | ||
Quite/very active | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.691(0.550–0.868) | 0.714(0.582–0.877) |
I think eating frequently (without order) is fattening | ||||
Undecided | 0.845 | NS 1 | 0.938 (0.294–1.166) | NS |
Strongly agree / agree | 0.031 | NS | 0.508 (0.275–0.940) | NS |
Eating bread for brunch | ||||
Sometimes/Rarely | 0.002 | 0.065 | 0.453 (0.274–0.747) | 0.468 (0.209–1.048) |
Often/always | 0.236 | 0.034 | 0.573 (0.228–1.439) | 0.382 (0.157–0.932) |
Eating five meals per day is | ||||
Neither good or bad | 0.493 | 0.232 | 1.198 (0.716–2.000) | 1.376 (0.815–2.323) |
Good/very good | 0.384 | 0.012 | 1.231(0.771–1.966) | 0.241(0.079–0.735) |
Area | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls |
Semi-urban | 0.972 | 0.293 | 1.009 (0.601–1.697) | 0.767 (0.468–1.257) |
Urban | 0.327 | 0.387 | 0.816 (0.544–1.225) | 0.837(0.560–1.252) |
Frequency of breakfast consumption per week | 0.373 | <0.001 | 0.849 (0.359–2.011) | 0.537 (0.408–0.711) |
Frequency of dinner meals per week | 0.089 | 0.045 | 0.955 (0.845–1.195) | 0.863 (0.748–0.997) |
Eating cheese pie (breakfast) | ||||
Sometimes/often | 0.402 | 0.072 | 1.204 (0.780–1.860) | 0.810 (0.644–1.019) |
Daily | 0.005 | 0.081 | 4.465 (1.567–10.724) | 0.319 (0.088–1.153) |
I am scared to get overweight | ||||
Sometimes/often | 0.080 | 0.365 | 1.669 (0.941–2.959) | 1.455 (0.890–2.379) |
Rarely | 0.010 | <0.001 | 2.504 (1.242 5.048) | 3.829 (2.080–7.047) |
Never | 0.021 | 0.005 | 2.070 (1.118–3.831) | 2.438(1.305–4.554) |
I want to be thin | ||||
Usually/often | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.445 (0.251–0.788) | 0.641(0.491–0.836) |
Sometimes/rarely | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.272 (0.159–0.596) | 0.476 (0.351–0.646) |
Never | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.246 (0.149–0.496) | 0.315 (0.136–0.271) |
Frequency of track and field per week | ||||
1 time per week | 0.704 | 0.140 | 0.909(0.555–1.488) | 0.669(0.392–1.141) |
At least 2–3 times/week | 0.016 | 0.437 | 0.454(0.239–0.864) | 0.777 (0.412–1.468) |
Cocoa milk for breakfast per week | 0.014 | NS | 0.314 (0.125–0.792) | NS |
I deal with diets | ||||
Sometimes/often | 0.581 | 0.878 | 0.718(0.22198–2.325) | 1.071 (0.444–2.582) |
Rarely | 0.858 | 0.551 | 0.901 (0.288–2.819) | 1.324(0.526–3.331) |
Never | 0.018 | 0.377 | 0.258(0.084–0.592) | 1.324(0.526–3.331) |
Number of afternoon meals/week | <0.001 | 0.311 (0.809–1.947) | 0.203 (0.088–0.468) | 1.255(0.809–1.947) |
Eating light products is fattening | ||||
Undecided | 0.392 | NS | 1.307 (0.708–2.415) | NS |
Agree /Strongly agree | <0.001 | NS | 1.902 (1.139–3.175) | NS |
Skipping breakfast is fattening | ||||
Undecided | 0.384 | 0.013 | 1.231 (0.771–1.966) | 1.376 (0.815–2.323) |
Agree/strongly agree | 0.493 | 0.232 | 1.197(0.716–2.000) | 0.241(0.078–0.734) |
The gym hours and breaks at school are enough for me to be physically active | ||||
Undecided | ΝS | 0.121 | ΝS | 0.352 (0.699–2.154) |
Agree/strongly agree | ΝS | 0.004 | ΝS | 2.509(1.338–4.704) |
Age | <0.001 | NS | 0.668(0.548–0.813) | |
Drinking whole milk at breakfast | ||||
Sometimes/often | 0.244 | 0.467 | 0.394 (0.798–2.422) | 0.895 (0.508–1.578) |
Daily | 0.247 | 0.187 | 0.725 (0.451–1.168) | 0.765 (0.486–1.204) |
Buying products according to their calories | ||||
Enough Important | NS | 0.041 | NS | 2.871 (1.042–7.901) |
Very Important | NS | 0.810 | NS | 0.926 (0.495–1.731) |
Eating fruit after dinner | ||||
1–2 times | 0.560 | 0.712 | 0.919 (0.585–1.441) | 1.151 (0.717–1.849) |
3–4 times | 0.803 | 0.997 | 1.001 (0.616–1.626) | 1.071 (0.625–1.836) |
>4 times | 0.352 | 0.232 | 0.679(0.360–1.281) | 0.727 (0.539–1.848) |
Predictors | p > |z| | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Obese Versus other BMI Categories | ||||
Characterize yourself in relation to physical activity | ||||
Quite/very active | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.691 (0.550–0.868) | 0.714 (0.582–0.877) |
I think eating frequently (without order) is fattening | ||||
Undecided | 0.845 | NS | 0.938 (0.294–1.166) | NS |
Strongly agree/agree | 0.031 | NS | 0.508 (0.275–0.940) | NS |
Eating bread for brunch | ||||
Sometimes | 0.002 | 0.065 | 0.453 (0.274–0.747) | 0.468 (0.209–1.048) |
Often/always | 0.236 | 0.034 | 0.573 (0.228–1.439) | 0.382 (0.157–0.932) |
Eating five meals per day is | ||||
Neither good or bad | 0.493 | 0.232 | 1.198 (0.716–2.000) | 1.376 (0.815–2.323) |
Good/very good | 0.384 | 0.012 | 1.231 (0.771–1.966) | 0.241 (0.079–0.735) |
Area | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls |
Semi-urban | 0.972 | 0.293 | 1.009 (0.601–1.697) | 0.767 (0.468–1.257) |
Urban | 0.327 | 0.005 | 0.816 (0.544–1.225) | 0.332 (0.154–0.712) |
Frequency of breakfast consumption per week | 0.373 | <0.001 | 0.849 (0.359–2.011) | 0.537 (0.408–0.711) |
Frequency of dinner meals per week | 0.089 | 0.045 | 0.955 (0.845–1.195) | 0.863 (0.748–0.997) |
Eating cheese pie (breakfast) | ||||
Sometimes/often | 0.402 | 0.072 | 1.204 (0.780–1.860) | 0.810 (0.644–1.019) |
Daily | 0.005 | 0.081 | 4.465 (1.567–10.724) | 0.319 (0.088–1.153) |
I am scared to get overweight | ||||
sometimes/often | 0.080 | 0.365 | 1.669 (0.941–2.959) | 1.455 (0.890–2.379) |
rarely | 0.010 | <0.001 | 2.504 (1.242–5.048) | 3.829 (2.080–7.047) |
Never | 0.021 | 0.005 | 2.070 (1.118–3.831) | 2.438 (1.305–4.554) |
I want to be thin | ||||
Usually/often | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.445 (0.251–0.788) | 0.641 (0.491–0.836) |
Sometimes/rarely | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.272 (0.149–0.496) | 0.476 (0.351–0.646) |
Never | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.246 (0.149–0.496) | 0.315 (0.136–0.271) |
Frequency of track and field per week | ||||
1 time per week | 0.704 | 0.140 | 0.909 (0.555–1.488) | 0.669 (0.392–1.141) |
At least 2–3 times/week | 0.016 | 0.437 | 0.454 (0.239–0.864) | 0.777 (0.412–1.468) |
Cocoa milk for breakfast per week | 0.014 | NS | 0.314 (0.125–0.792) | NS |
I deal with diets | ||||
Sometimes/often | 0.581 | 0.878 | 0.718 (0.22198–2.325) | 1.071 (0.444–2.582) |
Rarely | 0.858 | 0.551 | 0.901 (0.288–2.819) | 1.324 (0.526–3.331) |
Never | 0.018 | 0.377 | 0.258 (0.084–0.792) | 1.324 (0.526–3.331) |
Number of afternoon meals/week | <0.001 | 0.311 (0.809–1.947) | 0.203 (0.088–0.468) | 1.255 (0.809–1.947) |
Eating light products is fattening | ||||
Undecided | 0.392 | NS | 1.307 (0.708–2.415) | NS |
Agree /Strongly agree | <0.001 | NS | 3.815 (1.927–7.554) | NS |
The gym hours and breaks at school are enough for me to be physically active | ||||
Undecided | ΝS | 0.121 | ΝS | 0.352 (0.699–2.154) |
Agree/strongly agree | ΝS | 0.004 | ΝS | 2.509 (1.338–4.704) |
Drinking whole milk at breakfast | ||||
Sometimes/often | 0.244 | 0.467 | 0.394 (0.798–2.422) | 0.895 (0.508–1.578) |
Daily | 0.247 | 0.031 | 0.725 (0.451–1.168) | 2.483 (1.088–5.668) |
Age | NS | 0.861 | NS | 0.967 (0.663–1.410) |
Buying products according to their calories | ||||
Enough Important | NS | 0.203 | NS | 1.478 (0.810–2.697) |
Very Important | NS | 0.810 | NS | 0.926 (0.495–1.731) |
Eating fruit after dinner | ||||
1–2 times | 0.560 | 0.712 | 0.919 (0.585–1.441) | 1.151 (0.717–1.849) |
3–4 times | 0.047 | 0.997 | 0.440 (0.196–0.988) | 1.071 (0.625–1.836) |
>4 times | 0.352 | 0.232 | 0.679 (0.360–1.281) | 0.727 (0.539–1.848) |
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Carayanni, V.; Vlachopapadopoulou, E.; Koutsouki, D.; Bogdanis, G.C.; Psaltopoulou, T.; Manios, Y.; Karachaliou, F.; Hatzakis, A.; Michalacos, S. Effects of Nutrition, and Physical Activity Habits and Perceptions on Body Mass Index (BMI) in Children Aged 12–15 Years: A Cross-Sectional Study Comparing Boys and Girls. Children 2021, 8, 277. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8040277
Carayanni V, Vlachopapadopoulou E, Koutsouki D, Bogdanis GC, Psaltopoulou T, Manios Y, Karachaliou F, Hatzakis A, Michalacos S. Effects of Nutrition, and Physical Activity Habits and Perceptions on Body Mass Index (BMI) in Children Aged 12–15 Years: A Cross-Sectional Study Comparing Boys and Girls. Children. 2021; 8(4):277. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8040277
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarayanni, Vilelmine, Elpis Vlachopapadopoulou, Dimitra Koutsouki, Gregory C. Bogdanis, Theodora Psaltopoulou, Yannis Manios, Feneli Karachaliou, Angelos Hatzakis, and Stefanos Michalacos. 2021. "Effects of Nutrition, and Physical Activity Habits and Perceptions on Body Mass Index (BMI) in Children Aged 12–15 Years: A Cross-Sectional Study Comparing Boys and Girls" Children 8, no. 4: 277. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8040277