RETRACTED: Messaoudi et al. Lorentzian Structure and Curvature Analysis of Osculating Type-2 Ruled Surfaces via the Type-2 Bishop Frame. Mathematics 2025, 13, 3464

Messaoudi, Mohammed; Solouma, Emad; Alshehri, Mohammed N.; Aljohani, Abdulrahman F.; Marin, Marin

doi:10.3390/math14214105

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Retraction of Mathematics 2025, 13(21), 3464.

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9 November 2026

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RETRACTED: Messaoudi et al. Lorentzian Structure and Curvature Analysis of Osculating Type-2 Ruled Surfaces via the Type-2 Bishop Frame. Mathematics 2025, 13, 3464

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Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia

Department of Mathematics, College of Arts Science, Najran University, Najran 66226, Saudi Arabia

Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71411, Saudi Arabia

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Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania

Mathematics2026, 14(21), 4105;https://doi.org/10.3390/math14214105

This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis on Differentiable Manifolds

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The journal retracts the article titled “Lorentzian Structure and Curvature Analysis of Osculating Type-2 Ruled Surfaces via the Type-2 Bishop Frame” [...]

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