Abstract
In this paper, by using fixed-point theorems, the existence and uniqueness of positive solutions to a class of four-point impulsive fractional differential equations with p-Laplacian operators are studied. In addition, three examples are given to justify the conclusion. The interest of this paper is to study impulsive fractional differential equations with p-Laplacian operators.
Keywords:
impulsive fractional differential equations; p-Laplacian operator; boundary value problem; existence; uniqueness MSC:
34B15; 34B27; 34B37
1. Introduction
It is well known that fractional differential equations describe a number of phenomena in natural life, especially in describing natural, physical and chemical phenomena more accurately and generally [1,2,3,4,5]. In the past few years, fractional differential equations described problems in greater depth and specificity, especially in the study of the liver, mumps virus, glucose and other problems [6,7,8,9].
Impulsive differential equations, which offer a depiction of surveyed evolving processes, were called mathematical instruments for the comprehension of several actual problems in science [10,11,12,13]. However, the theory of impulsive equations is more expressive than the corresponding theory of equations without impulse impacts since straightforward impulsive differential equations emerged for several fresh phenomena, such as rhythmical beating and the merging of solutions [14,15,16,17]. For the theory and applications of impulsive differential equations, we refer to the references [18,19,20,21].
In recent years, fractional differential equations with p-Laplacian operators are becoming significant, they can be used to depict a number of proliferate phenomena, which have been comprehensively applied in the fields of fluid mechanics, material memory and chemistry [22,23,24,25,26,27].
For convenience, among this paper, we mark as a p-Laplacian operator, i.e.,
where ,
In [24], Li et al. discussed the existence of positive solutions to four-point boundary value problems,
where is p-Laplacian operator, and are Caputo fractional derivatives, By using the monotone iterative technique, they obtained the existence of positive solutions to the fractional differential equation.
In [20], Tian et al. discussed the existence of solutions to a class of three-point impulse boundary value problems.
where is a Caputo fractional derivative, and is a continuous function. By using a fixed-point theorem, the existence of solutions was found.
In [24], the authors considered a four-point fractional differential Equation with p-Laplacian operators; however, the boundary value conditions of this differential equations were impulsive. As we all know, the impulsive differential equations with p-Laplacian not only contain general dynamic equations but also have profound engineering physical significance—for instance, a p-Laplacian equation is needed to study the turbulence of non-Newtonian fluida, gas in porous media and the spontaneous combustion theory of chemically active gas.
Thus, in this paper, we studied the existence of solutions to four-point impulsive fractional differential equations with p-Laplacian operators. The studying of the existence of solutions to impulsive fractional differential equations with p-Laplacian is extremely important. In this paper, we discuss the existence and uniqueness of positive solutions to four-point impulsive fractional differential equations given by
where and are Caputo fractional differentials, is a parameter, is a p-Laplacian operator, and where and indicate the right and the left limits of at respectively, and have a kinsmanship implication for and
The objective of this paper is to establish the existence and uniqueness of positive solutions to a class of four-point impulsive fractional differential equations (Equation (3)) by using a fixed-point theorem and contraction mapping principle. In addition, three examples are given to justify the conclusion. The main features of this paper are as follows. First, the nonlinear term involved the fractional order derivative. Next, the studied Equation (3) was used to find the first derivative on the outside of .
Compared with [20,24], our nonlinear terms are more general. Finally, our main results are optimal. This paper contributes to the further development of impulsive fractional differential equations. The rest of the paper is as follows: In Section 2, some basic definitions and related lemmas are given. The existence of positive solutions and the uniqueness of positive solutions for the four-point impulsive fractional differential Equation (3) with p-Laplacian operators under certain assumptions are proven in Section 3. Three examples are given in the Section 4.
2. Preliminaries
In this section, we present some basic definitions, related lemmas and Green functions.
Let
we define the spaces as follows. Let
and endowed with norm
where indicate the right limit of at and have a kinsmanship implication for and
Clearly,
is a complete linear norm space. Thus,
are Banach spaces.
Definition 1
([18]). Let The Caputo fractional derivative is defined as
where indicates the integer part of real number α.
Definition 2
([18]). Let The Riemann–Liouville fractional integral of order is defined as
provided the integral exists.
Lemma 1
([18]). For the general solution of the fractional differential equation is stated by
where indicates the integer part of real number α.
Lemma 2
([18]). Let and
Lemma 3
([18]). [Contraction Mapping Principle] is a complete distance space, and T is a compressed map from to itself, and thus T has a unique fixed point on X.
Lemma 4
([18]). [Arzela–Ascoli Theorem] Let we say M is a compact operator if it is uniformly bounded and equicontinuous.
Lemma 5
([18]). Let E be a Banach space. Assume that is a completely continuous operator and that the set
is bounded, then T has a fixed point in E.
Lemma 6
([18]). Let E be a Banach space. Assume that Ω is an open bounded subset of E with and let be a completely continuous operator such that
then T has a fixed point in , where θ is a fixed point.
Lemma 7.
Letis a nonnegative integer,then the solution of the fractional differential equations
has the solution
where
3. Main Results
In this section, the existence of positive solutions for the four-point impulsive fractional differential Equation (3) with p-Laplacian operators is proven.
We set
Define the operator as
where
and
Using Lemma 7 with , problem (3) reduces to a fixed-point problem . Thus, fractional differential Equation (3) has a solution if and only if the operator T has a fixed point.
Theorem 1.
The operatoris completely continuous.
Proof.
It is clear that T is continuous by the continuity of Let be bounded. Afterward, there exist positive constants such that Thus, set we find
and
Therefore,
Since there exists a positive constant such that which implies that the operator T is uniformly bounded.
However, for any we find
Thus, for we have
which implies that T is equicontinuous on all Therefore, by Lemma 4, the operator T is completely continuous. □
Theorem 2.
Assume that there exist positive constantssuch thatthe fractional differential Equation (3) has a solution.
Proof.
First, we prove that
is bounded. Let and then For any we find
which illustrates that
For any the set B is bounded. Hence, by Lemma 5, the fractional differential Equation (3) has a solution. □
Theorem 3.
Proof.
Since and therefore, there exists a constant such that and for
Hence, it follows that Thus, by Lemma 6, the operator T has one fixed point. Thus, the fractional differential Equation (3) has a solution □
Theorem 4.
There exist positive constantssuch that
for and If
then the fractional differential Equation (3) has a unique solution.
Proof.
For we obtain
Consequently, we find Hence, T is a contraction. Accordingly, the conjecture of the theorem follows by Lemma 3. This completes the proof. □
4. Example
In this section, three examples are given to prove our conclusions.
Example 1.
Consider the following impulsive fractional differential equation
where
Clearly,andand the condition of Theorem 2 holds. Hence, by Theorem 2, the fractional differential Equation (11) has at least one solution.
Example 2.
Consider the following impulsive fractional differential equation
where
Clearly, the condition of Theorem 3 holds, and we can find that the fractional differential Equation (10) has a solution.
Example 3.
Consider the following impulsive fractional differential equation
where
Clearly,
and we gain the condition of Theorem 4. Hence, by Theorem 4, the fractional differential Equation (11) has a unique solution.
5. Conclusions
In this paper, by using fixed-point theorems, the existence and uniqueness of positive solutions to a class of four-point impulsive fractional differential equations with p-Laplacian operators are studied. Three examples are provided at the end to sustain and validate the potentiality of all our acquired epilogs. As a result of our investigation into this research topic, our epilogs is novel. Besides, with the sustain of our novel epilogs in this work, further investigative tasks can be studied on this research topic. Our topic can be potentially enlarged in multiple domains of biology and engineering, such as physics, polymer rheology, biophysics, blood flow phenomena, electrical circuits, biology, and control theory.
Author Contributions
Supervision, W.H. and Y.Y.; Writing—original draft, L.C.; Writing—review & editing, Y.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This work is partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12161079,12126427) and the Foundation of XZIT(XKY2020102).
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
- Liu, L.; Li, H.; Liu, C.; Wu, Y. Existence and uniqueness of positive solutions for singular fractional differential systems with coupled integral boundary conditions. J. Nonlinear Sci. Appl. 2017, 10, 243–262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
- Sun, J.X. Nonlinear Functional Analysis and Its Application; Science Press: Beijing, China, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, L.; Ahmad, B.; Wang, G.; Agarwal, R.P. Nonlinear fractional integro-differential equations on unbounded domains in a Banach space. J. Comput. Appl. Math. 2013, 249, 51–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
- Kamache, F.; Guefaifia, R.; Boulaaras, S.; Alharbi, A. Existence of weak solutions for a new class of fractional p-Laplacian boundary value systems. Mathematics 2020, 8, 475. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
- Rezapour, S.; Abbas, M.I.; Etemad, S.; Dien, N.M. On a multi-point p-Laplacian fractional differential equation with generalized fractional derivatives. Math. Probl. Eng. 2022, 3, 6–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
- Baleanu, D.; Etemad, S.; Mohammadi, H.; Rezapour, S. A novel modeling of boundary value problems on the Glucose graph. Commun. Nonlinear Sci. 2021, 100, 105844. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
- Baleanu, D.; Jajarmi, A.; Mohammadi, H.; Rezapour, S. A new study on the mathematical modeling of human liver with Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative. Chaos Solitons Fract. 2020, 134, 109705. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
- Lakshmikantham, V. Theory of Impulsive Differential Equations. Aequ. Math. 1989. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
- Mohammadi, H.; Kumar, S.; Rezapour, S.; Etemad, S. A theoretical study of the Caputo-Fabrizio fractional modeling for hearing loss due to Mumps virus with optimal control. Chaos Solitons Fract. 2021, 144, 110668. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
- Sun, W.; Su, Y.; Sun, A.; Zhu, Q. Existence and simulation of positive solutions for m-point fractional differential equations with derivative terms. Open. Math. 2021, 19, 1820–1846. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
- Sun, A.; Su, Y.; Yuan, Q.; Li, T. Existence of solutions to fractional differential equations with fractional-order derivative terms. Comput. Appl. Anal. 2021, 11, 486–520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
- Xi, Y.; Zhang, X.; Su, Y. Uniqueness results of fuzzy fractional differential equations under krasnoselskii-krein conditions. Dyn. Syst. Appl. 2021, 30, 1792–1801. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
- Zhang, X.; Su, Y.; Kong, Y. Positive solutions for boundary value problem of fractional differential equation in banach spaces. Dyn. Syst. Appl. 2021, 30, 1449–1461. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
- Liu, Z.; Lu, L.; Szant, I. Existence of solutions for fractional impulsive differential equations with p-Laplacian operator. Acta Math. Hung. 2013, 141, 203–219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
- Wang, G.; Ahmad, B.; Zhang, L. New existence results for nonlinear impulsive integro-differential equations of fractional order with nonlocal boundary conditions. Nonlinear Stud. 2013, 20, 119–130. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, G.; Ahmad, B.; Zhang, L. Some existence results for impulsive nonlinear fractional differential equations with mixed boundary conditions. Comput. Math. Appl. 2011, 62, 1389–1397. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
- Wu, Y.; Tahar, B.; Rahmoune, A.; Yang, L. The existence and multiplicity of homoclinic solutions for a fractional discrete p-Laplacian equation. Mathematics 2022, 10, 1400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
- Fen, F.T.; Karaca, I.Y. Nonlinear four-point impulsive fractional differential equations with p-Laplacian operator. Discontinuity Nonlinearity Complex. 2015, 11, 467–486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
- Karaca, I.Y.; Tokmak, F. Existence of solutions for nonlinear impulsive fractional differential equations with p-Laplacian operator. Math. Probl. Eng. 2014, 2014, 692703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
- Tian, Y.; Bai, Z. Existence results for the three-point impulsive boundary value problem involving fractional differential equations. Comput. Math. Appl. 2010, 59, 2601–2609. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
- Shahram, R.; Mohammed, S.S.; Sina, E. On the fractional variable order thermostat model: Existence theory on cones via piece-wise constant functions. J. Funct. Space 2022, 11, 8053620. [Google Scholar]
- Chai, G.O. Positive solutions for boundary value problem of fractional differential equation with p-Laplacian operator. Bound. Value. Probl. 2012, 18–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
- Liu, X.; Jia, M. The positive solutions for integral boundary value problem of fractional p-Laplacian equation with mixed derivatives. Mediter. J. Math. 2017, 14, 94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
- Li, Y.; Yang, H. Existence of positive solutions for nonlinear four-point Caputo fractional differential equation with p-Laplacian. Bound. Value Probl. 2017, 2017, 1–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
- Sheng, K.; Zhang, W.; Bai, Z. Positive solutions to fractional boundary-value problems with p-Laplacian on time scales. Bound. Value Probl. 2018, 2018, 70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
- Wang, J.; Xiang, H.; Liu, Z. Positive solutions for three-point boundary value problems of nonlinear fractional differential equations with p-Laplacian. Int. J. Math. Comput. Sci. 2009, 37, 33–47. [Google Scholar]
- Goodrich, C.S.; Ragusa, M.A.; Scapellato, A. Partial regularity of solutions to p-Laplacian PDEs with discontinuous coefficients. J. Differ. Equ. 2020, 268, 5440–5468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Scilit]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).