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Volume 14
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10.3390/plants14162471
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

A Tradeoff Between the Escape from N′-Mediated Resistance and Virulence in Pepper Mild Mottle Virus Through Reduced Virus Accumulation

by
Hamdayanty
1,2,
Kengo Idehara
3,
Ken-Taro Sekine
4,†,
Go Atsumi
4,‡,
Reiko Sekine
4,§,
Chika Tateda
4,‖,
Takashi Yaeno
1,3,
Hidetaka Kaya
1,3 and
Kappei Kobayashi
1,3,*
1
The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Ehime, Japan
2
Department of Plant Pest and Disease, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
3
Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Ehime, Japan
4
Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami 024-0003, Iwate, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Present address: Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara 903-0213, Okinawa, Japan.
‡
Present address: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Sapporo 062-8517, Hokkaido, Japan.
§
Present address: Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara 903-0213, Okinawa, Japan.
‖
Present address: Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Iwate, Japan.
Plants 2025, 14(16), 2471; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14162471 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 22 June 2025 / Revised: 7 August 2025 / Accepted: 7 August 2025 / Published: 9 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Protection and Biotic Interactions)
Versions Notes

Abstract

N′ resistance is intrinsically broken by tobacco mosaic virus but is still effective against pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), including those breaking L resistance in peppers. To evaluate the durability of N′ resistance to PMMoV, we performed random mutagenesis of the coat protein (CP) gene of PMMoV. We isolated 11 CP mutants with two to six amino acid changes that escaped the N′-mediated resistance response in Nicotiana sylvestris. Some mutants and their derivatives, which had minimal mutations to escape N′-mediated resistance, exhibited reduced accumulation in inoculated leaves and loss of systemic infectivity in a susceptible pepper (Capsicum annuum) cultivar, as determined by RT-PCR analysis. Although the mutant CPs also escaped recognition by L3 and L4 resistance proteins from pepper in transient expression assays, the loss of systemic infectivity suggests that the mutants are unlikely to overcome L-mediated resistance. In Nicotiana benthamiana, a highly susceptible systemic host of PMMoV, ELISA and RT-qPCR indicated that the mutants consistently infected the host systemically, albeit with attenuated virulence and reduced virus accumulation, especially in younger leaves. The results collectively suggest that the reduced virus accumulation enabled the mutant PMMoV to escape N′-mediated resistance, and as a trade-off, compromised its virulence. The results also suggest that PMMoV CP modulates the systemic symptoms.
Keywords: coat protein; N′; mutagenesis; pepper mild mottle virus; resistance; tradeoff; virulence coat protein; N′; mutagenesis; pepper mild mottle virus; resistance; tradeoff; virulence

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MDPI and ACS Style

Hamdayanty; Idehara, K.; Sekine, K.-T.; Atsumi, G.; Sekine, R.; Tateda, C.; Yaeno, T.; Kaya, H.; Kobayashi, K. A Tradeoff Between the Escape from N′-Mediated Resistance and Virulence in Pepper Mild Mottle Virus Through Reduced Virus Accumulation. Plants 2025, 14, 2471. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14162471

AMA Style

Hamdayanty, Idehara K, Sekine K-T, Atsumi G, Sekine R, Tateda C, Yaeno T, Kaya H, Kobayashi K. A Tradeoff Between the Escape from N′-Mediated Resistance and Virulence in Pepper Mild Mottle Virus Through Reduced Virus Accumulation. Plants. 2025; 14(16):2471. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14162471

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hamdayanty, Kengo Idehara, Ken-Taro Sekine, Go Atsumi, Reiko Sekine, Chika Tateda, Takashi Yaeno, Hidetaka Kaya, and Kappei Kobayashi. 2025. "A Tradeoff Between the Escape from N′-Mediated Resistance and Virulence in Pepper Mild Mottle Virus Through Reduced Virus Accumulation" Plants 14, no. 16: 2471. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14162471

APA Style

Hamdayanty, Idehara, K., Sekine, K.-T., Atsumi, G., Sekine, R., Tateda, C., Yaeno, T., Kaya, H., & Kobayashi, K. (2025). A Tradeoff Between the Escape from N′-Mediated Resistance and Virulence in Pepper Mild Mottle Virus Through Reduced Virus Accumulation. Plants, 14(16), 2471. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14162471

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