Biology

18 pages, 221265 KB

Open AccessArticle

ESR2 Regulates Granulosa Cell Proliferation and Steroidogenesis via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Wuding Chickens

by Chen Li, Wei Zhu, Xinyu Ma, Xinyang Fan, Fu Ha and Yongwang Miao

Biology 2026, 15(4), 370; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040370 - 22 Feb 2026

Viewed by 460

Abstract

The Wuding chicken, a renowned indigenous breed in Yunnan Province, is prized for its superior meat quality; however, its economic potential is limited by pronounced broodiness and suboptimal egg production. Central to alleviating these constraints is the precise regulation of ovarian granulosa cell [...] Read more.

The Wuding chicken, a renowned indigenous breed in Yunnan Province, is prized for its superior meat quality; however, its economic potential is limited by pronounced broodiness and suboptimal egg production. Central to alleviating these constraints is the precise regulation of ovarian granulosa cell (GC) proliferation and steroidogenic processes that dictate follicular development and laying performance. While Estrogen Receptor 2 (ESR2) is a known transcription factor implicated in follicular maturation, its spatiotemporal dynamics within the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis and its specific regulatory mechanisms in Wuding chicken remain elusive. This study characterizes ESR2 expression across the HPO axis during the laying and broody periods and functionally validates its role in GCs. We observed that ESR2 expression was significantly higher throughout the HPO axis during the laying period compared to the broody period, with the most pronounced differential expression occurring in the ovary. Notably, subcellular localization analysis revealed that ESR2 is distributed in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm, indicating involvement in both nuclear transcriptional regulation and cytoplasmic signaling. Functional assays demonstrated that ESR2 modulates the expression of genes associated with GC proliferation, steroidogenesis, and apoptosis, involving the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Our findings indicate that this process involves a synergistic interplay between genomic and potential non-genomic actions. Specifically, ESR2 overexpression upregulates the expression of key signaling components and steroidogenic genes, including CYP19A1, STAR, PTGS2, and FSHR, while its cytoplasmic localization suggests a role in non‑genomic interactions. Together, these coordinated mechanisms synergistically maintain GC functional homeostasis. Collectively, these results prove that ESR2 plays an important role in regulating GC homeostasis and follicular development through genomic and non-genomic modes of action. These findings provide a molecular basis for the role of ESR2 in avian follicular development and offer potential targets for improving the reproductive efficiency of Wuding chickens. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 8842 KB

Open AccessArticle

Zoning of Integrated Quality Regions for Alpinia officinarum Hance Based on a Multi-Model Evaluation System

by Heng Jiang, Bin Huang, Tao Li, Ying Liu, Shuang Zhang, Quan Yang and Kunhua Wei

Biology 2026, 15(4), 369; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040369 - 22 Feb 2026

Viewed by 424

Abstract

Understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of medicinal plant distributions and their quality responses under climate change is essential for formulating forward-looking conservation and utilization strategies. In response to the increasing depletion of wild resources of Alpinia officinarum Hance, one of the ‘Ten Major Guangdong [...] Read more.

Understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of medicinal plant distributions and their quality responses under climate change is essential for formulating forward-looking conservation and utilization strategies. In response to the increasing depletion of wild resources of Alpinia officinarum Hance, one of the ‘Ten Major Guangdong Medicinal Materials’, this study developed an integrated modeling platform incorporating nine algorithms. These included generalized linear models, machine learning techniques, and a MaxEnt model optimized using ENMeval (Regularization Multiplier (RM) = 3, Feature Class (FC) = LQH). The platform was applied to simulate habitat suitability evolution under current climatic conditions (1970–2000) and for two future periods (2050s: 2041–2060; 2090s: 2081–2100) across four Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP126, SSP245, SSP370, and SSP585). Furthermore, Co-kriging interpolation was coupled to conduct a comprehensive quality zoning based on the dual “ecological-chemical” dimension. Analysis of key environmental factors revealed that the distribution of A. officinarum is primarily constrained by hydrothermal conditions, with a suitable annual temperature ranges from 19.96 to 29.05 °C and a dry-season precipitation requirement between 56.64 and 185.65 mm. Model projections indicate that future warming does not promote habitat expansion; instead, it drives a latitudinal shift in the suitability centroid toward lower latitudes. The cumulative effects of different emission pathways vary markedly: the high-emission scenario (SSP585) triggers severe habitat contraction by the 2090s, while habitat loss under the SSP370 scenario remains relatively manageable. By overlaying the spatially heterogeneous distribution of galangin, this study delineated southeastern Yunnan, southeastern Guangxi, southwestern Guangdong, and northern Hainan as core “integrated quality regions”. These findings not only reveal the sensitivity and vulnerability of A. officinarum Hance to climate change but also provide spatially explicit guidance for in situ germplasm conservation and the selection of high-quality cultivation bases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition: Conservation and Evolution of Wildlife in the Context of Climate Change and Human Population Growth)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 41388 KB

Open AccessArticle

Isolation, Identification, and Management Strategies for the Root Rot Pathogen of Cardamine violifolia

by Shaobing Gao, Wei Yang, Wenqin Bai, Yixuan Niu, Yalan Qiao, Yuchun Dai, Yutong Si, Xin Liu, Jie Xiang, Zhiwu Pei, Aimin Liang, Yuehua Xiao, Xin Cong and Jianyan Zeng

Biology 2026, 15(4), 368; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040368 - 22 Feb 2026

Viewed by 468

Abstract

Root rot disease severely impacts the yield of Cardamine violifolia, a selenium-enriched cruciferous vegetable. However, the causal pathogens and effective control strategies of this disease remain poorly characterized. This study systematically isolated and identified three key pathogens from diseased tissues in the [...] Read more.

Root rot disease severely impacts the yield of Cardamine violifolia, a selenium-enriched cruciferous vegetable. However, the causal pathogens and effective control strategies of this disease remain poorly characterized. This study systematically isolated and identified three key pathogens from diseased tissues in the Enshi region: Aspergillus costaricensis, Mucor circinelloides cf. lusitanicus, and Fusarium pernambucanum. Morphological characterization, phylogenetic analysis, and pathogenicity testing were conducted. Candidate fungicides were screened using plate inhibition assays, and combinations were optimized and validated through soil drenching experiments. While propiconazole showed broad-spectrum activity, its efficacy against Aspergillus and Mucor was suboptimal. A novel ternary compound fungicide, T10, combining propiconazole, hymexazol, and difenoconazole, demonstrated significantly enhanced potency with EC₅₀ values of 7.313, 12.2983, and 0.1781 mg/L against the three pathogens, representing reductions of 66.0%, 77.7%, and 92.1% compared to the most effective single application of propiconazole. At 10 mg/L, T10 increased inhibition rates by 62.62%, 77.53%, and 20.85% against the three pathogens, respectively, compared to propiconazole alone. Propidium iodide (PI) staining revealed increased cell membrane permeability in T10-treated pathogens, suggesting that membrane damage may contribute to its antifungal effect. This study provides a robust scientific basis for sustainable disease management of this high-value selenium-enriched vegetable crop. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Potential of Genetics and Plant Breeding in Crop Improvement)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 625 KB

Open AccessReview

Beyond BMI: Nutritional Recovery and Functional Implications of CFTR Modulators in Cystic Fibrosis

by Giovanna Linguiti, Vanja Granberg, Giuseppina Leonetti, Giuseppe Lassandro, Marisa Lassandro, Maurizio Delvecchio and Paola Giordano

Biology 2026, 15(4), 367; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040367 - 22 Feb 2026

Viewed by 509

Abstract

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a multisystem genetic disorder in which malnutrition has historically been a major determinant of disease severity. The advent of CFTR modulators has significantly altered the nutritional and functional profile of CF patients. This systematic review, conducted following PRISMA guidelines [...] Read more.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a multisystem genetic disorder in which malnutrition has historically been a major determinant of disease severity. The advent of CFTR modulators has significantly altered the nutritional and functional profile of CF patients. This systematic review, conducted following PRISMA guidelines and registered on PROSPERO, summarizes studies published from 2012 to 2025 that evaluated the impact of CFTR modulators on nutritional status, body composition, and respiratory function, with a particular focus on the relationship between BMI changes and FEV₁. Seventeen studies including both pediatric and adult populations were identified and analyzed. All studies reported significant increases in BMI following modulator therapy, ranging from +0.9 to +1.6 kg/m² after 6–12 months of elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor (ETI), accompanied by improvements in FEV₁ of 7–13 percentage points. Weight gain was primarily due to increases in fat mass (60–75%). Improvements in albumin, prealbumin, and vitamin levels, along with reductions in C-reactive protein (CRP) and fecal calprotectin, reflected systemic metabolic recovery. However, a marked increase in overweight and obesity (up to 40%), together with increased visceral adiposity, has also been observed. Overall, CFTR modulators result in significant nutritional and functional improvements, highlighting the need for strategies that prioritize overall metabolic health rather than weight gain alone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Biology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 3286 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microbial Differences in Rhizospheric and Ednophytic Microbiota in Healthy Chinese Yam Roots and Those Affected by Yam End Black Disease

by Yuwei Liu, Fanli Zeng, Zhimin Hao, Jia Li, Shipeng Han, Minggang Han, Chaoyang Feng, Jingao Dong and Yunzhuan He

Biology 2026, 15(4), 366; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040366 - 22 Feb 2026

Viewed by 418

Abstract

Yam end black disease (YEBD) is a devastating soil-borne disease that severely compromises the yield of Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita Thunb.). Despite its agricultural importance, the etiological agents and molecular mechanisms underlying YEBD remain poorly understood. In this study, we employed an [...] Read more.

Yam end black disease (YEBD) is a devastating soil-borne disease that severely compromises the yield of Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita Thunb.). Despite its agricultural importance, the etiological agents and molecular mechanisms underlying YEBD remain poorly understood. In this study, we employed an integrated multi-omics approach, combining transcriptomics and microbiome analysis, to dissect the host responses and microbial shifts associated with YEBD. De novo transcriptome assembly revealed significant enrichment of differentially expressed genes involved in polyamine metabolism and hormone signaling pathways. Microbiome profiling identified a substantial increase in nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in diseased samples, which correlated negatively with the beneficial fungus Cladosporium. Bacterial community analysis showed an increase in Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes and a decrease in Actinobacteria and Firmicutes in YEBD-affected roots. Notably, the rhizosphere microbiome was less affected than the endophytic community, suggesting that internal microbial dysbiosis plays a critical role in disease progression. These findings provide new insights into the interactions among yam, nematodes, and microbes, offering potential strategies for biocontrol and disease management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Control and Molecular Biology of Bacterial Plant Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 4950 KB

Open AccessReview

Benefits of Sea Cucumber Viscera on Gut Microbiota and Their Implications for Health

by Hao Zhong, Huange Zhang, Weiming Liu, Muhammad Hussain, Hui Chen and Pengbo Cui

Biology 2026, 15(4), 365; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040365 - 22 Feb 2026

Viewed by 695

Abstract

Sea cucumber viscera, the primary by-product of processing, are generated in increasing quantities annually, leading to significant environmental pollution and resource wastage. Nevertheless, they are rich in nutrients and possess diverse bioactivities. This review provides a detailed elucidation of the bioactive components found [...] Read more.

Sea cucumber viscera, the primary by-product of processing, are generated in increasing quantities annually, leading to significant environmental pollution and resource wastage. Nevertheless, they are rich in nutrients and possess diverse bioactivities. This review provides a detailed elucidation of the bioactive components found in sea cucumber viscera, such as peptides, sulfated polysaccharides, saponins, and lipids. It further elaborates on how these visceral bioactives reshape the gut microbial ecosystem—notably by increasing the abundance of beneficial genera, such as Akkermansia, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium, and promoting the production of beneficial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids and indole derivatives. Through these mechanisms, the components demonstrate potential, either directly or indirectly, to improve glucose and lipid metabolic disorders, enhance immune function, alleviate inflammation-related diseases, exert anti-aging effects, and reduce uric acid levels. However, the molecular mechanisms through which individually extracted bioactive components from sea cucumber viscera exert their health benefits by modulating the gut microecology in animal models or clinical trials remain to be fully elucidated. This review aims to offer a scientific foundation for the high-value application of sea cucumber viscera. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiome in Health and Disease (3rd Edition))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

32 pages, 1475 KB

Open AccessReview

The Neuro–Bone Axis in Metastatic Progression: Innervation, Neuro-Immune–Osteoclast Crosstalk, and Therapeutic Opportunities

by Mohamad Bakir, Alhomam Dabaliz, Mohammed Raddaoui, Hala Fatash, Nourhan Elsaadany, Wael AlKattan and Khalid Said Mohammad

Biology 2026, 15(4), 364; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040364 - 21 Feb 2026

Viewed by 814

Abstract

Bone metastases represent a major cause of morbidity in advanced cancers, yet the neural regulation of metastatic growth within bone remains largely unexplored. The skeletal system is richly innervated by sensory and sympathetic nerve fibers that influence bone remodeling, hematopoiesis, and immune surveillance. [...] Read more.

Bone metastases represent a major cause of morbidity in advanced cancers, yet the neural regulation of metastatic growth within bone remains largely unexplored. The skeletal system is richly innervated by sensory and sympathetic nerve fibers that influence bone remodeling, hematopoiesis, and immune surveillance. Emerging evidence suggests that disseminated tumor cells exploit these neural circuits to create a growth-permissive microenvironment. Tumor-secreted neurotrophic factors can induce nerve sprouting, while sympathetic activation via β-adrenergic receptors promotes osteoclastogenesis, immunosuppression, and tumor proliferation. Neuropeptides such as substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide exert dual effects on bone cells and infiltrating immune populations, further shaping the metastatic niche. The interplay between neural signals, osteolytic activity, and immune modulation positions the neuro–bone axis as a critical but underappreciated driver of metastatic progression. In this review, we synthesize current evidence on the anatomy and function of bone innervation, tumor-induced neural remodeling, and neuro–immune–osteoclast interactions. We highlight preclinical and clinical data supporting neuromodulatory strategies, including β-blockers, neurotrophin inhibitors, and targeted nerve ablation, as potential adjuncts to standard bone metastasis therapies. Finally, we identify key knowledge gaps, including the need for spatial and functional mapping of nerve–tumor interfaces and for integrating neuroimaging into bone metastasis detection. By framing the neuro–bone axis as a therapeutic target, we aim to catalyze interdisciplinary research that bridges oncology, neuroscience, and bone biology, with the goal of disrupting neural support for metastatic growth Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms of Bone Metastasis in Cancer)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 2261 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Eye Traits and Visual Resolution Among Three Hatchery-Bred Giant Clams (Tridacna crocea, T. squamosa, T. maxima)

by Wanjie Liu, Jun Li, Zhen Zhao, Jinkuan Wei, Jingyue Huang, Qisheng Zheng, Yanping Qin, Haitao Ma, Ziniu Yu, Ying Pan and Yuehuan Zhang

Biology 2026, 15(4), 363; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040363 - 21 Feb 2026

Viewed by 426

Abstract

Bivalves possess a diverse array of photoreceptive organs that are significant for their evolutionary success and systematic classification. Giant clams are the largest bivalve mollusks, with mantle tissue permanently extended in nature to maintain symbiosis with zooxanthellae and perceive environmental cues. Eyes serve [...] Read more.

Bivalves possess a diverse array of photoreceptive organs that are significant for their evolutionary success and systematic classification. Giant clams are the largest bivalve mollusks, with mantle tissue permanently extended in nature to maintain symbiosis with zooxanthellae and perceive environmental cues. Eyes serve as critical sensory organs for these organisms, yet the structural and functional characteristics of tridacnine eyes remain inadequately understood. This study systematically investigated the ocular traits and visual resolution of three ecologically distinct giant clam species (Tridacna crocea, T. squamosa, T. maxima) using morphometric analysis, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and grating stimulation assays. Significant interspecific differences were observed in eye count, diameter, and pupil-to-eye ratio (PER): T. maxima exhibited the highest mean eye count (221 ± 8), T. squamosa the largest mean eye diameter (0.490 ± 0.082 mm), and T. crocea the highest mean PER (0.363 ± 0.041). Eyes were numerically symmetric on the left and right mantles but positionally asymmetric, showing random distribution patterns along the mantle margin without fixed corresponding locations across species. All three species possessed typical pinhole eyes lacking lenses and retinas, primarily composed of filler cells, receptor cells, and sparse neurons, with symbiotic zooxanthellae distributed in the surrounding mantle tissue. Grating stimulation assays revealed resolvable stripe periods of 5.82–11.64° (T. crocea), 8.62–13.16° (T. squamosa), and 10.15–12.26° (T. maxima), confirming T. crocea as the species with the highest visual resolution. These ocular variations are inferred to reflect adaptive evolution driven by ecological niches and habitat-specific factors (water depth or light intensity), while the simplified pinhole morphology is consistent with their sedentary lifestyle and metabolic dependence on symbiotic zooxanthellae. These ocular variations provide potential morphological markers for the systematic classification of Tridacninae and offer valuable insights for researchers studying the evolutionary plasticity of bivalve visual systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Behavioural Biology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 4936 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Proinflammatory Psoriatic Microenvironment Has Early Effects on Keratinocyte Proliferation/Differentiation and Induces Ferroptosis in HaCaT Cells

by Federica Riva, Elena Gammella, Margherita Correnti, Davide Daluiso, Francesca Prignano, Stefania Recalcati and Elena Donetti

Biology 2026, 15(4), 362; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040362 - 21 Feb 2026

Viewed by 583

Abstract

Background: The interaction between keratinocytes and proinflammatory cytokines is essential in the development of psoriatic lesions. The synergism among these cytokines and their involvement in ferroptosis are not yet elucidated. This study aimed at evaluating the early impact of a complete proinflammatory [...] Read more.

Background: The interaction between keratinocytes and proinflammatory cytokines is essential in the development of psoriatic lesions. The synergism among these cytokines and their involvement in ferroptosis are not yet elucidated. This study aimed at evaluating the early impact of a complete proinflammatory microenvironment on keratinocyte differentiation, intercellular adhesion, proliferation, and induction of ferroptosis. Methods: HaCaT cells were differentiated with 1.8 mM CaCl₂ and treated with a cytokine combination (MIX) containing IL-17A, IL-22, IL-23, and TNF-alpha for 24 and 48 h. Claudin 1 (CLDN-1), Zonula Occludens 1 (ZO-1), and keratins (K)10/K14 expression was analyzed by immunofluorescence and immunoblot analysis, paralleled by proliferation and ultrastructural analysis. Ferroptosis was induced with erastin and RSL3 and evaluated by testing glutathione (GSH)/glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) protein expression, GSH levels, cell availability/toxicity, intracellular iron and ATP levels. Results: After MIX incubation at T48, CLDN-1 and ZO-1 immunofluorescences were reduced in HaCaT cells, while K10 and K14 were unaffected. The proliferative activity was reduced. Psoriatic-like MIX triggered the ferroptotic pathway, as shown by the increase in intracellular iron levels as well as by the reduction in GPX4 protein expression, the decrease in GSH levels, cell availability, and ATP levels. Conclusions: This experimental model mimics the early pathogenetic processes underlying psoriatic plaque formation/progression paving the way for new therapeutic strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ferroptosis: Mechanisms and Human Disease)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 2529 KB

Open AccessArticle

Insight into Genome-Wide Associations of Growth Trajectories Using a Hierarchical Non-Linear Mixed Model

by Ying Zhang, Li’ang Yang, Weiguo Cui and Runqing Yang

Biology 2026, 15(4), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040361 - 20 Feb 2026

Viewed by 407

Abstract

In applying a hierarchical mixed model to genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) of longitudinal data, dimensionality reduction through modeling repeated measurements improves both computational efficiency and statistical power. Legendre polynomials can flexibly fit population growth trajectories, but higher orders substantially increase computational complexity. Instead [...] Read more.

In applying a hierarchical mixed model to genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) of longitudinal data, dimensionality reduction through modeling repeated measurements improves both computational efficiency and statistical power. Legendre polynomials can flexibly fit population growth trajectories, but higher orders substantially increase computational complexity. Instead of using Legendre polynomials, we first estimated fewer individual-specific parameters using biologically meaningful non-linear models and then associated these phenotypic regressions with genetic markers using a multivariate linear mixed model (mvLMM). After performing a canonical transformation of the regressions based on the pre-estimated covariance matrices under the null genomic mvLMM, we decomposed the mvLMM into mutually independent univariate models and incorporated EMMAX to enable rapid genome-wide mixed-model associations for each transformed phenotype. Simulations for longitudinal association analysis in maize and GWAS for the growth trajectories of body weights in mice demonstrated the advantages of hierarchical non-linear mixed models in computing efficiency and statistical power for detecting quantitative trait loci (QTL), compared with mvLMM for multiple growth points and the hierarchical random regression model using Legendre polynomials as sub-models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bioinformatics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 4518 KB

Open AccessArticle

Olfactory Disruption Restructures Collective Behavior and Increases Cohesive Group Dynamics

by Kaihang Chen, Zoe Shteyn, Thomas Ring, Devashish Pande and Joshua Neunuebel

Biology 2026, 15(4), 360; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040360 - 20 Feb 2026

Viewed by 921

Abstract

Olfaction plays a central role in mammalian social behavior, yet its contribution to group coordination remains poorly understood. Here, we show that olfactory impairment in adult C57BL/6J mice (Mus musculus) leads to the spontaneous emergence of structured group behavior not observed [...] Read more.

Olfaction plays a central role in mammalian social behavior, yet its contribution to group coordination remains poorly understood. Here, we show that olfactory impairment in adult C57BL/6J mice (Mus musculus) leads to the spontaneous emergence of structured group behavior not observed in controls. Mice with disrupted olfactory input consistently engaged in close-contact interactions that increased over time. We quantified these events and found that aggregation occurred significantly more often than expected by chance, with olfaction-impaired mice exhibiting coordinated dyadic, triadic, and quartet configurations that were spatially enriched, temporally stable, and showed consistent patterns of progression between the states. Unsupervised behavioral modeling revealed that these formations were preceded by structured approach and stationing behaviors. Our findings suggest that olfactory input is a key contributor to maintaining typical social dynamics, and that its absence may lead to altered patterns of group interaction potentially driven by reduced sensory input. This work positions olfaction as a key scaffold for social structure and offers a novel framework for understanding how animals adapt to sensory loss in complex group settings. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 3385 KB

Open AccessArticle

Community Structure and Soil Environmental Drivers of Rhizosphere and Root Endophytic Microbiota of Polygonum divaricatum in a Temperate Grassland

by Yubo Ren, Bo Zhang, Hui Jin, Xiaoyan Yang, Zhongxiang Xu, Yue Yuan, Cuiping Hua, Zuhua Yan and Bo Qin

Biology 2026, 15(4), 359; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040359 - 20 Feb 2026

Viewed by 438

Abstract

Understanding the ecological drivers of plant-associated microbiota is essential for predicting grassland ecosystem resilience. This study aimed to characterize the community structure, functional potential, and soil environmental drivers of rhizosphere and root endophytic microbiota associated with Polygonum divaricatum across three Hulunbuir Grassland sites. [...] Read more.

Understanding the ecological drivers of plant-associated microbiota is essential for predicting grassland ecosystem resilience. This study aimed to characterize the community structure, functional potential, and soil environmental drivers of rhizosphere and root endophytic microbiota associated with Polygonum divaricatum across three Hulunbuir Grassland sites. A nested sampling design was applied with three replicated plots per site, from which paired rhizosphere soil and root samples were collected. Each sample represented a composite of 15 plants, yielding six samples per site (total n = 18) and allowing the separation of compartmental and environmental effects on community assembly. P. divaricatum plays a key role in nutrient cycling and soil stability; however, its rhizosphere and root microbiomes remain poorly characterized. Fungal diversity was consistently higher in the root endosphere, whereas bacterial diversity was greater in rhizosphere soils. Fungal assemblages were dominated by Ascomycota and Mortierellomycota, primarily represented by Mortierella and Trichoderma, while bacterial communities were dominated by Actinomycetota and Pseudomonadota, enriched in Bradyrhizobium and Pseudonocardia. Community differentiation reflected strong compartmental filtering and responses to soil pH, organic carbon, nitrogen, and enzyme activities. Functional prediction indicated clear compartmental partitioning: in the rhizosphere, bacterial communities were enriched in pathways related to carbon and nitrogen metabolism and secondary metabolite biosynthesis, whereas in the root endosphere, functional profiles were more associated with transport, uptake, and fermentation; fungal communities were dominated by saprotrophic and symbiotrophic guilds. These findings demonstrate that soil biochemical gradients and host-driven filtering jointly structure the P. divaricatum microbiome, providing ecological insights into plant–microbe–soil interactions and the maintenance of grassland ecosystem stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Research on Natural Bioactive Product-Based Pesticidal Agents—2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 4800 KB

Open AccessArticle

Landscape Features Shape Maternal Genetic Structure of Asian Elephants in Thailand: Insights from mtDNA

by Supansa Rerkdee, Worapong Singchat, Thitipong Panthum, Trifan Budi, Warong Suksavate, Pannita Neepai, Aingorn Chaiyes, Thiti Sornsa, Wichanon Saenphala, Boripat Siriaroonrat, Kornsorn Srikulnath and Prateep Duengkae

Biology 2026, 15(4), 358; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040358 - 20 Feb 2026

Viewed by 704

Abstract

Landscape features often shape maternal genetic structure by influencing connectivity. In this study, habitat fragmentation, a major threat to the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), was assessed through an integrated approach involving mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), habitat-suitability modeling, and circuit-based landscape-resistance analyses. Two [...] Read more.

Landscape features often shape maternal genetic structure by influencing connectivity. In this study, habitat fragmentation, a major threat to the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), was assessed through an integrated approach involving mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), habitat-suitability modeling, and circuit-based landscape-resistance analyses. Two regions from Thailand, Phu Khieo (PK) and Khao Ang Rue Nai (ARN) Wildlife Sanctuaries, were investigated. Fourteen mtDNA haplotypes were identified among 66 samples, with relatively high diversity and population expansion in PK. Maternal genetic differentiation was identified between the PK and ARN groups. Environmental variables, such as urbanization and road proximity in ARN and topographic wetness and stream distance in PK, were associated with genetic distances, suggesting these features restricted female-mediated connectivity. Fine-scale spatial analysis revealed significant local genetic structure only in PK, whereas no autocorrelation was detected in ARN, suggesting potential impacts of fragmentation. Genetic landscape surfaces illustrated spatial heterogeneity, pinpointing isolation zones near high anthropogenic disturbance. These findings demonstrate that broad-scale models may overlook fine-scale patterns of maternal genetic isolation. Therefore, conservation strategies should incorporate spatially explicit analyses to identify and restore crucial movement corridors, particularly in fragmented regions like ARN, for promoting connectivity and population viability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Conservation Biology and Biodiversity)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 8853 KB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Serum-Anchored Computational Design Pipeline for a Broad-Spectrum Influenza Multi-Epitope mRNA Vaccine

by Lifang Yuan, Zhiyao Ouyang, Yifan Zhao, Rongjun Bi, Yanjing Wu, Xu Li, Yingrui Li, Jiaping Song, Wei Li, Mingchen Yan, Simin Wen, Huanle Luo, Tian Bai, Yuelong Shu and Yongkun Chen

Biology 2026, 15(4), 357; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040357 - 19 Feb 2026

Viewed by 661

Abstract

Influenza’s pandemic threat is driven by antigenic drift, which limits the efficacy of conventional vaccines. To address this challenge, we established a clinical serum-anchored computational design pipeline for a broad-spectrum multi-epitope mRNA vaccine (MEMV), bridging the gap between pure in silico design and [...] Read more.

Influenza’s pandemic threat is driven by antigenic drift, which limits the efficacy of conventional vaccines. To address this challenge, we established a clinical serum-anchored computational design pipeline for a broad-spectrum multi-epitope mRNA vaccine (MEMV), bridging the gap between pure in silico design and clinical applicability. Using 36 longitudinal sera (d0/d28/d365) from 12 well-characterized human cohorts (6 vaccine recipients and 6 influenza patients) and high-density antibody-peptide microarrays, we empirically identified 12 immunodominant B-cell linear epitopes from the nucleoprotein (NP) of influenza A (H1N1/H3N2) and B viruses. These experimentally validated epitopes were combined with in silico-predicted conserved helper T-lymphocyte (HTL)/cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes (from NP/HA/NA) to construct MEMVs candidates, ensuring high antigenicity, non-toxicity, and 95.63% global HLA coverage. Molecular docking and 100 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations confirmed favorable conformational compatibility between MEMVs and Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) in silico immunization via C-ImmSim predicted robust B/T-cell responses and protective cytokine (IFN-γ/IL-10) production. Collectively, this pipeline shortens the preliminary design cycle for influenza vaccines, provides a standard epitope-combination strategy, and offers direct targets for follow-up in vitro/in vivo experiments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Young Researchers in Immunology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

31 pages, 1163 KB

Open AccessReview

Overcoming Immunotherapy Resistance in Small-Cell Lung Cancer

by Matteo Canale, Fabrizia Suzzi, Alberto Verlicchi, Fabrizio Citarella, Angelo Delmonte and Paola Ulivi

Biology 2026, 15(4), 356; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040356 - 19 Feb 2026

Viewed by 761

Abstract

Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is the most lethal histologic subtype of lung cancer. It is characterized by rapid tumor growth and early metastatic dissemination, resulting in an extremely poor prognosis. The addition of immunotherapy to standard chemotherapy has led to a modest improvement [...] Read more.

Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is the most lethal histologic subtype of lung cancer. It is characterized by rapid tumor growth and early metastatic dissemination, resulting in an extremely poor prognosis. The addition of immunotherapy to standard chemotherapy has led to a modest improvement in survival for patients with extensive-stage disease. However, the overall clinical benefit remains limited due to both primary and acquired resistance to immunotherapy. Indeed, the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors is influenced by multiple factors, including tumor heterogeneity, an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and intrinsic molecular characteristics of the disease. In recent years, active research has been conducted to identify and therapeutically overcome resistance mechanisms to immunotherapy, and accumulating suggestive evidence is lighting the way for new strategies for clinical management of patients with SCLC. In this review article, we summarize and discuss the substantial obstacle to immunotherapy clinical efficacy, with a particular emphasis on the published and ongoing clinical trials that investigated the potential strategies to overcome mechanisms of resistance to immunotherapy. Moreover, we report and discuss the new therapeutic approaches tested, especially the use of antibody–drug conjugates, bi-specific antibodies, adoptive cell therapies and combination strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Insights into the Immune Contexture of Tumors)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 882 KB

Open AccessArticle

Retinol Binding Protein 4 Promotes Chondrocyte and Osteoclast Differentiation

by Adam Quincey, Subburaman Mohan and Bouchra Edderkaoui

Biology 2026, 15(4), 355; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040355 - 19 Feb 2026

Viewed by 539

Abstract

Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), an adipokine secreted by adipose tissues, has been implicated in metabolic inflammation and insulin resistance. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a recognized risk factor for osteoarthritis, with both conditions characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation, suggesting potential links between metabolic [...] Read more.

Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), an adipokine secreted by adipose tissues, has been implicated in metabolic inflammation and insulin resistance. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a recognized risk factor for osteoarthritis, with both conditions characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation, suggesting potential links between metabolic disorder and joint degeneration. This study aimed to investigate whether inflammatory and metabolic stresses regulate RBP4 expression and function in joint-related cells. Murine immature chondrocyte cells (iMACs) and the mouse AT805 teratocarcinoma cell line, clone 5, that differentiates into chondrogenic cells (ATDC5), were used as in vitro models for chondrocyte cells. Rbp4 mRNA expression increased during differentiation of iMACs, with 3.6- and 2.2-fold elevations observed on days 7 and 14, respectively (p < 0.01 vs. undifferentiated controls). Inflammatory stimulation with interleukin-6 (IL-6) significantly increased Rbp4 mRNA expression in ATDC5 cells (p < 0.05 vs. vehicle), along with elevated expression of catabolic and inflammatory mediators, including monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (Mcp1), cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox2), and matrix metalloproteinase-3 (Mmp3) (p < 0.05 vs. vehicle). Pharmacological inhibition of RBP4 using fenretinide (FEN) attenuated chondrogenic differentiation marker expression, reduced glycosaminoglycan synthesis during chondrogenic differentiation, and mitigated high-glucose-induced catabolic responses, as indicated by reduced Mcp2 (p = 0.04) and Mmp13 (p = 0.01) expression in ATDC5 cells treated with FEN compared with cells treated with the vehicle under high-glucose conditions. Furthermore, in RAW 264.7 cells, a murine macrophage cell line commonly used as an in vitro model for osteoclastogenesis, FEN significantly reduced the expression of osteoclast differentiation markers, dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein (DC-Stamp), nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (Nf-atc1), cathepsin k (Cath.k), and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (Trap) under osteoclastogenic conditions (p < 0.01 vs. vehicle). Collectively, these findings suggest that RBP4 functions as a metabolic–inflammatory mediator influencing both cartilage and bone-remodeling processes. This study reveals a previously unrecognized role of RBP4 in regulating osteoclast-associated pathways. Targeting RBP4 may, therefore, represent a promising therapeutic strategy for delaying or preventing osteoarthritis progression, particularly in metabolically compromised conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Basis of Bone Homeostasis and Skeletal Diseases)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

20 pages, 3209 KB

Open AccessArticle

De Novo Transcriptome Profiling of Salt Stress Responses in the Crop Wild Legume Vicia hirsuta (L.) Gray

by Sang Yong Park, Dae Yeon Kim, Myoung-Jun Jang, Chang Ha Park and Jae Yoon Kim

Biology 2026, 15(4), 354; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040354 - 18 Feb 2026

Viewed by 466

Abstract

Salt stress is a major environmental constraint affecting plant growth and productivity. Crop wild relatives provide valuable genetic resources for stress tolerance, yet transcriptomic information for forest-derived wild species remains limited. In this study, we analyzed transcriptional responses of V. hirsuta, [...] Read more.

Salt stress is a major environmental constraint affecting plant growth and productivity. Crop wild relatives provide valuable genetic resources for stress tolerance, yet transcriptomic information for forest-derived wild species remains limited. In this study, we analyzed transcriptional responses of V. hirsuta, a crop wild relative (CWR) of legumes, after seven days of salt stress using de novo transcriptome sequencing. Seedlings were exposed to salt stress, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between control (Vh_S0) and salt-treated (Vh_S7) plants using an FDR-adjusted threshold (q < 0.05). Gene Ontology and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed that salt-responsive DEGs were mainly involved in regulatory signaling, metabolic adjustment, redox-related processes, and macromolecular organization. Up- and down-regulated DEGs showed distinct yet overlapping enrichment patterns, indicating complex transcriptional reprogramming under salt stress. Transcription factor analysis identified bHLH, MYB, bZIP, NAC, and WRKY families as major regulators, with many families containing both up- and down-regulated members. Notably, genes associated with Na⁺/K⁺ homeostasis were consistently up-regulated and validated by qRT-PCR. These results suggest that continuous seven days salt stress adaptation in V. hirsuta involves coordinated regulation of signaling pathways, transcriptional networks, and transporter-mediated ion homeostasis, providing a valuable transcriptomic resource for crop wild relatives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Climate Change on Quality, Yield, and Nutritional Properties of Cereals, Legumes, and Oilseeds)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1991 KB

Open AccessArticle

Population Structure and Growth Dynamics of the Invasive Blue Crab Callinectes sapidus in the Loukkos Estuary (Morocco)

by Feirouz Touhami and Hocein Bazairi

Biology 2026, 15(4), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040353 - 18 Feb 2026

Viewed by 504

Abstract

This study provides the first insights into the biology of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus in the Loukkos Estuary, based on 461 individuals collected between December 2022 and November 2023. Results indicate a well-structured invasive population. Carapace width ranged from 52 to 201 [...] Read more.

This study provides the first insights into the biology of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus in the Loukkos Estuary, based on 461 individuals collected between December 2022 and November 2023. Results indicate a well-structured invasive population. Carapace width ranged from 52 to 201 mm (mean ± SD: 121.7 ± 25.4 mm) and total weight from 12 to 512 g (128.2 ± 76.6 g). Morphometric analyses revealed pronounced sexual dimorphism, with males larger and heavier than females. Size structure shifted seasonally, with smaller crabs dominating spring–summer samples and larger crabs in winter. Biometric relationships were significant and indicated negative allometric growth in both sexes. The sex ratio was strongly male-biased (M/F = 2.72). Condition factor varied with season and sex, peaking in summer and reaching minima in autumn. Female maturity exhibited marked seasonality: immature females prevailed from spring to autumn, whereas mature females occurred mainly in winter. Logistic modeling estimated size at 50% maturity (L₅₀) at 126.7 mm carapace width in females. Results suggest that Loukkos Estuary functions primarily as a nursery and growth area for C. sapidus and provide essential baseline information for future monitoring and management of this invasive species. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 3627 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Chloroplast Genome and Phylogenetic Analyses of Anna and Lysionotus (Gesneriaceae) Along the Sino-Vietnamese Border

by Jiahui Li, Zhangping Huang, Weibin Xu and Changhong Guo

Biology 2026, 15(4), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040352 - 18 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 568

Abstract

Sympatric species share identical geographical spaces, climatic conditions and survival pressures. Comparative chloroplast genomes among Anna and Lysionotus sympatric species enable exploration of genome-wide evolutionary dynamics of sympatric species. In this study, we assembled and annotated 10 complete chloroplast genomes, representing sympatric species [...] Read more.

Sympatric species share identical geographical spaces, climatic conditions and survival pressures. Comparative chloroplast genomes among Anna and Lysionotus sympatric species enable exploration of genome-wide evolutionary dynamics of sympatric species. In this study, we assembled and annotated 10 complete chloroplast genomes, representing sympatric species distributed along the Sino-Vietnamese border. We conducted a comparison of chloroplast genomes, characterized their adaptive evolution and used multiple methods to clarify their phylogenetic relationships. Key findings included the following: 1. The number of CDs, rRNA and tRNA varied among different species, whereas they were relatively conserved between the two genera; 2. psaB-psaA, trnL-UAG and ndhD-psaC were identified as potential molecular markers for Anna species, with clpP and ycf1 proposed as effective molecular markers for Lysionotus species; 3. the types of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and large sequence repeats (LRSs) showed a higher conservation in Lysionotus compared with Anna; 4. the codon usage preferences of the two genera showed convergent evolutionary trends and natural selection played a dominant role, with ycf1 and atpH being confirmed as significantly positively selected genes; 6. phylogenetic analyses using multiple approaches (ML, BI and NJ) consistently verified that Anna and Lysionotus each formed a well-supported monophyletic group. This study offers molecular insights into adaptation and differentiation patterns among distinct plant genera inhabiting the same extreme habitat. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 3285 KB

Open AccessArticle

Patterns of Orchid Diversity and Their Potential Habitat Under Climate Change in Chongqing, China

by Huan Zhang, Mingwei Tang, Yiyun Wang, Rui Pan and Hongping Deng

Biology 2026, 15(4), 351; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040351 - 18 Feb 2026

Viewed by 486

Abstract

Global climate problems and the sharp decline in biodiversity have attracted widespread attention. Orchids, as the “flagship” species of biodiversity, are important indicators of ecological changes. This study took Chongqing as the study area and conducted a comprehensive survey of orchids through field [...] Read more.

Global climate problems and the sharp decline in biodiversity have attracted widespread attention. Orchids, as the “flagship” species of biodiversity, are important indicators of ecological changes. This study took Chongqing as the study area and conducted a comprehensive survey of orchids through field investigation combined with data review to clarify Chongqing’s diversity distribution pattern. The distribution of orchids was characterized by “high in the east and low in the west, high in the north and low in the south” horizontally. Vertically, the distribution was characterized by an obvious “unimodal distribution”, with higher abundance in the low and middle altitude areas of 500–1499 m. The minimum temperature of the coldest month (Bio6), isothermality (Bio3), altitude (Bio20), and precipitation of the wettest season (Bio16) were the main environmental factors affecting the distribution of the orchid habitat. The suitable habitat of orchids would be greatly reduced in the future (2070SSP-585), and the suitable habitat tends to migrate to the high-altitude areas; therefore, we should pay more attention to the conservation and sustainable use of orchid plant resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Conservation Biology and Biodiversity)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 4463 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Association Study of Genetic Variants Associated with Serum Albumin Levels in Chinese Winter Sports Athletes

by Tao Mei, Yanchun Li, Dapeng Bao, Xiaolin Yang and Zihong He

Biology 2026, 15(4), 350; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040350 - 17 Feb 2026

Viewed by 488

Abstract

This study aimed to explore genetic variants associated with serum albumin (ALB) levels in Chinese winter sports athletes using genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) and to investigate potential regulatory mechanisms using bioinformatics annotation. A total of 382 Chinese winter sports athletes were recruited. ALB [...] Read more.

This study aimed to explore genetic variants associated with serum albumin (ALB) levels in Chinese winter sports athletes using genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) and to investigate potential regulatory mechanisms using bioinformatics annotation. A total of 382 Chinese winter sports athletes were recruited. ALB levels were compared between elite and non-elite athletes. GWAS was conducted using PLINK v1.9, with ALB as the phenotype and sex, age, and principal components as covariates. Associated SNPs were annotated using GTEx and SNPnexus. No significant differences were observed in ALB levels between elite and non-elite male or female athletes, and ALB levels in all groups followed a normal distribution. We identified 113 SNPs reaching a suggestive significance threshold (p < 1 × 10⁻⁵), with per-variant variance explained estimates (7.11–11.76%) reflecting model fit within this cohort. A stepwise regression model highlighted nine candidate SNPs that together explained 51.1% of ALB variance in the study sample. Functional annotation suggested that several variants show eQTL or sQTL signals in tissues relevant to ALB biology (e.g., liver and kidney), and pathway enrichment analyses implicated amino acid and hormone metabolism. Overall, these findings are hypothesis-generating; independent replication in additional and ancestry-matched cohorts (and follow-up functional studies) is required to confirm the robustness of the associations and clarify causal mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics and Genomics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 3553 KB

Open AccessArticle

Combined Impacts of Nitrogen Forms, Rice Husk Biochar, and Water Regime on Purple Rice Yield and Grain Quality

by Rachanat Limsomnuek, Supapohn Yamuangmorn, Rotsukon Jawana, Suthaphat Kamthai, Montri Sanwangsri and Chanakan Prom-u-thai

Biology 2026, 15(4), 349; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040349 - 17 Feb 2026

Viewed by 491

Abstract

Purple rice contains beneficial bioactive compounds, but the concentrations can be influenced by the growing conditions. This study investigated the interactive effects of water regime, biochar amendment, and nitrogen (N) sources on the yield and grain quality of purple rice. Purple rice grown [...] Read more.

Purple rice contains beneficial bioactive compounds, but the concentrations can be influenced by the growing conditions. This study investigated the interactive effects of water regime, biochar amendment, and nitrogen (N) sources on the yield and grain quality of purple rice. Purple rice grown under flooded conditions combined with biochar and urea or ammonium demonstrated significant increases in grain yield and yield components such as plant height, number of spikelets per panicle, and the percentage of filled grains compared to non-flooded conditions. Nitrate consistently resulted in the lowest yields and grain quality, especially under non-flooded conditions and with no added biochar. Grain anthocyanin concentration was highest under flooded conditions, with the maximum observed with biochar and nitrate application and with ammonium application without biochar. In contrast, the grain phenol content and antioxidant capacity were maximized by the biochar and water applications. The findings indicate that rice husk biochar can improve productivity without altering the color shade of purple rice. Combining flooding, biochar, and ammonium or urea improves the agronomic performance of purple rice, though the impact on nutritional qualities is more complex. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Tropical and Subtropical Plant Ecology and Physiology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 3669 KB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Canonical Maternal WNT4 Activates Canonical Zygotic WNT8C for Early Embryonic Development in Chicken

by Young Sun Hwang, Sang Kyung Kim and Jae Yong Han

Biology 2026, 15(4), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040348 - 17 Feb 2026

Viewed by 569

Abstract

The proper regulation of signaling pathways, including WNT signaling, during early embryonic development is critical for whole-organism development. In particular, maternally enriched WNTs play critical roles in cell cleavage and axis formation through non-canonical and canonical pathways during early embryogenesis. However, early developmental [...] Read more.

The proper regulation of signaling pathways, including WNT signaling, during early embryonic development is critical for whole-organism development. In particular, maternally enriched WNTs play critical roles in cell cleavage and axis formation through non-canonical and canonical pathways during early embryogenesis. However, early developmental processes related to maternal WNTs and their underlying mechanisms have remained unstudied in avian species. In this study, we investigated WNT signaling-mediated early development in the chicken embryo. We found that WNT4 and WNT6, different ligands from other species, exhibited expression patterns consistent with maternal enrichment in chicken. The chemical inhibition of maternal WNT signaling in intrauterine embryos led to aberrant zygotic expression of WNT8C, which is important for primitive streak formation. Combined with in vitro functional studies, we demonstrated that WNT4 increased WNT8C expression through the non-canonical JNK pathway and that WNT8C subsequently promoted the canonical β-catenin pathway. Our results indicate that maternal WNT4 activates zygotic WNT8C and potentially regulates embryonic polarity in chicken. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Developmental and Reproductive Biology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 9985 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lycopene Attenuates T2 Mycotoxin-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Dysbiosis by Activating PPAR Signaling

by Wael Ennab, Saber Y. Adam, Hao-Yu Liu, Ghaid J. Al-Rabadi, Ping Hu, Baiome Abdelmaguid Baiome, Kaiqi Li, Abdelkareem A. Ahmed, In Ho Kim, Madesh Muniyappan and Demin Cai

Biology 2026, 15(4), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040347 - 16 Feb 2026

Viewed by 508

Abstract

Exposure to T2 toxin is known to induce hepatotoxicity and gut dysbiosis, yet effective dietary interventions remain underexplored. This study investigates the hepatoprotective and microbiota-modulating effects of lycopene against T2 toxin-induced toxicity in mice. Mice were exposed to T2 toxin with or without [...] Read more.

Exposure to T2 toxin is known to induce hepatotoxicity and gut dysbiosis, yet effective dietary interventions remain underexplored. This study investigates the hepatoprotective and microbiota-modulating effects of lycopene against T2 toxin-induced toxicity in mice. Mice were exposed to T2 toxin with or without lycopene supplementation at low and high doses. The hepatic function, oxidative stress markers, inflammatory gene expression, detoxification pathway activity, and gut microbiota composition were assessed using histological, biochemical, and molecular analyses. T2 toxin exposure resulted in significant weight loss, oxidative liver damage, and gut dysbiosis—marked by a decline in beneficial phyla and an increase in pathogenic bacteria. Hepatic injury was accompanied by upregulated pro-inflammatory genes and downregulated PPAR pathway genes, leading to impaired lipid metabolism and disrupted liver histology. Lycopene supplementation effectively attenuated these effects: it reduced oxidative stress, enhanced antioxidant defense, lowered inflammatory markers, and restored gut microbial balance. Furthermore, lycopene upregulated PPAR pathway and phase I detoxification genes. Notably, the low-dose lycopene regimen demonstrated superior efficacy compared to the high-dose regimen. In conclusion, lycopene, particularly at a low dose, confers significant protection against T2 toxin-induced hepatotoxicity and gut dysbiosis, highlighting its potential as a dietary strategy for mitigating mycotoxin-induced health risks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental and Nutritional Stress: Metabolic Consequences and Regulatory Strategies in Animals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1128 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Codon Usage Bias Between Entomopathogenic Fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis and Its Host, Thitarodes xiaojinensis

by Jinxuan Yan, Chuyu Tang, Haoxu Tang, Bing Jia, Chao Feng, Jianzhao Qi, Yuling Li and Xiuzhang Li

Biology 2026, 15(4), 346; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040346 - 16 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 314

Abstract

Ophiocordyceps sinensis, a fungus parasitic on insects, attracts interest due to its unique medicinal applications and complex ecological interactions. The potential relationship between codon usage bias and the parasitic relationship between O. sinensis and Thitarodes xiaojinensis was explored by analyzing the nuclear [...] Read more.

Ophiocordyceps sinensis, a fungus parasitic on insects, attracts interest due to its unique medicinal applications and complex ecological interactions. The potential relationship between codon usage bias and the parasitic relationship between O. sinensis and Thitarodes xiaojinensis was explored by analyzing the nuclear genomes and mitochondrial genomes of the two. The nuclear genomes showed contrasting preferences: O. sinensis sclerotium exhibited strong GC-ending codon bias (GC3 = 66.13%), while T. xiaojinensis favored AT-ending codons (GC3 = 49.14%). Conversely, both mitochondrial genomes displayed a strong preference (>70% AT) for AT-ending codons. Optimal codon analysis revealed 25 (GC-ending) in O. sinensis and 28 (GC-ending) in T. xiaojinensis nuclear genomes, with overlaps for Leu, Val, Ser, and Pro. The mitochondrial genomes had fewer optimal codons (16 and 13, AT-ending), showing limited overlap (Phe, Leu, Asp, Ser). Neutral plotting analysis, effective number of codons analysis, relative synonymous codon usage analysis, and parity bias analysis showed that the codon usage preferences of the nuclear genomes and mitochondrial genomes of O. sinensis and T. xiaojinensis are jointly affected by selection and mutation pressure. Natural selection predominates in nuclear genomes, while mutation pressure dominates in mitochondrial genomes. This provides new molecular insights into their host–parasite specificity. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 20957 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Gene Expression Patterns in Alzheimer’s Disease Using a Human Microarray Data Meta-Analysis

by Eleni Dermitzaki, Vasileios L. Zogopoulos, Apostolos Malatras, Vasiliki Georgopoulou, Petrina-Marina Aslanoglou, Adamantia Teta, Maria Rea Kalligianni, Christos Karoussiotis, Vassiliki A. Iconomidou, Ioannis Sotiropoulos and Ioannis Michalopoulos

Biology 2026, 15(4), 345; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040345 - 16 Feb 2026

Viewed by 1092

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide, for which aging represents the main risk factor. As the global elderly population expands, the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease escalates rapidly. Notably, as AD brain lesions may start 15–20 years before the appearance [...] Read more.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide, for which aging represents the main risk factor. As the global elderly population expands, the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease escalates rapidly. Notably, as AD brain lesions may start 15–20 years before the appearance of the first symptoms, early diagnosis or prognosis of AD is of paramount importance for better patient treatment. Based on the absence of effective cure or early diagnosis of AD, this meta-analysis investigates the differentially expressed genes between Alzheimer’s and a healthy brain and identifies genes that can serve as risk factors for the disease or biomarkers of diagnostic, prognostic, or pharmacological value. Microarray datasets were collected from public repositories, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2020) guidelines. Quality control and data normalization were performed. Differentially expressed gene (DEG) lists were created for each study and combined through a Mosteller–Bush meta-analysis, resulting in a final list of DEGs. This list was filtered using an adjusted p-value cut-off of 0.001, and the included statistically significant DEGs were subjected to enrichment analyses. A total of eight microarray studies were identified, producing a combined list of 4218 DEGs, of which 1944 were up-regulated and enriched for immune response processes, and 2274 were down-regulated and enriched for synapse-related pathways. This meta-analysis reveals a distinct transcriptomic profile in Alzheimer’s disease characterized by the prevalence of immune response and inflammation alongside the collapse of essential synaptic and neuronal signaling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Differential Gene Expression and Coexpression (2nd Edition))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1813 KB

Open AccessArticle

Occurrence of Streptomyces stelliscabiei Causing Potato Common Scab in China and Resistance Evaluation of Potato Germplasm Resources

by Mengping Yang, Yu Liu, Jinpeng Zhang, Jinyue Xing, Shubao Lou, Zhixin Li, Qingsong Tong, Chunsheng Liu, Ying Shan, Kaixin Ding, Chao Zhong and Jiling Song

Biology 2026, 15(4), 344; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040344 - 16 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 467

Abstract

Potato common scab is a widespread soil-borne disease that severely reduces tuber quality and market value. However, the diversity of common scab pathogens and the availability of resistance resources in major potato-producing regions of China remain poorly understood. In this study, potato common [...] Read more.

Potato common scab is a widespread soil-borne disease that severely reduces tuber quality and market value. However, the diversity of common scab pathogens and the availability of resistance resources in major potato-producing regions of China remain poorly understood. In this study, potato common scab pathogens were isolated from diseased tubers collected in Heilongjiang Province, China, and identified based on morphological characteristics, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and pathogenicity-related gene detection. Two pathogenic Streptomyces species, Streptomyces scabiei and Streptomyces stelliscabiei, were identified. Notably, S. stelliscabiei was identified in potato common scab samples collected in Heilongjiang Province for the first time, suggesting that it may represent an emerging causal agent of potato common scab in China. Molecular analysis revealed two pathogenicity-related gene profiles among the isolates—namely, txtAB⁺/tomA⁺/nec1⁺ and txtAB⁻/tomA⁺/nec1⁺—indicating diversity in virulence-associated gene composition. Resistance to potato common scab caused by S. stelliscabiei was further evaluated in 132 potato germplasm accessions, including domestic and introduced materials, local landraces, and widely cultivated cultivars. Significant variation in resistance levels was observed. Only two accessions were classified as highly resistant, six as resistant, and eighteen as moderately resistant, whereas the majority of accessions were susceptible or highly susceptible. Overall, this study provides the first evidence of S. stelliscabiei causing potato common scab in China, reveals pathogenicity-related gene diversity among common scab pathogens, and identifies valuable resistance resources for potato breeding. These findings contribute to a better understanding of potato common scab epidemiology and support the development of resistant cultivars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanisms of Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation Underlying Plant Resistance)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 362 KB

Open AccessReview

Selected Large-Animal Models of Ventricular Arrhythmias

by Piotr Frydrychowski, Alicja Cepiel-Kośmieja, Zuzanna Wojtczak, Krzysztof Nowak and Agnieszka Noszczyk-Nowak

Biology 2026, 15(4), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040343 - 15 Feb 2026

Viewed by 536

Abstract

Ventricular arrhythmias are among the most life-threatening cardiac rhythm disturbances. Owing to their complex pathophysiology and high mortality risk, they remain a major focus of research aimed at elucidating underlying mechanisms and improving prevention and therapeutic strategies. In this context, animal models—particularly large-animal [...] Read more.

Ventricular arrhythmias are among the most life-threatening cardiac rhythm disturbances. Owing to their complex pathophysiology and high mortality risk, they remain a major focus of research aimed at elucidating underlying mechanisms and improving prevention and therapeutic strategies. In this context, animal models—particularly large-animal models—are of pivotal importance because they more closely recapitulate human cardiac anatomy and electrophysiology. The most commonly used species include dogs, cats, pigs, sheep and goats. Dogs have historically played a prominent role in ventricular arrhythmia research; however, their use is increasingly constrained by legal regulations and ethical–societal considerations. Sheep and goats, although employed less frequently, have also contributed meaningfully to advances in the field. Among large-animal models, swine are regarded as especially promising, largely due to the similarity between porcine and human hearts and the feasibility of reliably inducing ventricular arrhythmias, particularly under conditions of acute ischemia associated with coronary artery occlusion. Large-animal models are also indispensable for the preclinical evaluation of novel drugs, therapeutic approaches, and medical devices prior to translation into human studies. In this article, we review selected investigations employing large-animal models of ventricular arrhythmias, with particular emphasis on the materials and methods reported in the cited literature. Full article

27 pages, 19636 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of the C2H2 Zinc Finger Gene Family in Pear (Pyrus bretschneideri) and Its Potential Role in Drought Stress Response

by Yan Zeng, Yutong Zhu, Qingjiang Wang, Ziyi Zhang, Zhikun Li, Ruigang Wu and Zhenyu Huang

Biology 2026, 15(4), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040342 - 15 Feb 2026

Viewed by 520

Abstract

C2H2-type zinc finger transcription factors play crucial roles in regulating plant growth and responses to abiotic stresses. Although pear is an economically important fruit crop with available genomic resources, the comprehensive analyses of its C2H2 gene family remain limited. In this study, we [...] Read more.

C2H2-type zinc finger transcription factors play crucial roles in regulating plant growth and responses to abiotic stresses. Although pear is an economically important fruit crop with available genomic resources, the comprehensive analyses of its C2H2 gene family remain limited. In this study, we performed a genome-wide identification of C2H2 genes in pear, identifying 52 members that were unevenly distributed across 17 chromosomes. The predicted PyC2H2 proteins ranged from 343 to 1764 amino acids in length, with molecular weights between 12.4 and 62.7 kDa. Phylogenetic analysis classified these 52 PyC2H2 proteins into 10 classical clades, where genes with closer evolutionary relationships shared more similar conserved motifs. Collinearity analysis identified 37 collinear gene pairs between Arabidopsis thaliana and pear, suggesting evolutionary conservation. Promoter analysis revealed the presence of various cis-acting elements associated with hormone and stress responses, including Box 4, G-box, and GT1-motif. Additionally, the expression patterns of PyC2H2 genes differed among pear organs. These results provide valuable insights into the potential roles of PyC2H2 genes in drought stress responses and offer a foundation for future molecular breeding of drought-tolerant pear cultivars. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 1622 KB

Open AccessArticle

Tissue-Specific Accumulation of Heavy Metals and Oxidative Stress in Atlantic Bonito (Sarda sarda, Bloch 1793) Marketed in Kütahya

by Özge Nur Ekiz and Gözde Karabulut

Biology 2026, 15(4), 341; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040341 - 15 Feb 2026

Viewed by 523

Abstract

Heavy metal pollution in aquatic environments presents a considerable risk to fish populations, primarily through the induction of oxidative damage. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Hg, and Pb) and As accumulation and oxidative stress biomarkers, including [...] Read more.

Heavy metal pollution in aquatic environments presents a considerable risk to fish populations, primarily through the induction of oxidative damage. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Hg, and Pb) and As accumulation and oxidative stress biomarkers, including malondialdehyde (MDA), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI), together with antioxidant defenses such as reduced glutathione (GSH) and total antioxidant status (TAS), in the muscle and gill tissues of Atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda, Bloch 1793). Furthermore, human health risks were evaluated using the target hazard quotient (THQ), hazard index (HI), and carcinogenic risk (CR) metrics. Our findings indicate that heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) accumulate significantly more in the gills than in the muscle tissue (p < 0.05). This accumulation seems to cause an unusual biological response, evidenced by a notable increase in oxidative stress markers—namely MDA, TOS, and OSI—within the gill tissues (p < 0.01). Specifically, gill MDA concentrations (5.43 ± 1.86 nmol/mg) were significantly higher than those observed in the muscle tissue (4.07 ± 1.63 nmol/mg). Concerning human safety, both the HI (0.8393) and CR values remained within established safety thresholds. These observations suggest that the gills are the primary site of metal-induced oxidative damage, and the robust correlation between metal accumulation and OSI/MDA levels implies that these parameters are reliable indicators for evaluating aquatic metal pollution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metals in Biology (2nd Edition))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Biology, Volume 15, Issue 4 (February-2 2026) – 76 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI