Electrochemical Biosensors for Express Analysis of the Integral Toxicity of Polymer Materials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents and Materials
2.2. Cultivation of Microorganisms
2.3. Formation of Working Electrodes
2.4. Electrochemical Measurements
2.5. Sampling and Sample Preparation for Biotesting Methods
2.6. Extraction of Samples for Chromatography
2.7. Chromatography Analysis of Samples
2.8. Determination of Toxicity Using the “Ekolum” Test System
2.9. Standard Biotest Method Based on the Test Object L. minor
2.10. Bioassay Using Bovine Sperm
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Development of Electrochemical Biosensors with Different Types of Signal Recording for Assessing Integral Toxicity
3.2. Main Characteristics of Biosensors for Determining Toxicity
3.3. Quantitative Assessment of the Toxic Effects of Pollutants on the Bacteria G. oxydans as Part of Biosensors with Different Types of Signal Recording
3.4. Toxicity Analysis of Polymer Samples
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics/Biosensor Type | Biosensor Based on Oxygen Electrode | Mediator- Type Biosensor | Biosensor Based on MFC | |
---|---|---|---|---|
K′, mmol/dm3 | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 16 ± 1 | – 1 | |
Vmax | 0.34 ± 0.01 mgO2/(dm3 × s) | 1.18 ± 0.04 µA | – | |
Sensitivity factor, 10−3 | 119 ± 3 mgO2/(mmol × s) | 45 ± 2 µA × dm3/mmol | – | |
The lower limit of glucose detection, mmol/dm3 | 0.01 | 0.06 | – | |
Operational stability 2, % | in the absence of toxicant | 6.8 | 5.6 | 12.1 |
in the presence of Zn2+ (EC50) | 7.4 | 6.5 | 14.5 | |
Long-term stability 3, days | in the absence of toxicant | 31 | 25 | |
in the presence of Zn2+ (EC50) | 18 | 14 | ||
Single analysis time, min | 6–8 | 5–7 | 60–80 |
Test Object and Type of Biosensor/Toxicant | EC50, mg/dm3 | Analogue | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Salicylic Acid | TCA | Phenol | 2,4-Dinitrophenol | Cd2+ | Fe3+ | Cr3+ | Zn2+ | Mn2+ | ||
Biosensor based on oxygen electrode/G. oxydans | >200 | >200 | >200 [14] | 2.9 | >200 [14] | 16.5 | 13.9 | 7.2 | 12 | This study |
Mediator biosensor (ferrocene)/G. oxydans | 19.0 | 15.7 | 17.5 | 6.8 | 1.6 | 7.8 | 0.8 | 2.4 | 0.3 | This study |
Biosensor based on MFC (2,6-DCPIP)/suspension G. oxydans | – 1 | – | 24.2 | 0.9 | 1.2 | – | – | 4.5 | 1.6 | This study |
Mediator biosensor (ferrocene)/P. yeei | ND 2 | ND | 9.9 | ND | 18.2 | ND | ND | 47.5 | ND | [16] |
Biosensor based on oxygen electrode/immobilized E. coli | ND | ND | 112 | ND | 11.2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | [14] |
Mediator biosensor (menadione and potassium hexacyanoferrate (III))/S.cerevisiae, E. coli | ND | ND | 44.5 | ND | 13.9 | ND | ND | ND | ND | [17] |
Mediator biosensor (potassium ferrocyanide)/E. coli suspension | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.7 | >200 | 10.7 | 26.7 | ND | [37] |
MFC (potassium ferricyanide)/Anaerobic sludge | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2 (EC9.29) | ND | 2 (EC1.95) | 2 (EC8) | ND | [19] |
MFC HATOX-2000/Activated sludge | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.3 (EC17) | ND | 1.0 (EC27) | 1.0 (EC28) | [38] |
Tox-Alert/Vibrio fischeri | 43,100 | ND | 7990 | 34,690 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | [39] |
Microtox/Vibrio fischeri | ND | ND | 15.1 | ND | 40.8 | ND | ND | 14.5 | ND | [40,41] |
Vibrio sp. MM1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 14.54 | ND | ND | 0.97 | ND | [33] |
Daphnia magna | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.0036 | 0.002 | 0.13 | 0.72 | 0.0093 | [34] |
Lemna minor | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.33 | 186.8 | 11.1; 240,4 | 0.9;131 | ND | [35,36] |
No. | Sample | Material | Identified Substances Using GC-MS Method | |
---|---|---|---|---|
CAS Number | Name | |||
1 | Case for phone | Silicone | 1999-85-5 | α,α′-dihydroxy-1,3-diisopropylbenzene |
54549-72-3 | 4-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)acetophenone | |||
101-68-8 | diphenylmethane-4,4′-diisocyanate | |||
115-86-6 | triphenyl phosphate | |||
24938-37-2 | polyethylene adipate | |||
117-81-7 | bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate | |||
2 | Dousing gloves Bottle for water | Polyvinylchloride, polyurethane, textiles | 101-68-8 | diphenylmethane-4,4′-diisocyanate |
24938-37-2 | polyethylene adipate | |||
3 | Food container | Polyethyleneterephthalate | 117-81-7 | bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate |
4 | Medical gloves | Polypropylene | 28813-61-8 | 2-nonadecanone 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine |
117-81-7 | bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate | |||
5 | Dousing gloves Bottle for water | Latex | 54549-72-3 | 4-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)acetophenone |
131-11-3 | dimethyl phthalate | |||
6 | Food container | Polypropylene, silicone | 131-11-3 | dimethyl phthalate |
No | Sample/Biotest Method | Toxicity Index T, % | Lesser Duckweed L. minor 3/Yield Inhibition Index Iy, % | Cattle Sperm (AT-05 Device) 4/Motility Index It, % | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biosensor Based on Oxygen Electrode 1 | Mediator Biosensor 1 | Biosensor Based on MFC 1 | Biosensor “Ecolum” (Device Biotox-10M) 2 | ||||
1 | Casef or phone | 64 ± 6 | 77 ± 1 | 72 ± 10 | 43 ± 5 | 4 ± 1 | 65.2 |
2 | Dousing gloves | 63 ± 3 | 82.72 ± 0.07 | 85 ± 8 | 100 ± 1 | 22 ± 4 | 43.6 |
3 | Bottle for water | 34 ± 3 | 74.51 ± 0.04 | 61 ± 7 | 0 | 10 ± 2 | 108.4 |
4 | Food container | 42 ± 4 | 72.1 ± 0.4 | 58 ± 7 | 0 | 8 ± 2 | 99.5 |
5 | Medical gloves | 38 ± 3 | 47 ± 4 | 44 ± 6 | 75 ± 10 | 2.4 ± 0.8 | 100.7 |
6 | Baby bottle with pacifier | 0 | 7 ± 1 | 10 ± 4 | 0 | 0 | 105.6 |
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Yudina, N.Y.; Kozlova, T.N.; Bogachikhin, D.A.; Kosarenina, M.M.; Arlyapov, V.A.; Alferov, S.V. Electrochemical Biosensors for Express Analysis of the Integral Toxicity of Polymer Materials. Biosensors 2023, 13, 1011. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13121011
Yudina NY, Kozlova TN, Bogachikhin DA, Kosarenina MM, Arlyapov VA, Alferov SV. Electrochemical Biosensors for Express Analysis of the Integral Toxicity of Polymer Materials. Biosensors. 2023; 13(12):1011. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13121011
Chicago/Turabian StyleYudina, Natalia Yu., Tatyana N. Kozlova, Daniil A. Bogachikhin, Maria M. Kosarenina, Vyacheslav A. Arlyapov, and Sergey V. Alferov. 2023. "Electrochemical Biosensors for Express Analysis of the Integral Toxicity of Polymer Materials" Biosensors 13, no. 12: 1011. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13121011