Next Issue
Volume 15, December
Previous Issue
Volume 15, October
 
 

J. Funct. Biomater., Volume 15, Issue 11 (November 2024) – 39 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Silk sericin, a once-overlooked protein from silkworms, is transforming industries due to its remarkable, innovative properties. Biocompatible, biodegradable, and multifunctional, sericin delivers antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and UV-protective benefits. Sustainable and eco-friendly extraction techniques have unlocked its potential in biomedicine, enabling breakthroughs in drug delivery, tissue engineering, and serum-free cell culture media while revolutionizing cosmetics, food packaging, and textiles with eco-friendly advancements. Despite challenges related to sericin’s economic viability and weak mechanical properties, its versatility positions it as a transformative material for diverse applications, paving the way for a greener and more innovative future. View this paper
  • Issues are regarded as officially published after their release is announced to the table of contents alert mailing list.
  • You may sign up for e-mail alerts to receive table of contents of newly released issues.
  • PDF is the official format for papers published in both, html and pdf forms. To view the papers in pdf format, click on the "PDF Full-text" link, and use the free Adobe Reader to open them.
Order results
Result details
Section
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
20 pages, 5133 KiB  
Article
Strontium- and Copper-Doped Ceramic Granules in Bone Regeneration-Associated Cellular Processes
by Yuliya Safarova (Yantsen), Assem Nessipbekova, Aizhan Syzdykova, Farkhad Olzhayev, Bauyrzhan Umbayev, Aliya Kassenova, Inna V. Fadeeva, Sholpan Askarova and Julietta V. Rau
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(11), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110352 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 715
Abstract
Background: Pathological bone fracturing is an escalating problem driven by increasing aging and obesity. Bioceramics, particularly tricalcium-phosphate-based materials (TCP), are renowned for their exceptional biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, and ability to promote biomineralization. In the present study, we designed and characterized TCP porous granules doped [...] Read more.
Background: Pathological bone fracturing is an escalating problem driven by increasing aging and obesity. Bioceramics, particularly tricalcium-phosphate-based materials (TCP), are renowned for their exceptional biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, and ability to promote biomineralization. In the present study, we designed and characterized TCP porous granules doped with strontium (Sr) and copper (Cu) (CuSr TCP). Sr2+ ions were selected as Sr plays a crucial role in early bone formation, osteogenesis, and angiogenesis; Cu2+ ions possess antibacterial properties. Materials: The synthesized CuSr TCP granules were characterized by X-ray diffraction. Cytotoxicity and cell proliferation analyses’ assays were performed through the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and CCK-8 viability tests in rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs). Hemolytic activity was carried out with human red blood cells (RBCs). Early and late osteogenesis were assessed with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Alizarin Red S activity in human osteoblast progenitor cells and rat BM-MSCs. The influence of CuSr TCP on angiogenesis was investigated in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Results: We have demonstrated that media enriched with CuSr TCP in concentrations ranging from 0.1 mg/mL to 1 mg/mL were not cytotoxic and did not significantly affect cell proliferation rate motility. Moreover, a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL showed a 2.5-fold increase in the migration potential of BM-MSCs. We also found that CuSr TCP-enriched media slightly increased early osteogenesis. We also found that Sr and Cu substitutions in TCP particles significantly enhanced the measured angiogenic parameters compared to control and unsubstituted TCP granules. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that TCP porous granules doped with Sr and Cu are biocompatible, promote osteodifferentiation and angiogenesis, and could be recommended for further in vivo studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Bone Biomaterials)
Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 4888 KiB  
Article
A Novel Graphene-Based Nanomaterial for the Development of a Pelvic Implant to Treat Pelvic Organ Prolapse
by Amelia Seifalian, Alex Digesu and Vik Khullar
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(11), 351; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110351 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 619
Abstract
Graphene is the wonder material of the 21st century, promising cutting-edge advancements in material science with significant applications across all industries. This study investigates the use of a graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs) ans trade-registered Hastalex®, as novel materials for surgical implants aimed [...] Read more.
Graphene is the wonder material of the 21st century, promising cutting-edge advancements in material science with significant applications across all industries. This study investigates the use of a graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs) ans trade-registered Hastalex®, as novel materials for surgical implants aimed at treating pelvic organ prolapse (POP). This study investigates the mechanical properties and physicochemical characteristics of the material, mainly focusing on its potential to address the limitations of existing polypropylene (PP) implants, which has been associated with numerous complications and banned across multiple countries. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) confirmed the bonding between functionalised graphene oxide (FGO) and the base polymer chain. Hastalex exhibited excellent mechanical properties with 58 N/mm2 maximum tensile strength at break and 701% elongation at break, whilst maintaining its shape with no plastic deformation. These results were comparable to that of sheep pelvic muscular tissue. Hastalex demonstrated its hydrophilic properties from contact angle measurements. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed a uniform plane with surface nanotopography, promoting cell-to-material interaction. The results confirmed the suitability of Hastalex in the development of a new pelvic membrane to treat POP. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials and Devices for Healthcare Applications)
Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 3151 KiB  
Article
Spherical Shell Bioprinting to Produce Uniform Spheroids with Controlled Sizes
by Kuk Hui Son, Dong-Ha Kim, Seunghye Park, Hyun Jae Kim, Mira Park, Seung-Jin Kim, Sang Jin Lee, Keunsun Ahn and Jin Woo Lee
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(11), 350; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110350 - 18 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1315
Abstract
Conventional cell spheroid production methods are largely manual, leading to variations in size and shape that compromise consistency and reliability for use in cell-based therapeutic applications. To enhance spheroid production, a spherical shell bioprinting system was implemented, enabling the high-throughput generation of uniform [...] Read more.
Conventional cell spheroid production methods are largely manual, leading to variations in size and shape that compromise consistency and reliability for use in cell-based therapeutic applications. To enhance spheroid production, a spherical shell bioprinting system was implemented, enabling the high-throughput generation of uniform cell spheroids with precisely controlled sizes. The system encapsulates cells within thin alginate hydrogel shells formed through bioprinting and ion crosslinking reactions. Alginate–calcium ion crosslinking created alginate shells that contained gelatin-based bioinks with embedded cells, facilitating spontaneous cell aggregation within the shells and eliminating the need for plastic wells. By adjusting cell concentrations in the alginate–gelatin bioink, we achieved precise control over spheroid size, maintaining a sphericity above 0.94 and size deviations within ±10 µm. This method has been successfully applied to various cell types including cancer cells, fibroblasts, chondrocytes, and epithelial cells, demonstrating its versatility. This scalable approach enhances the reliability of cell therapy and drug screening, offering a robust platform for future biomedical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Bioprinting for Medical Applications)
Show Figures

Figure 1

2 pages, 351 KiB  
Correction
Correction: Jin et al. A pH-Responsive DNA Tetrahedron/Methotrexate Drug Delivery System Used for Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment. J. Funct. Biomater. 2023, 14, 541
by Yi Jin, Xingyu Ge, Yinjin Xu, Siyi Wang, Qian Lu, Aidong Deng, Jingjing Li and Zhifeng Gu
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(11), 349; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110349 - 18 Nov 2024
Viewed by 430
Abstract
In the original publication [...] Full article
Show Figures

Figure 4

34 pages, 2191 KiB  
Review
Properties, Production, and Recycling of Regenerated Cellulose Fibers: Special Medical Applications
by Sandra Varnaitė-Žuravliova and Julija Baltušnikaitė-Guzaitienė
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(11), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110348 - 16 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1094
Abstract
Regenerated cellulose fibers are a highly adaptable biomaterial with numerous medical applications owing to their inherent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and robust mechanical properties. In the domain of wound care, regenerated cellulose fibers facilitate a moist environment conducive to healing, minimize infection risk, and adapt [...] Read more.
Regenerated cellulose fibers are a highly adaptable biomaterial with numerous medical applications owing to their inherent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and robust mechanical properties. In the domain of wound care, regenerated cellulose fibers facilitate a moist environment conducive to healing, minimize infection risk, and adapt to wound topographies, making it ideal for different types of dressings. In tissue engineering, cellulose scaffolds provide a matrix for cell attachment and proliferation, supporting the development of artificial skin, cartilage, and other tissues. Furthermore, regenerated cellulose fibers, used as absorbable sutures, degrade within the body, eliminating the need for removal and proving advantageous for internal suturing. The medical textile industry relies heavily on regenerated cellulose fibers because of their unique properties that make them suitable for various applications, including wound care, surgical garments, and diagnostic materials. Regenerated cellulose fibers are produced by dissolving cellulose from natural sources and reconstituting it into fiber form, which can be customized for specific medical uses. This paper will explore the various types, properties, and applications of regenerated cellulose fibers in medical contexts, alongside an examination of its manufacturing processes and technologies, as well as associated challenges. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodegradable Polymers and Textiles)
Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 2811 KiB  
Article
Carbon Dot Micelles Synthesized from Leek Seeds in Applications for Cobalt (II) Sensing, Metal Ion Removal, and Cancer Therapy
by Teh-Hua Tsai, Wei Lo, Hsiu-Yun Wang and Tsung-Lin Tsai
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(11), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110347 - 15 Nov 2024
Viewed by 636
Abstract
Popular photoluminescent (PL) nanomaterials, such as carbon dots, have attracted substantial attention from scientists due to their photophysical properties, biocompatibility, low cost, and diverse applicability. Carbon dots have been used in sensors, cell imaging, and cancer therapy. Leek seeds with anticancer, antimicrobial, and [...] Read more.
Popular photoluminescent (PL) nanomaterials, such as carbon dots, have attracted substantial attention from scientists due to their photophysical properties, biocompatibility, low cost, and diverse applicability. Carbon dots have been used in sensors, cell imaging, and cancer therapy. Leek seeds with anticancer, antimicrobial, and antioxidant functions serve as traditional Chinese medicine. However, leek seeds have not been studied as a precursor of carbon dots. In this study, leek seeds underwent a supercritical fluid extraction process. Leek seed extract was obtained and then carbonized using a dry heating method, followed by hydrolysis to form carbon dot micelles (CD-micelles). CD-micelles exhibited analyte-induced PL quenching against Co2+ through the static quenching mechanism, with the formation of self-assembled Co2+-CD-micelle sphere particles. In addition, CD-micelles extracted metal ion through liquid–liquid extraction, with removal efficiencies of >90% for Pb2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Cr3+, Pd2+, and Au3+. Moreover, CD-micelles exhibited ABTS•+ radical scavenging ability and cytotoxicity for cisplatin-resistant lung cancer cells. CD-micelles killed cisplatin-resistant small-cell lung cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner with a cancer cell survival rate down to 12.8 ± 4.2%, with a similar treatment function to that of cisplatin. Consequently, CD-micelles functionalized as novel antioxidants show great potential as anticancer nanodrugs in cancer treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Cancer Therapies)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

14 pages, 6217 KiB  
Article
The Effects of Surface Patterning and Photobiomodulation on the Osseointegration of Titanium Implants in Osteoporotic Long Bones: An In Vivo Study in Rats
by Theodor Popa, Mircea Negrutiu, Luciana Madalina Gherman, Alina Deniza Ciubean, Dan Ionut Cosma, Dan Gheban, Catalin Popa and Laszlo Irsay
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(11), 346; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110346 - 14 Nov 2024
Viewed by 712
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the impact of titanium surface patterning used in combination with photobiomodulation therapy on enhancing osseointegration in osteoporotic bone fractures. C.p. titanium implants were employed, half with an unmodified surface and half with a modified one, showing a nanostructured [...] Read more.
This study aimed to assess the impact of titanium surface patterning used in combination with photobiomodulation therapy on enhancing osseointegration in osteoporotic bone fractures. C.p. titanium implants were employed, half with an unmodified surface and half with a modified one, showing a nanostructured cellular surface. Surface patterning aimed to obtain a complex morphology designed for better osseointegration, using a selective anodization process after photoresist coating. A total of 52 rats were used, of which 4 were sacrificed 12 weeks after ovariectomy to evaluate bone density. A total of 48 rats received titanium implants in both tibiae and underwent surgery for implant placement and bone fracture. Half of the rats were subjected to photobiomodulation. The times of sacrifice were 2, 4, and 6 weeks after finalizing LASER therapy. The evaluation methods were micro-CT scanning, the mechanical pull-force test, and morphology. Mechanical tests revealed a significant difference in the surface-patterned titanium with the LASER group at 2 weeks, but not at 4 and 6 weeks. This group outperformed regular titanium and titanium/LASER groups. Micro-CT showed no significant differences, while the morphology indicated better bone quality at 4 weeks in all LASER-treated groups. The effect of surface patterning and photobiomodulation leads to better osseointegration, especially in the earlier stages. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Composites for Bone Implants and Osseointegration)
Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 1556 KiB  
Review
Spheroid-Exosome-Based Bioprinting Technology in Regenerative Medicine
by Hwa-Yong Lee and Jin Woo Lee
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(11), 345; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110345 - 14 Nov 2024
Viewed by 692
Abstract
Since the discovery that exosomes can exchange genes, their potential use as tools for tissue regeneration, disease diagnosis, and therapeutic applications has drawn significant attention. Emerging three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies, such as bioprinting, which allows the printing of cells, proteins, DNA, and other [...] Read more.
Since the discovery that exosomes can exchange genes, their potential use as tools for tissue regeneration, disease diagnosis, and therapeutic applications has drawn significant attention. Emerging three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies, such as bioprinting, which allows the printing of cells, proteins, DNA, and other biological materials, have demonstrated the potential to create complex body tissues or personalized 3D models. The use of 3D spheroids in bioprinting facilitates volumetric tissue reconstruction and accelerates tissue regeneration via exosome secretion. In this review, we discussed a convergence approach between two promising technologies for bioprinting and exosomes in regenerative medicine. Among the various 3D cell culture methods used for exosome production, we focused on spheroids, which are suitable for mass production by bioprinting. We then summarized the research results on cases of bioprinting applications using the spheroids and exosomes produced. If a large number of spheroids can be supplied through bioprinting, the spheroid-exosome-based bioprinting technology will provide new possibilities for application in tissue regeneration, disease diagnosis, and treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Processing Functional Biomaterials)
Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 6365 KiB  
Article
Finite Element Combined Design and Material Optimization Addressing the Wear in Removable Implant Prosthodontics
by Pejman Shayanfard, Xingchen Tan, Matthias Karl and Frank Wendler
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(11), 344; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110344 - 14 Nov 2024
Viewed by 593
Abstract
Wear at the male–female interface of retentive elements in implant-supported removable prostheses is the most frequent complication in such applications. The lack of an ideal/optimal insertion path, as well as the fabrication inaccuracies, are the primary contributors to this issue. A male attachment [...] Read more.
Wear at the male–female interface of retentive elements in implant-supported removable prostheses is the most frequent complication in such applications. The lack of an ideal/optimal insertion path, as well as the fabrication inaccuracies, are the primary contributors to this issue. A male attachment with a common ball anchor enhanced by lateral flexibility was investigated as a solution, compared to the widely used rigid ball anchor design. A parametric finite element analysis was performed to compare the wear-inducing maximum strain at the female polymer counterpart by various attachment designs made from titanium and Nitinol. The evolution of mechanical strains causing wear in the female part, as well as the contribution of stresses and martensitic transformation in the implant’s flexible shaft, were evaluated under several insertion misfit scenarios. Results indicate that introducing a long flexible shaft in the titanium implant reduced maximum strains in the female attachment part by up to 61% as compared to the solid ball anchor. Further improvement was observed by using the shape memory alloy Nitinol as shaft material, leading to a minor reduction in stress and strain at the contact surface but allowing for a shorter abutment. Finally, the optimized Nitinol implant design with a short, necked flexible shaft promoting martensitic transformation at low plateau stress resulted in an approximate 90% reduction in maximum strains at the inner surface of the female part during manual insertion, which indicates a significantly reduced wear phenomenon at the contact. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials and Biomechanics Modelling in Dental Implantology)
Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 3319 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Micro-Computed Tomography Thresholding Methods on Bone Micromorphometric Analysis
by Arda Buyuksungur, Bence Tamás Szabó, Adrienn Dobai and Kaan Orhan
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(11), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110343 - 13 Nov 2024
Viewed by 671
Abstract
Bone micromorphometric parameters are generally analyzed with micro CT to reveal two- and three-dimensional structures. These parameters are generally used for new bone formation studies such as tissue engineering and biomaterials studies. Different threshold methods are used for the image segmentation of bone [...] Read more.
Bone micromorphometric parameters are generally analyzed with micro CT to reveal two- and three-dimensional structures. These parameters are generally used for new bone formation studies such as tissue engineering and biomaterials studies. Different threshold methods are used for the image segmentation of bone micromorphometric parameters. However, these different threshold methods provide different results for the bones analyzed. This study aimed to compare thresholding methods to evaluate bone micromorphometric parameters in the mouse bone. A dataset containing 15 mouse tibia was used to analyze the different thresholding methods for bone micromorphometric parameter analysis. These threshold methods were used to analyze the mouse tibia (n = 15) with thresholded bones. The threshold methods and the analysis were used directly from CTAn (Bruker Micro-CT). The results were compared between the threshold methods, which included bone volume, trabecular number, connectivity, trabecular separation, and other parameters. There was agreement to some extent for all bone micromorphometric analyses using the different thresholding methods. The results showed that the thresholding method showed good agreement for connectivity and trabecular thickness, but the other parameters showed limited agreement. The evaluation of threshold methods allows for the comparison of image segmentation and the quantification of mouse tibia micromorphometric parameters. This study may enable the analysis of bone micromorphometric parameters using the relatively close threshold method in image segmentation across different research groups. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 2415 KiB  
Article
Neutrophils Respond Selectively to Physical Cues: Roughness Modulates Its Granule Release, and NETosis
by Gayathiri Elangovan, Daniel J. Fernandes, Andrew Cameron, Souptik Basu, Joao Martins De Mello Neto, Peishan Jiang, Peter Reher, Stephen Hamlet and Carlos Marcelo S. Figueredo
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(11), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110342 - 13 Nov 2024
Viewed by 610
Abstract
Our study examined how different titanium alloy Ti6Al4V (Ti64) and zirconia (ZrO2) surfaces, ranging from rough to very smooth, affect the expression of elastase (NE), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, MMP-9, and extracellular traps (NETs) by neutrophils. Discs of Ti64 and ZrO2 [...] Read more.
Our study examined how different titanium alloy Ti6Al4V (Ti64) and zirconia (ZrO2) surfaces, ranging from rough to very smooth, affect the expression of elastase (NE), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, MMP-9, and extracellular traps (NETs) by neutrophils. Discs of Ti64 and ZrO2, 10 mm in diameter and 1.5 mm thick, were created using diamond-impregnated polishing burs and paste to produce rough (Ra > 3 µm), smooth (Ra ≥ 1 to 1.5 µm), and very smooth (Ra < 0.1 µm) surfaces. Neutrophils from Wistar rats were cultured on these surfaces, and the culture supernatants were then examined for NE, MMP-8, and MMP-9 using ELISA. At the same time, NET formation was demonstrated immunohistochemically by staining neutrophils with CD16b and DNA with DAPI. Overall, the expressions of NE and MMP-8 were significantly higher from neutrophil culture on Ti64 and ZrO2 rough surfaces compared to the very smooth surface (R > S > VS) after 2 h and 4 h of culture. The expression of MMP-9 also increased with culture time; however, no significant surface effects on expression were observed. Similarly, rough Ti64 and ZrO2 surfaces (R & S) also showed significantly larger NET formation compared to the very smooth surface (VS) after 4 h and 8 h cultures. Our findings suggest that increasing surface roughness on Ti64 and ZrO2 triggers higher NE, MMP-8, and NET formation secretion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials and Devices for Healthcare Applications)
Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 4105 KiB  
Article
In Vitro Microscopical and Microbiological Assessment of the Sealing Ability of Calcium Silicate-Based Root Canal Sealers
by Karin Christine Huth, Sabina Noreen Wuersching, Leander Benz, Stefan Kist and Maximilian Kollmuss
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(11), 341; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110341 - 12 Nov 2024
Viewed by 609
Abstract
This in vitro study evaluated the sealing ability and microleakage of calcium silicate-based sealers compared to an epoxy resin-based sealer. One hundred twenty-five roots from anterior teeth were chemo-mechanically prepared and divided into four groups: AH Plus (AH), ProRoot MTA (PR), Medcem MTA [...] Read more.
This in vitro study evaluated the sealing ability and microleakage of calcium silicate-based sealers compared to an epoxy resin-based sealer. One hundred twenty-five roots from anterior teeth were chemo-mechanically prepared and divided into four groups: AH Plus (AH), ProRoot MTA (PR), Medcem MTA (MC), and Total Fill BC Sealer/BC-coated gutta-percha (TF); n = 30. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to measure sealer penetration at three horizontal levels in 10 roots per group, while glucose leakage over 30 days was assessed in 20 roots. A lateral compaction technique was used for most groups, except for TF, which employed a single-cone method. Data were analyzed using Python with a Kruskal–Wallis test and Dunn’s post hoc test. TF showed significantly greater penetration in the coronal and middle sections, while PR had the least penetration in the apical section. PR exhibited the highest canal circumference penetration, especially compared to MC and TF. Glucose leakage increased over time in all groups, with TF showing the highest permeability after 30 days. Overall, calcium silicate-based sealers PR, MC, and TF performed similarly to the epoxy resin standard AH, with all groups exhibiting decreasing penetration from coronal to apical and increased leakage over time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clinical Endodontic Applications (2nd Edition))
Show Figures

Figure 1

34 pages, 4136 KiB  
Review
Synthesis, Functionalization, and Biomedical Applications of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (IONPs)
by Mostafa Salehirozveh, Parisa Dehghani and Ivan Mijakovic
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(11), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110340 - 12 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1209
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have garnered significant attention in biomedical applications due to their unique magnetic properties, biocompatibility, and versatility. This review comprehensively examines the synthesis methods, surface functionalization techniques, and diverse biomedical applications of IONPs. Various chemical and physical synthesis techniques, including [...] Read more.
Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have garnered significant attention in biomedical applications due to their unique magnetic properties, biocompatibility, and versatility. This review comprehensively examines the synthesis methods, surface functionalization techniques, and diverse biomedical applications of IONPs. Various chemical and physical synthesis techniques, including coprecipitation, sol–gel processes, thermal decomposition, hydrothermal synthesis, and sonochemical routes, are discussed in detail, highlighting their advantages and limitations. Surface functionalization strategies, such as ligand exchange, encapsulation, and silanization, are explored to enhance the biocompatibility and functionality of IONPs. Special emphasis is placed on the role of IONPs in biosensing technologies, where their magnetic and optical properties enable significant advancements, including in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based biosensors, fluorescence biosensors, and field-effect transistor (FET) biosensors. The review explores how IONPs enhance sensitivity and selectivity in detecting biomolecules, demonstrating their potential for point-of-care diagnostics. Additionally, biomedical applications such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), targeted drug delivery, tissue engineering, and stem cell tracking are discussed. The challenges and future perspectives in the clinical translation of IONPs are also addressed, emphasizing the need for further research to optimize their properties and ensure safety and efficacy in medical applications. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current state and future potential of IONPs in both biosensing and broader biomedical fields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials and Devices for Healthcare Applications)
Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 424 KiB  
Systematic Review
Propolis in Dental Implantology: A Systematic Review of Its Effects and Benefits
by Magdalena Sycińska-Dziarnowska, Liliana Szyszka-Sommerfeld, Magdalena Ziąbka, Krzysztof Woźniak and Gianrico Spagnuolo
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(11), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110339 - 12 Nov 2024
Viewed by 674
Abstract
Dental implants are widely recognized for their effectiveness in restoring missing teeth, yet their success is often compromised by infections or inadequate osseointegration. Propolis, a natural resinous substance with potent antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and osteogenic properties, has emerged as a promising adjunct in dental [...] Read more.
Dental implants are widely recognized for their effectiveness in restoring missing teeth, yet their success is often compromised by infections or inadequate osseointegration. Propolis, a natural resinous substance with potent antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and osteogenic properties, has emerged as a promising adjunct in dental implantology. This systematic review critically evaluates the current evidence on the incorporation of propolis into dental implants, focusing on its impact on antimicrobial efficacy, bone healing, and overall implant stability. The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO under the registration number CRD42024577122. The PRISMA diagram visually represented the search strategy, screening, and inclusion process. Two reviewers conducted a comprehensive literature search across five databases: PubMed, PubMed Central, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science. The review synthesized findings from 13 studies; in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies, highlighting that propolis significantly enhances antibacterial and antifungal activities against pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Streptococcus mutans, thereby reducing the risk of peri-implant infections. Additionally, propolis promotes osseointegration by stimulating osteoblast activity and reducing inflammatory cytokine expression, leading to improved bone formation and implant stability. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of propolis further contribute to a favorable healing environment, enhancing the long-term success of dental implants. The systematic review underscores the potential of propolis as a safe, biocompatible, and effective material for improving dental implant outcomes. However, it also identifies the need for more extensive clinical trials to fully establish standardized protocols for propolis application in implantology. This review provides an overview of propolis’s potential role in dental implants and suggests promising avenues for future research to optimize its benefits in clinical practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Dentistry 2024)
Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 2128 KiB  
Article
Marginal Discrepancy and Internal Fit of 3D-Printed Versus Milled Laminate Veneers: An In Vitro Study
by Arwa Daghrery, Honey Lunkad, Khalid Mobarki, Majed Alhazmi, Hussain Khubrani, Thilla Sekar Vinothkumar and Eman Jabarti
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(11), 338; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110338 - 11 Nov 2024
Viewed by 952
Abstract
The clinical success of laminate veneers depends upon their marginal discrepancy (MD) and internal gap (IG). This study aims to compare and evaluate the MD, overall discrepancy (OD), absolute marginal discrepancy (AMD), and IG of 3D-printed (Varseosmile TrinQ and Varseosmile Crown Plus) and [...] Read more.
The clinical success of laminate veneers depends upon their marginal discrepancy (MD) and internal gap (IG). This study aims to compare and evaluate the MD, overall discrepancy (OD), absolute marginal discrepancy (AMD), and IG of 3D-printed (Varseosmile TrinQ and Varseosmile Crown Plus) and computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM)-milled (Brilliant Crios) laminate veneers using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Thirty maxillary central incisors were prepared and divided randomly into three groups (n = 10). All teeth were scanned for veneer fabrication: Group PVT teeth with 3D-printed Varseosmile TrinQ, Group PVC teeth with 3D-printed Varseosmile Crown Plus, and Group BCM teeth with Brilliant Crios milled veneers. The specimens with respective veneers were scanned using CBCT, and the sectional images were measured for IG, MD, OD, and AMD. The mean values for MD recorded were 0.27, 0.31, and 0.40 for PVT, PVC, and BCM respectively). The mean values for IG recorded were as follows: PVT group—0.24, PVC group—0.28, and BCM group—0.39, and those for OD were as follows: PVT—0.22, PVC—0.32, and BCM—0.41. Intragroup significance was observed for IG and OD (p = 0.001). Findings revealed that milled veneers have a higher IG and MD than 3D-printed veneers, making them less clinically acceptable. Full article
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

11 pages, 2744 KiB  
Article
Enhancing the Biological Properties of Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Calcium Silicate Cements: An In Vitro Study
by Minji Choi, Jiyoung Kwon, Ji-Hyun Jang, Duck-Su Kim and Hyun-Jung Kim
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(11), 337; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110337 - 10 Nov 2024
Viewed by 816
Abstract
(1) Background: This study aimed to enhance the biological properties of hydraulic calcium silicate cements (HCSCs) by incorporating organic and inorganic components, specifically elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) and bioactive glass (BAG). We focused on the effects of these composites on the viability, migration, and [...] Read more.
(1) Background: This study aimed to enhance the biological properties of hydraulic calcium silicate cements (HCSCs) by incorporating organic and inorganic components, specifically elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) and bioactive glass (BAG). We focused on the effects of these composites on the viability, migration, and osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPDLFs). (2) Methods: Proroot MTA was supplemented with 1–5 wt% 63S BAG and 10 wt% ELP. The experimental groups contained various combinations of HSCS with ELP and BAG. Cell viability was assessed using an MTT assay, cell migration was evaluated using wound healing and transwell assays, and osteogenic activity was determined through Alizarin Red S staining and a gene expression analysis of osteogenic markers (ALP, RUNX-2, OCN, and Col1A2). (3) Results: The combination of ELP and BAG significantly enhanced the viability of hPDLFs with an optimal BAG concentration of 1–4%. Cell migration assays demonstrated faster migration rates in groups with 2–4% BAG and ELP incorporation. Osteogenic activity was the highest with 2–3% BAG incorporation with ELP, as evidenced by intense Alizarin Red S staining and the upregulation of osteogenic differentiation markers. (4) Conclusions: The incorporation of ELP (organic) and BAG (inorganic) into HCSC significantly enhances the viability, migration, and osteogenic differentiation of hPDLFs. These findings suggest that composite HCSC might support healing in destructed bone lesions in endodontics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Studies and Biomaterials in Dentistry)
Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1009 KiB  
Article
Plasma Rich in Growth Factors Compared to Xenogenic Bone Graft in Treatment of Periodontal Intra-Osseous Defects—A Prospective, Comparative Clinical Study
by Sourav Panda, Sital Panda, Abhaya Chandra Das, Natalia Lewkowicz, Barbara Lapinska, Margherita Tumedei, Funda Goker, Niccolò Cenzato and Massimo Del Fabbro
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(11), 336; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110336 - 9 Nov 2024
Viewed by 713
Abstract
Background: Periodontal intra-bony defects are challenging conditions in dental practice, often requiring regenerative approaches for successful treatment. This clinical study aimed to compare the effectiveness of plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) versus xenogenic bone graft (BXG) in addressing intra-bony defects. Methods: Forty [...] Read more.
Background: Periodontal intra-bony defects are challenging conditions in dental practice, often requiring regenerative approaches for successful treatment. This clinical study aimed to compare the effectiveness of plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) versus xenogenic bone graft (BXG) in addressing intra-bony defects. Methods: Forty patients aged between 30 and 50 years presenting with generalized periodontitis were included. The study assessed various parameters, including relative attachment level (RAL); probing pocket depth (PPD); gingival marginal level (GML); intra-bony defect depth (IBDD) at baseline, 3, and 6 months; and level of pain, post-operative bleeding, and swelling, as patient-reported outcomes during the first seven days post operation. Results: The results revealed that both PRGF and BXG treatments led to significant reductions in IBDD over the 6-month study period. PRGF demonstrated significant advantages in GML enhancement and post-operative pain management during the initial post-treatment days. However, BXG showed a significantly greater reduction in IBDD compared to PRGF. Post-operative bleeding and swelling levels were comparable between the two treatments. Conclusions: These findings underscore the efficacy of both PRGF and BXG in periodontal regeneration, with treatment decisions guided by patient-specific factors and clinical goals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biomaterials for Regenerative Dentistry)
Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 5777 KiB  
Article
Advancing Adult-Acquired Flatfoot Deformity Treatment: Enhanced Biomechanical Support Through Graphene Oxide-Integrated Bioengineered Grafts Tested In Silico
by Sebastián Nieto, Mónica Gantiva-Díaz, María A. Hoyos, Yuliet Montoya, Juan C. Cruz and Christian Cifuentes-De la Portilla
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(11), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110335 - 9 Nov 2024
Viewed by 794
Abstract
Adult-Acquired Flatfoot Deformity (AAFD) is a progressive orthopedic condition causing the collapse of the foot’s medial longitudinal arch, often linked with injuries to the plantar arch’s passive stabilizers, such as the spring ligament (SL) and plantar fascia. Conventional treatment typically involves replacing the [...] Read more.
Adult-Acquired Flatfoot Deformity (AAFD) is a progressive orthopedic condition causing the collapse of the foot’s medial longitudinal arch, often linked with injuries to the plantar arch’s passive stabilizers, such as the spring ligament (SL) and plantar fascia. Conventional treatment typically involves replacing the SL with synthetic material grafts, which, while providing mechanical support, lack the biological compatibility of native ligaments. In response to this shortcoming, our study developed an electrospun, twisted polymeric graft made of polycaprolactone (PCL) and type B gelatin (GT), enhanced with graphene oxide (GO), a two-dimensional nanomaterial, to bolster biomechanical attributes. The addition of GO aimed to match the native ligamentous tissue’s mechanical strength, with the PCL-GT-GO 2.0% blend demonstrating an optimal Young’s modulus of 240.75 MPa. Furthermore, the graft showcased excellent biocompatibility, evidenced by non-hemolytic reactions, suitable wettability and favorable platelet aggregation—essential features for promoting cell adhesion and proliferation. An MTT assay revealed cell viability exceeding 80% after 48 h of exposure, highlighting the potential of the graft as a regenerative scaffold for affected ligaments. Computational modeling of the human foot across various AAFD stages assessed the graft’s in situ performance, with the PCL-GT-OG 2.0% graft efficiently preventing plantar arch collapse and offering hindfoot pronator support. Our study, based on in silico simulations, suggests that this bioengineered graft holds significant promise as an alternative treatment in AAFD surgery, marking a leap forward in the integration of advanced materials science for enhanced patient care. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Application of Functional Biomaterials (2nd Edition))
Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 19202 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Plaque Accumulation Between Titanium and PEEK Healing Abutments
by Suphachai Suphangul, Patr Pujarern, Dinesh Rokaya, Chatruethai Kanchanasobhana, Pimduen Rungsiyakull and Pisaisit Chaijareenont
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(11), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110334 - 7 Nov 2024
Viewed by 704
Abstract
Titanium (Ti) is considered the gold standard material for provisional implant restorations. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), a polymeric thermoplastic material, has been progressively used in prosthetic, restorative, and implant dentistry. Recently, PEEK has been used in implant dentistry as a provisional implant restoration. Plaque accumulation [...] Read more.
Titanium (Ti) is considered the gold standard material for provisional implant restorations. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), a polymeric thermoplastic material, has been progressively used in prosthetic, restorative, and implant dentistry. Recently, PEEK has been used in implant dentistry as a provisional implant restoration. Plaque accumulation and biofilm formation become the major concerns when infection and inflammation occur in the peri-implant tissue. Few reports were studied regarding the biofilm formation on the PEEK surface. This study aimed to compare plaque accumulation between the PEEK and Ti healing abutments. In an in vitro setting, the Ti healing abutment and PEEK healing abutment were subjected to biofilm formation; the result was collected after 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 7 days. Biofilms were studied following staining with crystal violet. The data were analyzed by Two-Way ANOVA. It was found that between Ti healing abutment and PEEK healing abutment materials, the biofilm formation on the PEEK surface is slightly higher than Ti, but no statistical difference (p > 0.05) was found. The results suggested that plaque accumulation between the Ti healing abutment and the PEEK healing abutment was not different. We concluded that the plaque accumulation on the surface PEEK healing abutment was similar to the conventional Ti healing abutment materials. Hence, both the PEEK and Ti healing abutments can be used as a healing abutment biomaterial according to the requirements of the prostheses in implant dentistry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Development and Future of Dental Implants)
Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 2581 KiB  
Article
Near-Infrared Light Photodynamic Therapy with PEI-Capped Up-Conversion Nanoparticles and Chlorin e6 Induces Apoptosis of Oral Cancer Cells
by Jinhao Cui, Yoshimasa Makita, Tomoharu Okamura, Chihoko Ikeda, Shin-ichi Fujiwara and Kazuya Tominaga
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(11), 333; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110333 - 7 Nov 2024
Viewed by 583
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common malignancy in the oral cavity. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a new alternative for the treatment of diseases using photosensitizers (PS) and light. In this study, we used a photosensitizer complex (Ce6-MnNPs—Chlorin e6 combined with up-conversion [...] Read more.
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common malignancy in the oral cavity. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a new alternative for the treatment of diseases using photosensitizers (PS) and light. In this study, we used a photosensitizer complex (Ce6-MnNPs—Chlorin e6 combined with up-conversion nanoparticles NaYF4:Yb/Er/Mn) to investigate the therapeutic effectiveness of this treatment against oral cancer cells. We also investigated the mechanism of action of near-infrared light PDT (NIR-PDT) combined with the Ce6-MnNPs. After determining a suitable concentration of Ce6-MnNPs using an MTT assay, human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells (HSC-3) were treated with NIR-PDT with Ce6-MnNPs. We examined the characteristics of Ce6-MnNPs by transmission electron microscopy (TEM); a zeta potential and particle size analyzer; Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR); cell viability by MTT assay; and apoptosis by FITC-Annexin V/PI assay. The mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), apoptosis-related mRNA level (Bax and Bcl-2) and p53 protein were also researched. NIR-PDT with 0.5 ng/µL Ce6-MnNPs inhibited the proliferation of HSC-3 (p < 0.05). After treatment with NIR-PDT, changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis occurred (p < 0.01). The ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and p53-positive cells increased (p < 0.01). These results suggest that this treatment can induce apoptosis of oral cancer cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Materials/Biomaterials for Healthcare Applications)
Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 1338 KiB  
Article
Bioactive Compounds Enhance the Biocompatibility and the Physical Properties of a Glass Ionomer Cement
by Aline Rogéria Freire de Castilho, Pedro Luiz Rosalen, Marina Yasbeck Oliveira, Jonny Burga-Sánchez, Simone Duarte, Ramiro Mendonça Murata and Regina Maria Puppin Rontani
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(11), 332; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110332 - 7 Nov 2024
Viewed by 676
Abstract
In order to characterize a novel restorative material, knowledge about the toxicological effect on human cells and the physical behavior of a glass ionomer cement (GIC) containing flavonoids was established. The flavonoids apigenin, naringenin, quercetin, and liquiritigenin were manually incorporated into a GIC. [...] Read more.
In order to characterize a novel restorative material, knowledge about the toxicological effect on human cells and the physical behavior of a glass ionomer cement (GIC) containing flavonoids was established. The flavonoids apigenin, naringenin, quercetin, and liquiritigenin were manually incorporated into a GIC. In the control group, no incorporation was performed. Two cell culture assays evaluated the toxicity of GICs: SRB and MTT. For both assays, the keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) was exposed to GIC (n = 3/group) for 24 h. The physical properties of the GICs were evaluated by compressive strength (n = 10), surface roughness (n = 10), and hardness (n = 10) tests. Cell viability by SRB ranged from 103% to 97%. The control revealed a significant decrease in the metabolism of cells (61%) by MTT, while the GIC+apigenin slightly increased the succinic dehydrogenase activity (105%; p > 0.05), also confirmed microscopically. The compressive strength and roughness values were similar among groups, but the hardness increased after the incorporation of naringenin and quercetin into GIC (p < 0.05). The incorporation of flavonoids positively altered the biological and physical properties of the GICs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dental Biomaterials)
Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 13962 KiB  
Article
Optimizing Bone Regeneration with Demineralized Dentin-Derived Graft Material: Impact of Demineralization Duration in a Rabbit Calvaria Model
by Bounghoon Lee, Hyunsuk Choi and Dong-Seok Sohn
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(11), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110331 - 6 Nov 2024
Viewed by 613
Abstract
This study evaluated the regenerative potential of demineralized dentin-derived matrix (DDM) as a bone graft material in rabbit calvaria. DDM, sourced from extracted teeth, is emerging as an alternative to traditional grafts like allografts and xenografts. We aimed to identify the most effective [...] Read more.
This study evaluated the regenerative potential of demineralized dentin-derived matrix (DDM) as a bone graft material in rabbit calvaria. DDM, sourced from extracted teeth, is emerging as an alternative to traditional grafts like allografts and xenografts. We aimed to identify the most effective demineralization protocol to optimize the regenerative capacity of DDM. Four groups were compared: a control group without grafts, a non-demineralized DDM group, and two demineralized DDM groups (15 and 30 min demineralization). Histomorphometric analysis was conducted in a randomized and blinded setting at 2, 4, and 8 weeks post-graft placement. The results revealed that the 15 min demineralized DDM group showed the most significant new bone formation (42.51% ± 6.40% at 8 weeks; p < 0.05), suggesting its potential as a highly effective regenerative graft material. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 1856 KiB  
Review
Bioengineering the Junctional Epithelium in 3D Oral Mucosa Models
by Marianna Gavriiloglou, Mira Hammad, Jordan M. Iliopoulos, Pierre Layrolle and Danae A. Apazidou
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(11), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110330 - 6 Nov 2024
Viewed by 710
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) culture models and animal experiments have been widely used to study the pathogenesis of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and to test new treatment approaches. However, neither of them can reproduce the complexity of human periodontal tissues, making the development of a [...] Read more.
Two-dimensional (2D) culture models and animal experiments have been widely used to study the pathogenesis of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and to test new treatment approaches. However, neither of them can reproduce the complexity of human periodontal tissues, making the development of a successful 3D oral mucosal model a necessity. The soft-tissue attachment formed around a tooth or an implant function like a biologic seal, protecting the deeper tissues from bacterial infection. The aim of this review is to explore the advancements made so far in the biofabrication of a junctional epithelium around a tooth-like or an implant insert in vitro. This review focuses on the origin of cells and the variety of extracellular components and biomaterials that have been used for the biofabrication of 3D oral mucosa models. The existing 3D models recapitulate soft-tissue attachment around implant abutments and hydroxyapatite discs. Hereby, the qualitative and quantitative assessments performed for evidencing the soft-tissue attachment are critically reviewed. In perspective, the design of sophisticated 3D models should work together for oral immunology and microbiology biofilms to accurately reproduce periodontal and peri-implant diseases. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 7402 KiB  
Article
Development of Nanocomposite Microspheres for Nasal Administration of Deferiprone in Neurodegenerative Disorders
by Radka Boyuklieva, Plamen Katsarov, Plamen Zagorchev, Silviya Abarova, Asya Hristozova and Bissera Pilicheva
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(11), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110329 - 5 Nov 2024
Viewed by 793
Abstract
Elevated brain iron levels are characteristic of many neurodegenerative diseases. As an iron chelator with short biological half-life, deferiprone leads to agranulocytosis and neutropenia with a prolonged therapeutic course. Its inclusion in sustained-release dosage forms may reduce the frequency of administration. On the [...] Read more.
Elevated brain iron levels are characteristic of many neurodegenerative diseases. As an iron chelator with short biological half-life, deferiprone leads to agranulocytosis and neutropenia with a prolonged therapeutic course. Its inclusion in sustained-release dosage forms may reduce the frequency of administration. On the other hand, when administered by an alternative route of administration, such as the nasal route, systemic exposure to deferiprone will be reduced, thereby reducing the occurrence of adverse effects. Direct nose-to-brain delivery has been raised as a non-invasive strategy to deliver drugs to the brain, bypassing the blood–brain barrier. The aim of the study was to develop and characterize nanocomposite microspheres suitable for intranasal administration by combining nano- and microparticle-based approaches. Nanoparticles with an average particle size of 213 ± 56 nm based on the biodegradable polymer poly-ε-caprolactone were developed using the solvent evaporation method. To ensure the deposition of the particles in the nasal cavity and avoid exhalation or deposition into the small airways, the nanoparticles were incorporated into composite structures of sodium alginate obtained by spray drying. Deferiprone demonstrated sustained release from the nanocomposite microspheres and high iron-chelating activity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Application of Functional Biomaterials (2nd Edition))
Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 4283 KiB  
Article
Sonification of Deproteinized Bovine Bone Functionalized with Genistein Enhances Bone Repair in Peri-Implant Bone Defects in Ovariectomized Rats
by Nathália Dantas Duarte, Gabriel Mulinari-Santos, Fábio Roberto de Souza Batista, Marcelly Braga Gomes, Naara Gabriela Monteiro, Ana Cláudia Ervolino da Silva, Reinhard Gruber, Paulo Noronha Lisboa-Filho, Pedro Henrique Silva Gomes-Ferreira and Roberta Okamoto
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(11), 328; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110328 - 5 Nov 2024
Viewed by 899
Abstract
Estrogen deficiency is one of several contributing factors to catabolic changes in bone surrounding dental implants, impairing bone repair in defects requiring bone regeneration. Functionalizing bone substitutes is an alternative approach among various strategies to address this challenge. In this study, the aim [...] Read more.
Estrogen deficiency is one of several contributing factors to catabolic changes in bone surrounding dental implants, impairing bone repair in defects requiring bone regeneration. Functionalizing bone substitutes is an alternative approach among various strategies to address this challenge. In this study, the aim was to evaluate the effect of functionalizing deproteinized bovine bone (Bio-Oss®, BO) with genistein via sonication on peri-implant bone defects in ovariectomized rats. The animals were randomly distributed according to the treatment into the following four groups (n = 10): BO sonicated with genistein (BOS + GEN), BO sonicated alone (BOS), untreated BO (BO), and blood clot only (CLOT). After twenty-eight days, implant removal torque was determined, and the peri-implant bone parameters were calculated based on computed microtomography. Additionally, the gene expression of bone turnover markers was evaluated. As a main result, the functionalization with genistein increased implant removal torque and the peri-implant bone volume in the BOS + GEN group compared to both BOS and BO groups (both p < 0.05). These findings suggest that the sonification of deproteinized bovine bone functionalized with genistein improves bone repair in peri-implant bone defects in ovariectomized rats. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Application of Functional Biomaterials (2nd Edition))
Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 2475 KiB  
Article
Calcium Phosphate Loaded with Curcumin Prodrug and Selenium Is Bifunctional in Osteosarcoma Treatments
by Mingjie Wang, Chunfeng Xu, Dong Xu, Chang Du and Yuelian Liu
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(11), 327; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110327 - 3 Nov 2024
Viewed by 974
Abstract
Although SeO32− ions have been loaded onto calcium phosphate to treat a wide range of cancers, the quest to promote bone tissue regeneration is still ongoing. Curcumin (cur), an herbal extraction, can selectively inhibit tumor cells and promote osteogenesis. In this [...] Read more.
Although SeO32− ions have been loaded onto calcium phosphate to treat a wide range of cancers, the quest to promote bone tissue regeneration is still ongoing. Curcumin (cur), an herbal extraction, can selectively inhibit tumor cells and promote osteogenesis. In this study, SeO32− ions were co-precipitated in biomimetic calcium phosphate (Se@BioCaP), and modified curcumin prodrug (mcur) was adsorbed on diverse Se@BioCaP surfaces (mcur-Se@BioCaP-Ads). Co-precipitation yielded Se@BioCaP with a significantly higher Se content and exhibited a tailorable micro-/nanostructure. The favorable pH-responsive release of Se and mcur from mcur-Se@BioCaP-Ads showed a synergistic anticancer efficiency in OS cells, enhancing OS cell inhibition more than a single dose of them, which might be associated with ROS production in OS cells. In addition, increased alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium nodule formation in MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts were also verified. These results suggest this novel mcur-Se@BioCaP-Ads has promising and widespread potential in OS treatments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mesoporous Nanomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

21 pages, 7976 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Helium and Nitrogen Plasmas on Electrospun Gelatin Nanofiber Scaffolds for Skin Tissue Engineering Applications
by Abolfazl Mozaffari, Mazeyar Parvinzadeh Gashti, Farbod Alimohammadi and Mohammad Pousti
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(11), 326; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110326 - 1 Nov 2024
Viewed by 879
Abstract
This study explores the fabrication of tannic acid-crosslinked gelatin nanofibers via electrospinning, followed by helium and nitrogen plasma treatment to enhance their biofunctionality, which was assessed using fibroblast cells. The nanofibers were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, attenuated total reflection [...] Read more.
This study explores the fabrication of tannic acid-crosslinked gelatin nanofibers via electrospinning, followed by helium and nitrogen plasma treatment to enhance their biofunctionality, which was assessed using fibroblast cells. The nanofibers were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and water contact angle measurements before and after treatment. Helium and nitrogen gas plasma were employed to modify the nanofiber surfaces. Results indicated that helium and nitrogen plasma treatment significantly increased the hydrophilicity and biofunctionality of the nanofibers by 5.1° ± 0.6 and 15.6° ± 2.2, respectively, making them more suitable for human skin fibroblast applications. To investigate the impact of plasma treatment on gelatin, we employed a computational model using density functional theory with the B3LYP/6-31+G(d) method. This model represented gelatin as an amino acid chain composed of glycine, hydroxyproline, and proline, interacting with plasma particles. Vibrational analysis of these systems was used to interpret the vibrational spectra of untreated and plasma-treated gelatin. To further correlate with experimental findings, molecular dynamics simulations were performed on a system of three interacting gelatin chains. These simulations explored changes in amino acid bonding. The computational results align with experimental observations. Comprehensive analyses confirmed that these treatments improved hydrophilicity and biofunctionality, supporting the use of plasma-treated gelatin nanofibers in skin tissue engineering applications. Gelatin’s natural biopolymer properties and the versatility of plasma surface modification techniques underscore its potential in regenerating cartilage, skin, circulatory tissues, and hamstrings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Biomaterials for Healthcare Applications)
Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1663 KiB  
Article
Effects of Finishing on Surface Roughness of Four Different Glass-Ionomer Cements and One Alkasite: In Vitro Investigation over Time Using Aging Simulation
by Alexander Behlau, Isabelle Behlau, Michael Payer, Gerd Leitinger, Katharina Hanscho, Lumnije Kqiku and Karl Glockner
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(11), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110325 - 31 Oct 2024
Viewed by 743
Abstract
In 2017, Europe implemented a ban on amalgam restorations for children aged <15 years and for pregnant/breastfeeding women, highlighting the need for alternative filling materials exhibiting less surface roughness and enhanced longevity. This in vitro study aimed to examine the surface roughness variations [...] Read more.
In 2017, Europe implemented a ban on amalgam restorations for children aged <15 years and for pregnant/breastfeeding women, highlighting the need for alternative filling materials exhibiting less surface roughness and enhanced longevity. This in vitro study aimed to examine the surface roughness variations of five amalgam-replacement materials across three time points and using six finishing methods: (1) no finishing (control), (2) Arkansas burs, (3) diamond burs, (4) tungsten carbide burs, (5) SofLex discs in descending grit size, and (6) coarse SofLex discs combined with silicone polishing. We prepared 960 samples. Each material group, i.e., Cention Forte (CNF), DeltaFil (DLF), Ketac Universal (KTU), IonoStar Molar (ISM), and Equia Forte HT (EQF), comprised 60 samples (n = 10 per finishing method) created using standardized 3D-printed metal molds. Surface roughness (Sa) was measured immediately after finishing, after 30 days of storage in distilled water, and after thermocycling (5000 cycles) using a non-contact profilometer. The results indicate that conventional and hybrid glass-ionomer cements have smoother surfaces than high-viscosity GICs. The DLF and CNF groups exhibited stable outcomes. These findings underscore the importance of selecting appropriate finishing methods based on the restorative material to minimize surface roughness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics)
Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 1754 KiB  
Review
Unlocking Genome Editing: Advances and Obstacles in CRISPR/Cas Delivery Technologies
by Bibifatima Kaupbayeva, Andrey Tsoy, Yuliya Safarova (Yantsen), Ainetta Nurmagambetova, Hironobu Murata, Krzysztof Matyjaszewski and Sholpan Askarova
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(11), 324; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110324 - 31 Oct 2024
Viewed by 2239
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats associated with protein 9) was first identified as a component of the bacterial adaptive immune system and subsequently engineered into a genome-editing tool. The key breakthrough in this field came with the realization that CRISPR/Cas9 could [...] Read more.
CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats associated with protein 9) was first identified as a component of the bacterial adaptive immune system and subsequently engineered into a genome-editing tool. The key breakthrough in this field came with the realization that CRISPR/Cas9 could be used in mammalian cells to enable transformative genetic editing. This technology has since become a vital tool for various genetic manipulations, including gene knockouts, knock-in point mutations, and gene regulation at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. CRISPR/Cas9 holds great potential in human medicine, particularly for curing genetic disorders. However, despite significant innovation and advancement in genome editing, the technology still possesses critical limitations, such as off-target effects, immunogenicity issues, ethical considerations, regulatory hurdles, and the need for efficient delivery methods. To overcome these obstacles, efforts have focused on creating more accurate and reliable Cas9 nucleases and exploring innovative delivery methods. Recently, functional biomaterials and synthetic carriers have shown great potential as effective delivery vehicles for CRISPR/Cas9 components. In this review, we attempt to provide a comprehensive survey of the existing CRISPR-Cas9 delivery strategies, including viral delivery, biomaterials-based delivery, synthetic carriers, and physical delivery techniques. We underscore the urgent need for effective delivery systems to fully unlock the power of CRISPR/Cas9 technology and realize a seamless transition from benchtop research to clinical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Application of Functional Biomaterials (2nd Edition))
Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 5577 KiB  
Article
Calcium Silicate Promoting the Upcycling Potential of Polysulfone Medical Waste in Load-Bearing Applications
by Chi-Nan Chang, Jia-Jia Chung, Huei-Yu Jiang and Shinn-Jyh Ding
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(11), 323; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110323 - 30 Oct 2024
Viewed by 635
Abstract
Polysulfone (PSF) medical waste can be effectively repurposed due to its excellent mechanical properties. Due to the increasing need for load-bearing bone implants, it is crucial to prioritize the development of biocompatible polymer–matrix composites. Calcium silicate (CaSi), known for its osteogenesis and antibacterial [...] Read more.
Polysulfone (PSF) medical waste can be effectively repurposed due to its excellent mechanical properties. Due to the increasing need for load-bearing bone implants, it is crucial to prioritize the development of biocompatible polymer–matrix composites. Calcium silicate (CaSi), known for its osteogenesis and antibacterial properties, is widely used in medical applications. In this study, recycled PSF plastics in fiber or nanoparticle forms and commercial PSF products were used to create PSF-based composites filled with three different amounts (10, 20, and 30 vol%) of CaSi. The green compact was heat-treated at various temperatures. Experimental results showed that the mechanical interlocking of the PSF matrix and CaSi filler occurred due to the liquefaction of PSF fibers or nanoparticles during heat treatment. When the composite contained 20% CaSi, the obtained three-point bending strength exceeded 60 MPa, falling within the reported strength of compact bone. There was a concurrent improvement in the biocompatibility and antibacterial activity of the PSF-based composites with the increasing amount of CaSi. Considering their mechanical properties and antibacterial activity, the 20% CaSi-containing PSF-based composites treated at 240 °C emerged as a promising candidate for bone implant applications. This study demonstrated the feasibility of upcycling medical waste such as PSF as a matrix, opening doors for its potential usage in the medical field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Composites for Bone Implants and Osseointegration)
Show Figures

Figure 1

Previous Issue
Next Issue
Back to TopTop