Simple Summary
Young pigeons experience physiological challenges during the transition from parental feeding to independent feeding, which may affect their growth and health. In this study, thymol, a plant-derived compound, was added at different levels to the health care sand provided to young pigeons. Thymol supplementation was associated with favorable changes in serum antioxidant parameters, whereas differences in growth performance and apparent nutrient utilization were not statistically significant after correction for multiple testing. Fecal microbiome and metabolomic analyses were conducted only in the control group and the 3% thymol group, which was selected after evaluation of the growth and physiological results. These exploratory analyses did not detect significant differences in overall fecal microbial community composition but identified several candidate differential fecal metabolite features. However, these findings do not establish that the observed microbial or metabolic associations caused the antioxidant responses or that 3% represents an optimal supplementation level. Further studies are needed to clarify the biological significance of these findings and determine an appropriate thymol supplementation level.
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of thymol supplementation in health care sand on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, fecal microbial diversity, and fecal metabolites in Grey King squabs. A total of 160 healthy 28-day-old Grey King squabs were selected and randomly assigned to four treatment groups: the CON, 2%Thy, 3%Thy, and 4%Thy groups. Each group consisted of 10 replicates with four squabs per replicate, resulting in a total of 40 squabs per group. Under identical feeding management conditions and dietary nutrient levels, squabs in the CON group received the basal diet plus 5 g of health care sand; those in the 2%Thy group received the basal diet plus 5 g of health care sand containing 2% thymol; those in the 3%Thy group received the basal diet plus 5 g of health care sand containing 3% thymol; and those in the 4%Thy group received the basal diet plus 5 g of health care sand containing 4% thymol. The experiment lasted for 30 days. During the experimental period, the pigeons were housed in cages measuring 45 cm × 50 cm × 60 cm. Each pigeon was provided with 40 g of diet and 5 g of health care sand daily and had free access to water. After Benjamini–Hochberg false discovery rate correction, no significant differences were observed in growth performance, body measurements, apparent nutrient retention, or energy metabolizability among treatments (q > 0.05). However, thymol-supplemented groups exhibited significantly increased serum total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase activities, together with decreased malondialdehyde levels (q < 0.05). Fecal microbiome and metabolomic analyses were restricted to the CON and 3%Thy groups, with the 3%Thy group selected after evaluation of the phenotypic and physiological responses rather than being prespecified before the experiment. These omics comparisons were therefore considered exploratory. No statistically significant difference in overall fecal microbial community composition was detected between the two groups, whereas 17 candidate differential fecal metabolite features were observed. These features were mainly putatively annotated as lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic acids and derivatives, organoheterocyclic compounds, and benzenoids. Among the supplementation levels evaluated, the 3%Thy group showed comparatively favorable numerical responses in several measured parameters and may be considered a candidate level for further investigation. However, the present findings do not establish an optimal thymol supplementation level, and the biological significance of the exploratory fecal omics results requires further validation.