Best Practices for Zoo Animal Welfare Management

A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Zoo Animals".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 December 2025 | Viewed by 2997

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Animal Welfare Education Centre (AWEC), Department of Animal and Food Science, School of Veterinary Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
Interests: animal welfare; welfare assessment; animal behaviour; stress physiology; wild animals

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Guest Editor
Department of Animal and Food Science, School of Veterinary Science, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
Interests: animal welfare; welfare assessment; animal behaviour; stress physiology; companion animals; wild animals
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Ensuring the highest possible standards of animal welfare has become a key priority for modern institutions responsible for the care of wild animals (hereafter referred to collectively as zoos). To thrive, zoos should embrace animal welfare as a guiding principle, the pathway through which they achieve their institutional goals, and a fundamental end in itself. Zoos, therefore, must be conceived with animal welfare at their core, employ working practices that enhance this welfare, and ultimately serve the purpose of promoting it. Moreover, they must consider and incorporate animal welfare in a comprehensive and cross-cutting manner across all levels and areas of their operation. 

In this context, designing, evaluating, and disseminating best practices in animal welfare management is critical in enhancing zoos’ global capacity to care for wild animals. As the role of zoos becomes ever more vital in light of ongoing biodiversity loss, the adoption of scientifically grounded welfare practices is essential not only in the ethical treatment of animals but also in conservation, research, and the achievement of educational objectives.

Our aim in launching this Special Issue is to bring together the latest research on practices related to zoo animal welfare management. Importantly, papers addressing unsuccessful strategies or actions aimed at improving welfare will also be considered for publication, provided that they employ an adequate study design and offer valuable perspectives for advancing the field. For this Special Issue, we welcome both original research articles and reviews. Potential research areas include (but are not limited to) the following:

  • Global, species-specific, and/or context-specific welfare assessments;
  • The species-specific validation of welfare indicators;
  • End-of-life decision management, assessment, policies, and/or procedures;
  • Environmental enrichment strategies, plans, or actions;
  • The management and treatment of geriatric and/or chronically diseased animals;
  • Behavior-based feeding strategies;
  • Welfare protection plans in specific contexts (transportation, construction work, research procedures, etc.);
  • Innovative welfare-based facility design;
  • The evaluation of human–animal interactions and their impacts on animal welfare (including training and conditioning and the effects of visitors). 

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Oriol Talló-Parra
Prof. Dr. Xavier Manteca
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • animal welfare assessment
  • environmental enrichment
  • euthanasia
  • geriatric animals
  • feeding practices
  • facility design
  • human–animal interactions

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

31 pages, 1216 KB  
Article
Tracking Epidermal Cortisol and Oxytocin in Managed Bottlenose Dolphins as Potential Non-Invasive Physiological Welfare Indicators
by Clara Agustí, Oriol Talló-Parra, Enrique Tejero-Caballo, Daniel Garcia-Parraga, Marina López-Arjona, Teresa Álvaro-Álvarez, José Joaquín-Cerón and Xavier Manteca
Animals 2025, 15(17), 2628; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15172628 - 8 Sep 2025
Viewed by 839
Abstract
Growing concern over cetacean welfare has highlighted the need for rigorous, science-based assessment methods. Within this context, epidermal cortisol (ECC) and oxytocin (EOC) concentrations have emerged as potentially valuable physiological indicators. In this study, we first validated the analytical measurement of ECC and [...] Read more.
Growing concern over cetacean welfare has highlighted the need for rigorous, science-based assessment methods. Within this context, epidermal cortisol (ECC) and oxytocin (EOC) concentrations have emerged as potentially valuable physiological indicators. In this study, we first validated the analytical measurement of ECC and EOC in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) using AlphaLISA assays. Subsequently, weekly ECC and EOC levels were measured over an extended period in five managed dolphins and analyzed alongside aggregated environmental and welfare-related variables, using various time lags to account for delays between physiological activity and hormone deposition in the epidermis. ECC was negatively associated with mild weight loss and diazepam administration, exhibiting seasonal variability. In contrast, EOC was negatively associated with negative welfare indicators and COVID-19 park closures but positively associated with diazepam administration and peak visitor seasons, also showing seasonal variability. However, the interpretation of EOC remains complex due to a limited understanding of the cetacean oxytocin system and its dual role in positive and negative affective states. Overall, ECC and EOC show promise as non-invasive biomarkers for monitoring long-term welfare changes in cetaceans, although further research is necessary to validate these biomarkers across broader populations and contexts and to clarify their temporal dynamics in the epidermis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Best Practices for Zoo Animal Welfare Management)
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19 pages, 935 KB  
Article
Development of a Methodology for Measuring Oxytocin in Feces: Insights from a Preliminary Study in Captive Lions (Panthera leo)
by Paula Serres-Corral, Vanessa Almagro, Loles Carbonell, Santiago Borragán, Eva Martínez-Nevado, Miguel Angel Quevedo, Hugo Fernández-Bellon, Annaïs Carbajal and Manel López-Béjar
Animals 2025, 15(16), 2409; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15162409 - 17 Aug 2025
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Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) has emerged as a central focus in stress regulation and animal welfare research. While commonly measured in blood, saliva, and urine, its presence in feces remains unexplored. Fecal OT (fOT) could be highly valuable for wildlife studies, where direct handling is [...] Read more.
Oxytocin (OT) has emerged as a central focus in stress regulation and animal welfare research. While commonly measured in blood, saliva, and urine, its presence in feces remains unexplored. Fecal OT (fOT) could be highly valuable for wildlife studies, where direct handling is impractical. This study explored OT detection in feces using lions (Panthera leo) as a model species. The objectives included developing a reliable fOT extraction protocol, describing baseline fOT patterns in captive lions, and evaluating its relationship with fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (fGM) under non-stressful conditions. Fecal samples from 16 lions in stable social groups across five Spanish zoos were collected over two to six weeks. A methanol-based extraction and commercial enzyme immunoassay were successfully validated for fOT quantification. Concentrations ranged from 3.00 to 296.64 ng OT/g of feces, with notable intra- and inter-individual variability. Age, sex, and contraceptive status had no significant influence on fOT (p > 0.05), but concentrations differed significantly between zoos (p < 0.001). No consistent relationship was found between fOT and fGM levels under baseline conditions. This study is the first to demonstrate OT detection in feces. The validated methodology provides a foundation for investigating fOT as a biomarker of stress and welfare in wild and domestic species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Best Practices for Zoo Animal Welfare Management)
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14 pages, 728 KB  
Article
How Happy Do These Animals Look? Exploring Factors Influencing Children’s Perceptions of Animal Welfare at the Zoo
by María Ignacia Vera-Concha, Manuel Rojas, Daniel Cartes, Maria Camila Ceballos, Mari Carmen Villarroel, Martín Pérez, Vladimir Venegas, Cristóbal Briceño, Javiera Calderón-Amor and Daniela Luna
Animals 2025, 15(11), 1595; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15111595 - 29 May 2025
Viewed by 1092
Abstract
Understanding how children and adolescents perceive zoo animal welfare provides insights into public views on captive conditions. This study used a mixed-methods approach to investigate these perceptions. A total of 254 participants (aged 7–18) were surveyed, with 113 completing the full circuit, which [...] Read more.
Understanding how children and adolescents perceive zoo animal welfare provides insights into public views on captive conditions. This study used a mixed-methods approach to investigate these perceptions. A total of 254 participants (aged 7–18) were surveyed, with 113 completing the full circuit, which included species from distinct phylogenetic groups: monkey, macaw, caiman, frog, fish, and tarantula. Qualitative analysis (n = 254) evaluated children’s recognition of animal needs, whereas quantitative analysis (n = 113) examined how phylogenetic distance, participants’ emotional state, and overall welfare perception influenced animal and environmental assessments—a structured survey evaluating perceived animal health, enclosure conditions, and behavioral expression. Participants’ understanding of animal welfare extended beyond basic needs, recognizing the importance of species-specific behaviors and appropriate environments. Environmental and animal assessment scores were significantly influenced by species, participants’ emotional states, and overall welfare perceptions: fish received the highest scores, positive emotions were associated with higher ratings, and a better overall welfare perception correlated with more favorable assessments. We inferred that phylogenetic distance, emotional state, and general welfare impressions shaped how children and adolescents evaluate animal welfare. The study supported zoo-based educational strategies and reinforced the role of zoos in promoting welfare awareness and conservation-oriented attitudes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Best Practices for Zoo Animal Welfare Management)
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