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Microorganisms
Volume 9
Issue 2
10.3390/microorganisms9020224
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Article

Lower Recovery of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria from Outdoor Hawai’i Environmental Water Biofilms Compared to Indoor Samples

by
Ravleen Virdi
1,
Melissa E. Lowe
2,3,
Grant J. Norton
1,
Stephanie N. Dawrs
1,
Nabeeh A. Hasan
1,
L. Elaine Epperson
1,
Cody M. Glickman
4,
Edward D. Chan
5,6,7,
Michael Strong
1,
James L. Crooks
2,3 and
Jennifer R. Honda
1,*
1
Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
2
Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
3
Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
4
Computational Biosciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
5
Department of Medicine and Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
6
Division of Pulmonary Science and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
7
Department of Medicine, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO 80523, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Microorganisms 2021, 9(2), 224; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020224
Submission received: 30 November 2020 / Revised: 23 December 2020 / Accepted: 25 December 2020 / Published: 22 January 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria: Emerging Diseases and Health Impacts)
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Abstract

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are environmental organisms that can cause opportunistic pulmonary disease with species diversity showing significant regional variation. In the United States, Hawai’i shows the highest rate of NTM pulmonary disease. The need for improved understanding of NTM reservoirs led us to identify NTM from patient respiratory specimens and compare NTM diversity between outdoor and indoor locations in Hawai’i. A total of 545 water biofilm samples were collected from 357 unique locations across Kaua’i (n = 51), O’ahu (n = 202), Maui (n = 159), and Hawai’i Island (n = 133) and divided into outdoor (n = 179) or indoor (n = 366) categories. rpoB sequence analysis was used to determine NTM species and predictive modeling applied to develop NTM risk maps based on geographic characteristics between environments. M. chimaera was frequently identified from respiratory and environmental samples followed by M. chelonae and M. abscessus; yet significantly less NTM were consistently recovered from outdoor compared to indoor biofilms, as exemplified by showerhead biofilm samples. While the frequency of M. chimaera recovery was comparable between outdoor and indoor showerhead biofilms, phylogenetic analyses demonstrate similar rpoB gene sequences between all showerhead and respiratory M. chimaera isolates, supporting outdoor and indoor environments as possible sources for pulmonary M. chimaera infections.
Keywords: nontuberculous mycobacteria; biofilms; environment; Hawai’i nontuberculous mycobacteria; biofilms; environment; Hawai’i

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Virdi, R.; Lowe, M.E.; Norton, G.J.; Dawrs, S.N.; Hasan, N.A.; Epperson, L.E.; Glickman, C.M.; Chan, E.D.; Strong, M.; Crooks, J.L.; et al. Lower Recovery of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria from Outdoor Hawai’i Environmental Water Biofilms Compared to Indoor Samples. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 224. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020224

AMA Style

Virdi R, Lowe ME, Norton GJ, Dawrs SN, Hasan NA, Epperson LE, Glickman CM, Chan ED, Strong M, Crooks JL, et al. Lower Recovery of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria from Outdoor Hawai’i Environmental Water Biofilms Compared to Indoor Samples. Microorganisms. 2021; 9(2):224. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020224

Chicago/Turabian Style

Virdi, Ravleen, Melissa E. Lowe, Grant J. Norton, Stephanie N. Dawrs, Nabeeh A. Hasan, L. Elaine Epperson, Cody M. Glickman, Edward D. Chan, Michael Strong, James L. Crooks, and et al. 2021. "Lower Recovery of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria from Outdoor Hawai’i Environmental Water Biofilms Compared to Indoor Samples" Microorganisms 9, no. 2: 224. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020224

APA Style

Virdi, R., Lowe, M. E., Norton, G. J., Dawrs, S. N., Hasan, N. A., Epperson, L. E., Glickman, C. M., Chan, E. D., Strong, M., Crooks, J. L., & Honda, J. R. (2021). Lower Recovery of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria from Outdoor Hawai’i Environmental Water Biofilms Compared to Indoor Samples. Microorganisms, 9(2), 224. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020224

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