Social Sciences

21 pages, 438 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Social Support and Well-Being: The Survival Kit for the Work Jungle

by Mariana Oliveira, Ana Palma-Moreira and Manuel Au-Yong-Oliveira

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 317; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050317 (registering DOI) - 21 May 2025

This study aimed to investigate the effect of perceived social support on perceived employability and whether this relationship is mediated by well-being. Another objective is to study the moderating effect of perceived self-efficacy on the relationship between well-being and perceived employability. The sample [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of perceived social support on perceived employability and whether this relationship is mediated by well-being. Another objective is to study the moderating effect of perceived self-efficacy on the relationship between well-being and perceived employability. The sample comprises 316 participants, all studying at universities in Portugal. The results show that social support is positively and significantly associated with perceived employability and well-being. Well-being has a positive and significant association with perceived employability. As for the mediating effect, well-being was found to have a total mediating effect on the relationship between social support and perceived employability. Perceived self-efficacy has a positive and significant association with perceived employability. Contrary to expectations, perceived self-efficacy does not moderate the relationship between well-being and perceived employability. These results allow us to conclude that social support and well-being are the survival kits for the jungle of work. As for the practical implications, it is recommended that universities take care of the social support given to students, increasing their well-being so that their perceived employability is high. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Empowering Through Diversity, Equity, Inclusion and Belonging)

16 pages, 297 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Supervised Contact Between Children in Care and Their Parents—A Study of Professional Reflections

by Hege Sundt and Ellen Synnøve Aarseth

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 316; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050316 (registering DOI) - 21 May 2025

Abstract

Establishing good contact arrangements between children in public care and their parents is of great significance for those involved. To ensure the child’s protection and safety, supervised contact may be necessary. This can be a complex situation that necessitates high-quality social work and [...] Read more.

Establishing good contact arrangements between children in public care and their parents is of great significance for those involved. To ensure the child’s protection and safety, supervised contact may be necessary. This can be a complex situation that necessitates high-quality social work and thorough reflection. Empirical data were derived from a vignette study and eight focus groups conducted by the Norwegian Child Welfare Services. Our research considers the following questions: How does supervised contact become a theme when assessing contact arrangements for children and parents after the child has been taken into care, and how is the concept of supervised contact understood by social workers? The findings show that supervised contact may be recommended for various reasons, such as control, support, and safety, to observe and gather more information. This study reveals a need for social workers to develop greater awareness in their assessments and decisions regarding the implementation of supervised contact. It is important to explore the various ways supervised contact is conceived and practiced. We also need to critically discuss the opportunities and challenges it represents, as well as the need to provide support and guidance to the child and parents and facilitate positive collaboration with child welfare services. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contact between Parents and Children in Child Welfare Care)

18 pages, 543 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Discovering the Stream in the Desert: Toward Homosexual Inclusion in the American Conservative Jewish Movement

by Elazar Ben-Lulu

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 315; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050315 (registering DOI) - 21 May 2025

Abstract

In recent decades, various communities and organizations have been working to promote LGBTQ+ inclusion and justify their equal rights. This task becomes more complex within religious communities that are based on traditional values that reject homosexuality. This historical-anthropological study presents “K’Afikim BaNegev”—a special [...] Read more.

In recent decades, various communities and organizations have been working to promote LGBTQ+ inclusion and justify their equal rights. This task becomes more complex within religious communities that are based on traditional values that reject homosexuality. This historical-anthropological study presents “K’Afikim BaNegev”—a special manual that includes more than 347 pages and incorporates 73 diverse sources distributed in early 1994 in American Conservative Jewish congregations aimed at combating homophobia. I clarify how the documents reveal progressive qualitative methodologies for identifying and understanding barriers and mechanisms of community change. Textual analysis of personal letters, educational programs, workshops, and rabbinical sermons revealed two methods for creating this egalitarian change and constructing the Jewish community as a safe space for gay men and lesbian women and their family members: (1) using and promoting personal narrative (storytelling) as a channel to voice LGBTQ+ people’s stories and (2) adapting a text-centered approach that considers biblical sources as authoritative in recognizing LGBTQ+ identity. Thus, the acceptance of homosexuality was not conceptualized in terms of liberal human rights rhetoric but rather as a religious commandment. Thus, I define this novel initiative as an act of ‘queer Jewish activism,’ offering a new typology for community development and practice that advocates for LGBTQ+ individuals within contemporary religious communities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Activism for LGBTQI+ Rights and Equalities)

24 pages, 2295 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Before You Are a Victim in Mexico: Police Strategies to Prevent Commercial Burglary Using Public Data

by Antonio Petz and Miguel Alejandro Flores

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 314; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050314 - 21 May 2025

Abstract

In a country where the majority of crimes remain unreported, uninvestigated, and unpunished, law enforcement faces considerable challenges in obtaining high-quality data that are consistent, reliable, and timely to effectively plan and deploy their strategies. By leveraging publicly available data, this paper identifies [...] Read more.

In a country where the majority of crimes remain unreported, uninvestigated, and unpunished, law enforcement faces considerable challenges in obtaining high-quality data that are consistent, reliable, and timely to effectively plan and deploy their strategies. By leveraging publicly available data, this paper identifies high-vulnerability areas for commercial burglary within the Metropolitan Area of Monterrey, utilizing a variable that incorporates the key dimensions of routine activity theory in criminology. This is accomplished by constructing an index through principal component analysis, followed by spatially grouping the resulting variable using the global indicator of spatial association (LISA). The results allow us to focus strategies to combat commercial burglary on 16.82% of the studied territory and establish an order of priorities to address the most vulnerable areas one by one. Also, the results allow us to implement prevention actions in broader zones by generating clusters around areas that share similar attributes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crime and Justice)

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33 pages, 357 KiB

Open AccessReview

Rethinking Longitudinal Research on Canadian Immigrant Health: Methodological Insights, Emerging Challenges, and Future Considerations

by Sunmee Kim and Eugena Kwon

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 313; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050313 - 20 May 2025

Abstract

Longitudinal research provides critical insights into the evolving health trajectories of immigrants, capturing changes from initial arrival through to long-term settlement. However, longitudinal studies on immigrant health in Canada face persistent methodological challenges that limit their impact and policy relevance. This review critically [...] Read more.

Longitudinal research provides critical insights into the evolving health trajectories of immigrants, capturing changes from initial arrival through to long-term settlement. However, longitudinal studies on immigrant health in Canada face persistent methodological challenges that limit their impact and policy relevance. This review critically examines 34 peer-reviewed articles, published between 1996 and 2024, that employed longitudinal data to investigate physical and mental health outcomes among Canadian immigrants. We identify key methodological limitations, including a heavy reliance on earlier datasets (71% of studies used data collected between 1994 and 2007), oversimplified outcome measures (e.g., collapsing continuous or Likert-scale variables into dichotomous categories without clear justification), the limited use of appropriate longitudinal methods, and the inadequate handling of missing data. Advancing immigrant health research in Canada will require enhanced data infrastructure, greater methodological rigor, and more transparent reporting practices to better inform evidence-based policy. This review offers researchers and policymakers a clear summary of existing methodological gaps and presents practical strategies to strengthen future longitudinal research on immigrant health in Canada. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section International Migration)

17 pages, 484 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Impact of COVID-19 on Well-Being in Child-Rearing Families: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies

by Qiting Lin, Takafumi Soejima, Shiqi Zhang and Mari Kitao

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 312; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050312 - 19 May 2025

Abstract

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has disrupted society, economy and family life. However, the impact of the pandemic on well-being in child-rearing families has not been fully studied, particularly regarding the changes before and during the pandemic and its long-term effects. This [...] Read more.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has disrupted society, economy and family life. However, the impact of the pandemic on well-being in child-rearing families has not been fully studied, particularly regarding the changes before and during the pandemic and its long-term effects. This systematic review aimed to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on family well-being by focusing on changes before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our systematic review (PROSPERO protocol ID: CRD42023420175) extracted 2148 references from MEDLINE, CINAHL and PsycINFO, including 15 longitudinal studies published between January 2020 and October 2024. We examined the association between COVID-19 and the well-being of child-rearing families following the PRISMA guidelines. The level of family functioning and parent–child relationship quality generally declined during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the pre-pandemic situation, while family chaos and conflict increased. However, some families reported improved functioning and no significant changes in family satisfaction. Overall, the impact of the pandemic on family well-being varied by region. These findings suggest that healthcare providers should continue to monitor dynamic family health and provide targeted support. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Family Studies)

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12 pages, 185 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Who Really Leads? A Qualitative Exploration of Gender Equity in Leadership of Australian Newsrooms

by Diana Bossio and Andrea Carson

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050311 - 19 May 2025

Viewed by 25

Abstract

While recent research shows that women’s leadership in Australian newsrooms has grown, we have little understanding of how this change may have impacted career opportunities for women, or the newsroom more broadly. We draw from in-depth, semi-structured interviews with editorial leaders in newsrooms [...] Read more.

While recent research shows that women’s leadership in Australian newsrooms has grown, we have little understanding of how this change may have impacted career opportunities for women, or the newsroom more broadly. We draw from in-depth, semi-structured interviews with editorial leaders in newsrooms across Australia to understand how editorial leaders perceive the impact of women’s leadership on newsrooms. We find that Australian newsrooms have transformed in the last decade, with women dominating editorial leadership and staffing that is more reflective of gender equity. However, the interview data make clear that there are two exceptions—firstly, the executive C-suite of most mainstream news organisations is still dominated by men, and secondly, women’s leadership across reporting topics is still dominated by soft news. We, thus, provide evidence of just how much women’s editorial leadership roles appear to have resolved some of the gendered divisions in Australian newsrooms and the journalism they produce. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Women’s Voices in the Media)

17 pages, 320 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Critical Consciousness and Parental Acceptance in LGBTQ+ Youth Mental Health

by Teresa Vazquez, Rodrigo Costa and Roberto L. Abreu

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050310 - 19 May 2025

Viewed by 77

Abstract

Research shows that parental acceptance can serve as a protective factor against negative mental health outcomes among LGBTQ+ youth. Although a few studies have examined the role of critical consciousness in mental health outcomes among LGBTQ+ youth, findings are often inconsistent and do [...] Read more.

Research shows that parental acceptance can serve as a protective factor against negative mental health outcomes among LGBTQ+ youth. Although a few studies have examined the role of critical consciousness in mental health outcomes among LGBTQ+ youth, findings are often inconsistent and do not provide a clear picture. Thus, the present study aims to fill this knowledge gap. Using a sample of LGBTQ+ youth aged 18–25 (N = 460), the present study explores the relationship between critical consciousness, mental health outcomes (depression, anxiety, and flourishing), and the buffering role of parental support using bivariate correlations and moderated regression analyses. Findings show that (1) higher critical consciousness was associated with lower flourishing, (2) higher parental acceptance was associated with lower depressive and anxiety symptoms and greater flourishing, and (3) parental acceptance did not moderate the relationships between critical consciousness and mental health outcomes. The results of this study illustrate that while parental acceptance is a positive factor for mental health outcomes among LGBTQ+ youth, different dimensions of critical consciousness may have varying effects on mental health well-being for this population. Implications for research, clinical practice, and advocacy, such as examining peer support and community healing, are discussed in relation to these findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Social and Emotional Wellbeing of LGBTQ+ Young People)

17 pages, 630 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adolescents’ Openness to Include Refugee Peers in Their Leisure Time Activities

by Hanna Beißert, Kelly Lynn Mulvey and Meike Bonefeld

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 309; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050309 - 17 May 2025

Viewed by 163

Abstract

Background: Against the backdrop of increasing refugee movements, the integration of refugees is becoming a more and more relevant topic for many European countries. As integration is a bidirectional process, the current study examines the openness of adolescents in Germany to include refugee [...] Read more.

Background: Against the backdrop of increasing refugee movements, the integration of refugees is becoming a more and more relevant topic for many European countries. As integration is a bidirectional process, the current study examines the openness of adolescents in Germany to include refugee peers from Syria in leisure time activities. Methods: Participants were presented with a hypothetical scenario in which they had to choose who of two peers (a German peer or a refugee peer from Syria) they would include in their activity. Additionally, we varied the relevant skills of the two protagonists to investigate the role of group functioning aspects for inclusion decisions. Three measures were applied: (1) adolescents’ own decisions, (2) what they expected their peer group to do, and (3) what they thought their peer group should do. Results: The findings demonstrate that the participants were generally very open to include refugees and that the protagonists’ skills were relevant for their decisions, though much more for the expected group decision than for adolescents’ own decisions. Reasoning analyses illustrate adolescents’ considerations for these decisions. Conclusion: This research helps to clarify the interplay of moral considerations and aspects of group functioning in adolescents’ inclusion decisions regarding refugee peers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Inclusion of Children, Youth and Families from Refugee and Migrant Backgrounds)

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24 pages, 3103 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Building Public Trust in Bahrain: Leveraging Artificial Intelligence to Combat Financial Fraud and Terrorist Financing Through Cryptocurrency Tracking

by Rashed Ahmed Rashed Alrasheed

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050308 - 16 May 2025

Viewed by 168

Abstract

This study assesses public trust in Bahrain regarding the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) to mitigate the use of cryptocurrencies in financial fraud and terrorist financing. The increasing risks associated with illicit financial activities have been exacerbated by the rapid expansion of e-commerce [...] Read more.

This study assesses public trust in Bahrain regarding the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) to mitigate the use of cryptocurrencies in financial fraud and terrorist financing. The increasing risks associated with illicit financial activities have been exacerbated by the rapid expansion of e-commerce linked to cryptocurrencies, leading to vulnerabilities in financial technology systems. AI presents a viable solution for detecting, analyzing, and assessing the risks associated with cryptocurrency transactions, strengthening confidence in financial institutions’ regulatory measures. Evaluating public trust is crucial to understanding societal awareness of AI’s role in monitoring and regulating virtual financial transactions to prevent fraud. This research employs a quantitative approach to examine the key factors that enhance confidence in AI-driven auditing and oversight of cryptocurrency transfers. The findings indicate that, while AI offers significant advantages in combating financial crime, certain challenges remain. These include technological complexities, difficulties in accurately identifying users, and weaknesses in electronic financial and legal regulatory frameworks. Such challenges may undermine public trust in AI’s effectiveness in financial oversight. Addressing these concerns is essential to ensuring the successful integration of AI in financial regulation and reinforcing its role in enhancing security and transparency in cryptocurrency transactions. Full article

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12 pages, 440 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Institutional Accreditation and Its Impact on Children’s Health in Orphanages: A Systematic Literature Review on Learning Organizations and Quality Assurance

by Dewi Kartikawati, Binahayati Rusyidi, Nurliana Cipta Apsari and Sri Sulastri

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050307 - 15 May 2025

Viewed by 123

Abstract

The process of institutional accreditation establishes crucial mechanisms that lead to better quality childcare in orphanages through the development of organizational stability and trained staff, in addition to healthcare improvements. The assessment of accreditation effects on children’s health draws from learning organizations and [...] Read more.

The process of institutional accreditation establishes crucial mechanisms that lead to better quality childcare in orphanages through the development of organizational stability and trained staff, in addition to healthcare improvements. The assessment of accreditation effects on children’s health draws from learning organizations and quality assurance frameworks in this systematic review. A systematic database review yielded 35 peer-reviewed publications that followed PRISMA analysis procedures. Research evidence shows that accredited orphanages attain better results when it comes to hygiene practices, as well as nutrition standards, healthcare access, mental healthcare support. Accreditation enables institutions to learn continuously because the process promotes service delivery improvements. The advantages of accreditation in orphanages are clear, but accreditation faces the barriers of monetary constraints, employee reluctance towards external inspections, and erratic policy execution, which reduce its widespread adoption. Accreditation efforts in orphanages require purposeful funding alongside built-up staff competencies and stronger regulatory policies to achieve their maximum potential benefit. Full article

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14 pages, 231 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Out of Reach: Social Connections and Their Role in Influencing Engagement Between Forcibly Displaced People and Police Scotland

by Bryony Gemma Nisbet and Nicole Vidal

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 306; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050306 - 15 May 2025

Viewed by 122

Abstract

Forcibly displaced people in Scotland face multiple barriers in accessing health, social care, and policing services. This paper explores how social connections shape engagement with these services, particularly the role of police in community safety and wellbeing. Drawing on qualitative interviews and social [...] Read more.

Forcibly displaced people in Scotland face multiple barriers in accessing health, social care, and policing services. This paper explores how social connections shape engagement with these services, particularly the role of police in community safety and wellbeing. Drawing on qualitative interviews and social connections mapping workshops, this study examines how third-sector organisations act as key intermediaries, shaping how people access statutory services. The findings show that while community policing and partnerships with trusted organisations can improve accessibility, concerns about racial discrimination, the underreporting of hate crime, and the lack of language support continue to undermine confidence in policing. Additionally, the growing reliance on police officers to respond to mental health crises reflects wider gaps in specialist service provision. This paper argues for a shift towards a cross-sector approach that strengthens community-led safety strategies, reduces police involvement in non-criminal matters, and improves language and cultural competency within public services. Strengthening institutional accessibility and trust-building initiatives is key to improving engagement with policing and health and social care services for forcibly displaced communities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health and Migration Challenges for Forced Migrants)

22 pages, 533 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Migrant Entrepreneurs Between Colombia and Germany: Return, Strategies, and Expectations

by Felipe Aliaga-Sáez, David Alberto García-Arango, Yvonne Riaño, Jovany Sepúlveda-Aguirre and David Betancur-Betancur

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050305 - 14 May 2025

Viewed by 227

Abstract

There is scant literature on migrants with an entrepreneurial background and who return to their country of origin. Using a transnational theoretical approach, we seek to contribute to research in this field by analysing the return strategies and expectations of Colombian migrant entrepreneurs [...] Read more.

There is scant literature on migrants with an entrepreneurial background and who return to their country of origin. Using a transnational theoretical approach, we seek to contribute to research in this field by analysing the return strategies and expectations of Colombian migrant entrepreneurs participating in the Programme Migration and Diaspora (PMD). This programme is implemented by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH (German Society for International Cooperation, Eschborn, Germany) on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ, Berlin, Germany). To this end, a mixed-methods study was conducted. Likert scale questionnaires and semi-structured interviews were applied to twenty-seven entrepreneurs participating in the programme, analysing quantitative and qualitative variables. Migrants seek to contribute to Colombia’s development through entrepreneurship, looking for various commercial connections for which security and planning conditions are necessary. They see entrepreneurship as sustenance, which in most cases results in transnational links between Germany and Colombia. For that to happen, contacts and acquired experiences are fundamental, as well as tangible and intangible resources, amongst which the information and support for entrepreneurship granted by GIZ stand out. Generally, it is essential to continue strengthening differentiated and comprehensive support strategies for all types of migrant entrepreneurs in destination countries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section International Migration)

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34 pages, 4011 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Climate Change Disinformation on Social Media: A Meta-Synthesis on Epistemic Welfare in the Post-Truth Era

by Essien Oku Essien

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 304; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050304 - 14 May 2025

Viewed by 197

Abstract

Climate change disinformation has emerged as a substantial issue in the internet age, affecting public perceptions, policy response, and climate actions. This study, grounded on the theoretical frameworks of social epistemology, Habermas’s theory of communicative action, post-truth, and Foucault’s theory of power-knowledge, examines [...] Read more.

Climate change disinformation has emerged as a substantial issue in the internet age, affecting public perceptions, policy response, and climate actions. This study, grounded on the theoretical frameworks of social epistemology, Habermas’s theory of communicative action, post-truth, and Foucault’s theory of power-knowledge, examines the effect of digital infrastructures, ideological forces, and epistemic power dynamics on climate change disinformation. The meta-synthesis approach in the study reveals the mechanics of climate change disinformation on social media, the erosion of epistemic welfare influenced by post-truth dynamics, and the ideological and algorithmic amplification of disinformation, shedding light on climate change misinformation as well. The findings show that climate change disinformation represents not only a collection of false claims but also a broader epistemic issue sustained by digital environments, power structures, and fossil corporations. Right-wing populist movements, corporate interests, and algorithmic recommendation systems substantially enhance climate skepticism, intensifying political differences and public distrust in scientific authority. The study highlights the necessity of addressing climate change disinformation through improved scientific communication, algorithmic openness, and digital literacy initiatives. Resolving this conundrum requires systemic activities that go beyond fact-checking, emphasizing epistemic justice and legal reforms. Full article

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14 pages, 2128 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Digital Monopolies—The Extent of Monopolization in Germany and the Implications for Media Freedom and Democracy

by Martin Andree

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050303 - 14 May 2025

Viewed by 149

Abstract

A holistic scientific measurement of the internet traffic across all devices in Germany has quantified the extreme extent of digital monopolization. Due to the high level of concentration, provider pluralism and fair competition in the field of digital media have been systematically and [...] Read more.

A holistic scientific measurement of the internet traffic across all devices in Germany has quantified the extreme extent of digital monopolization. Due to the high level of concentration, provider pluralism and fair competition in the field of digital media have been systematically and intentionally abolished. As a result of the digital transformation, it can be assumed that the GAFA (the known acronym for Google, i.e., Alphabet, Amazon, Facebook, i.e., Meta, Apple) players will take control of the German media system in the coming years (due to comparable market structures, the situation will be similar in other Western democracies). From a German and a European perspective, it is the more alarming that this development can hardly be stopped on the basis of existing legislation. However, already the status quo is in striking contradiction to the anti-monopolistic principles of classic German media law. It is time for a fundamental debate and quick legislative actions to open the media markets again for competition and plurality and safeguard media freedom for the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Open Society 2.0: Democracy in the Age of Social Media and Populism)

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15 pages, 2291 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pause, Reflect, and Redirect: An Approach to Empowering Youth to Be Safer Online by Helping Them Make Better Decisions

by Elizabeth A. Sweigart, Aahil Valliani and Pamela J. Wisniewski

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 302; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050302 - 14 May 2025

Viewed by 246

Abstract

Stakeholders from parents to policy-makers are concerned about youth online safety. Present solutions are frequently punitive and often lack opportunities for youth to make mistakes and try again in a safe environment. This paper proposes a new framework, based on trauma-informed child psychology [...] Read more.

Stakeholders from parents to policy-makers are concerned about youth online safety. Present solutions are frequently punitive and often lack opportunities for youth to make mistakes and try again in a safe environment. This paper proposes a new framework, based on trauma-informed child psychology models and research by computer scientists and human-centered design scholars, entitled Pause, Reflect, and Redirect (PRR). The PRR framework offers three levels of intervention ranging from casual engagement to coached engagement with crisis response. To further develop and validate PRR as a framework, PRR was implemented within a web-filtering software that was installed in a public middle school comprising grades 6 to 8 (i.e., ages 11–14) in an urban charter district. Preliminary results from the deployment of the software suggest that it may help youth make better choices with respect to their online behaviors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Promoting the Digital Resilience of Youth)

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21 pages, 1242 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Portuguese Teachers’ Perceptions of Girl-Friendly Strategies in Physics Education: What Are the Challenges?

by Ana Maia Fernandes, José Luís Araújo, Fátima Simões and Sandra Guimarães

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050301 - 13 May 2025

Viewed by 449

Abstract

(1) Background: The under-representation of women in STEM fields, particularly in areas such as physics and computing, is far from being resolved. This gender gap has complex causes. This research was carried out to understanding how physics teachers in Portugal are aware of [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The under-representation of women in STEM fields, particularly in areas such as physics and computing, is far from being resolved. This gender gap has complex causes. This research was carried out to understanding how physics teachers in Portugal are aware of the existence of a gender gap and how they use or are willing to use girl-friendly strategies in their lessons; (2) Methods: A sample of 55 Portuguese physics and chemistry teachers from the third cycle of basic education and secondary education and an 8-item survey were used. (3) Results: The results show that most teachers perceive girls’ participation in physics as satisfactory, and that girls do not perceive a gender gap and are interested in the subject, but may not be aware of the concept and application of girl-friendly strategies. (4) Conclusions: No correlation was found between gender or years of service and interest in the topic of girl-friendly strategies. Further research with a more diverse sample is needed to generalize these findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gender-Inclusive Education and Teaching in STEM: Strategies, Challenges, and Contradictions)

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20 pages, 760 KiB

Open AccessArticle

School Responsibility and Improvement Pathways in the Prevention and Control of Campus Bullying in China: An Analysis of 155 Civil Judgments

by Xuanyu Chen, Yulu Jin and Feng Han

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 300; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050300 - 13 May 2025

Viewed by 179

Abstract

Schools play a central role in the prevention and control of school bullying, and there are both theoretical and practical grounds for legally establishing their obligations in this regard. This study employs a mixed-methods approach, primarily qualitative research supplemented by quantitative analysis, to [...] Read more.

Schools play a central role in the prevention and control of school bullying, and there are both theoretical and practical grounds for legally establishing their obligations in this regard. This study employs a mixed-methods approach, primarily qualitative research supplemented by quantitative analysis, to conduct textual analysis and coding of 155 civil judgments on school bullying litigation in China. It aims to explore the main scenarios where schools are held liable for failing to fulfill their prevention and intervention obligations, and to examine the impact of school accountability on bullied students. Through textual analysis and t-tests, this study found that schools are primarily held liable for inadequate prevention, failure to detect or allowing bullying behavior, and failure to provide timely assistance to victims. Meanwhile, neglecting antibullying obligations exacerbates the mental harm suffered by victims. However, as public educational institutions, schools should not bear an excessive legislative burden, as this could increase their workload and lead to resistance in practice. Therefore, it is crucial to strike a balance and refine school responsibilities. Establishing clear legal obligations for schools can help clarify the standards for school liability in judicial decisions. Accordingly, improving fundamental antibullying obligations, granting schools a certain degree of disciplinary discretion, and enhancing guidance in high-risk situations can ensure the fulfillment of essential responsibilities while empowering schools to effectively combat bullying. Full article

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16 pages, 399 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Teachers’ Perspective of Their Alliance with Students and Detection of Child Maltreatment

by María Teresa Vozmediano-Collado, David Gil Pareja, Virgilio García-Aparicio, Francisca Angélica Monroy García and Andrea Pérez-Rodríguez

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050299 - 12 May 2025

Viewed by 216

Abstract

Introduction: The aim of this study is to explore variables relating to teacher–student relationships, and their association with the detection of child maltreatment in secondary schools (12–18 age range), given that child and adolescent abuse is under revealed and underreported, and teachers play [...] Read more.

Introduction: The aim of this study is to explore variables relating to teacher–student relationships, and their association with the detection of child maltreatment in secondary schools (12–18 age range), given that child and adolescent abuse is under revealed and underreported, and teachers play an important role in identifying and detecting it. Method: 662 teachers from secondary schools from different autonomous communities in Spain answered a self-administrated questionnaire. Results: This study revealed that while theoretical knowledge of the issue goes hand-in-hand with a higher self-reported ability to recognize cases among students, the same does not hold true of the teachers’ real detection capacity. Nonetheless, a relationship of trust with students and addressing child maltreatment in the classroom contributes to a better real detection capacity by teachers, relating this information to the possible existence of a teacher–student alliance. Discussion: We propose a trust-constructed relationship between both agents, named the teacher–student alliance. Prospective: These results point to the need for further research into the association and characteristics of teacher–student alliances on the identification in schools of cases of child maltreatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Child Abuse and Child Protection)

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15 pages, 274 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Social Service Providers’ Understanding of the Consequences of Human Trafficking on Women Survivors—A South African Perspective

by Sipho Sibanda, Juliet Sambo and Sanjeev Dahal

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050298 - 12 May 2025

Viewed by 220

Abstract

Human trafficking for forced labour or sexual exploitation often takes the form of forced migration. It is the third-largest crime industry in the world and has severe consequences on the women survivors. Trafficking violates the safety, welfare, and human rights of the victims [...] Read more.

Human trafficking for forced labour or sexual exploitation often takes the form of forced migration. It is the third-largest crime industry in the world and has severe consequences on the women survivors. Trafficking violates the safety, welfare, and human rights of the victims and forces physical and psychological imprisonment on them. Despite the significant number of women being trafficked, little is known about the best ways to address their needs. This article highlights the understanding developed by social service providers in South Africa regarding the consequences of human trafficking on women survivors. Being aware of the complex challenges faced by women survivors of human trafficking enables social service providers to respond to their needs effectively through appropriate interventions and services. Data for this qualitative study were collected through one-on-one interviews and analysed using thematic analysis. Social service providers understand the following to be related to women survivors of trafficking: involvement in drugs and sex work, dependency on the perpetrator, lack of self-esteem, self-blame and shame, being disoriented, psychological challenges, lack of financial support, health issues, isolation, and loneliness. To be relevant and effective, services should be packaged in a manner that addresses all the challenges faced by women survivors of human trafficking. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health and Migration Challenges for Forced Migrants)

18 pages, 1747 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preventing Harassment and Gender-Based Violence in Online Videogames Through Education

by Andrea Gracia-Zomeño, Belinda Domingo-Gómez, Ramón García-Perales and Eduardo García-Toledano

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 297; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050297 - 12 May 2025

Viewed by 583

Abstract

The prevention and fight against harassment and gender violence in online videogames is a current problem. The aim of this research is to analyze the prevention work carried out in educational centers, with an emphasis on the Community of Madrid (Spain). A mixed [...] Read more.

The prevention and fight against harassment and gender violence in online videogames is a current problem. The aim of this research is to analyze the prevention work carried out in educational centers, with an emphasis on the Community of Madrid (Spain). A mixed methodology has been used, combining a qualitative analysis of research published from 2000 to the present and a quantitative approach through a questionnaire applied to 238 teachers in the Community of Madrid. Most teachers are unaware of the tools for the prevention of gender-based violence in videogames, such as codes of conduct and EducaMadrid resources. In addition, most do not identify the videogames used by their students, making it difficult to address these issues. Most teachers lack knowledge about videogames, as well as the codes of conduct and reporting mechanisms available when a student faces conflicts related to gender-based violence. The findings underline the need to train teachers and provide them with adequate resources to prevent and address gender-based violence in digital environments, especially in videogames, to ensure a safe and inclusive educational environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gender-Inclusive Education and Teaching in STEM: Strategies, Challenges, and Contradictions)

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12 pages, 233 KiB

Open AccessArticle

When Silence Speaks: A Reflection on Engaging in Expressive Arts Activities and Thoughts of Suicide

by Lydia Gitau

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050296 - 12 May 2025

Viewed by 202

Abstract

Deep, potent silences sometimes underlie thoughts of suicide. This paper presents a personal reflection of silence as a form of expression, and examines how engaging in expressive arts activities may reveal and help in processing feelings of distress and thoughts of suicide. There [...] Read more.

Deep, potent silences sometimes underlie thoughts of suicide. This paper presents a personal reflection of silence as a form of expression, and examines how engaging in expressive arts activities may reveal and help in processing feelings of distress and thoughts of suicide. There is an additional layer of hegemony that the use of words adds to discussions of suicidality, which makes these discussions inaccessible to many of the disenfranchised, including people from a refugee background for whom English is not a first language. But, for those struggling with speaking the (English) language in the first place, at what level of language acquisition can they be deemed fit to express and accurately represent their thoughts and ideas about suicide? Does their silence count? And so, by tackling this dilemma, this paper seeks to examine alternative ways of expression that do not heavily rely on words. It explores how, in our undertaking of suicidality studies creatively, we may embody and dignify the ways of the marginalised that have been devalued by a colonialist or interventionist agenda. The paper is an exercise in re-writing their experiences from the critical consciousness of coloniality. It is a disassembling of the control, domination, and exploitation that words can have. It is an attempt to shift the source and profile of knowledge about suicide from those who wield the power and privilege of words to those who live in the margins, shielded by silence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Critical Suicide Studies: Decolonial and Participatory Creative Approaches)

14 pages, 242 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Brain Drain of Egyptian Physicians and Its Driving Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Hebatalla Ahmed Ismail and Sungsoo Chun

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 295; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050295 - 12 May 2025

Viewed by 249

Abstract

Background: During the past years, brain drain has become an international problem. A shortage of human resources in the medical field revealed its challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the large number of medical school graduates in Egypt, the reports of the World [...] Read more.

Background: During the past years, brain drain has become an international problem. A shortage of human resources in the medical field revealed its challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the large number of medical school graduates in Egypt, the reports of the World Health Organization and the Egyptian Medical Syndicate indicate a yearly decline in the number of physicians in Egypt. The aim of this study is to determine the factors affecting Egyptian physicians’ intention to leave Egypt to work in another country. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with a self-administered questionnaire via the snowball sampling technique that focused on Egyptian physicians who graduated from Egyptian universities and were working in Egypt. The outcome measures include the migration intentions of physicians and their satisfaction with different aspects of work, their family and housing conditions, and their demographic characteristics. Results: The questionnaire was answered by 249 Egyptian physicians, 140 of whom were living in Egypt. The findings revealed that 66.4% of the sample in Egypt were considering working abroad. Work satisfaction was the main factor affecting the decisions of physicians in Egypt; the physicians with a lower satisfaction score were 20 times more likely to leave their country. Additionally, physicians who classified themselves as having a low economic status, being younger, or who were male were more likely to leave. Conclusion: Egypt may suffer major resource losses as a result of the high degree of dissatisfaction among physicians regarding their working conditions. To realize Egypt’s Vision 2030 for health and economic progress, policymakers need to address the driving factors and take probable intervention measures to reduce the drain of our physicians. Full article

34 pages, 1534 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Skill Shortages, Skill Mismatches, and the Threats of Migration in Labor Markets: A Sectoral Approach in North Macedonia, Türkiye, Ethiopia, and Ukraine

by Violeta Cvetkoska, Predrag Trpeski, Igor Ivanovski, Filip Peovski, Meryem Hamsi İmrol, Berk Babadoğan, Halil Ecer, Durmuş Ziya Görür, Umut Selvi, Adula Bekele Hunde, Fekede Tuli Gemeda, Yosef Beco Dubi, Segii Melnyk, Andrii Lytvynchuk and Hanna Tereshchenko

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050294 - 12 May 2025

Viewed by 380

Abstract

Labor markets worldwide are increasingly strained by skill shortages, mismatches, and migration pressures, disrupting workforce stability and economic growth. This study conducts a comparative sectoral analysis in North Macedonia, Türkiye, Ethiopia, and Ukraine, focusing on the manufacturing, information and communication technology, and hospitality [...] Read more.

Labor markets worldwide are increasingly strained by skill shortages, mismatches, and migration pressures, disrupting workforce stability and economic growth. This study conducts a comparative sectoral analysis in North Macedonia, Türkiye, Ethiopia, and Ukraine, focusing on the manufacturing, information and communication technology, and hospitality sectors, to examine the root causes and economic consequences of these challenges. Using a qualitatively driven mixed-methods approach, the research integrates expert interviews, surveys, and labor market data to assess skill gaps, workforce imbalances, and the role of migration. The findings reveal education–industry misalignment, inadequate vocational training, and low wages as persistent drivers of shortages. Additionally, the war in Ukraine, internal conflicts in Ethiopia, and refugee inflows in Türkiye amplify workforce instability, while North Macedonia faces severe emigration, particularly in the sectors of manufacturing and information and communication technologies. These insights are essential for policymakers, industry leaders, and educators in designing labor market interventions that foster workforce resilience. The study recommends national qualification reforms, industry–education collaboration, and improved wage structures to mitigate talent loss and strengthen labor market sustainability. By offering empirical evidence from diverse socio-economic contexts, this research contributes to global discussions on workforce development, migration economics, and labor policy reforms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Work, Employment and the Labor Market)

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13 pages, 452 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Why Has China’s Fertility Rate Plummeted in the Past Decade? An Investigation of Fertility Intentions and Influencing Factors Among Single, Unmarried Women of Childbearing Age in China

by Yantong Zhou and Ying Bian

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 293; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050293 - 10 May 2025

Viewed by 323

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Currently, the type of population reproduction in China has changed to “low birth, low death, low growth”. Additionally, as the number of single people has increased and the number of women of childbearing age has decreased, the growth of the total [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Currently, the type of population reproduction in China has changed to “low birth, low death, low growth”. Additionally, as the number of single people has increased and the number of women of childbearing age has decreased, the growth of the total population was bound to show a negative trend. Therefore, this study aimed to understand what factors influence fertility intentions from the perspective of single, unmarried women. Methods: We designed our own online questionnaire and collected information on fertility intentions from single, unmarried women of childbearing age (18–49 years). A total of 741 questionnaires were collected, with a valid response rate of 92.6%, and the Theory of Planned Behavior model was integrated into the questionnaire survey. Statistical analysis was performed via SPSS 24.0, and AMOS 24.0 software’s analysis of variance was used to determine whether there were differences in attitudes towards fertility intentions among respondents. Structural equation models were constructed via AMOS software for validation factor analysis and path analysis. Results: There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in “monthly income”, “net family income”, “health status”, and “only-child status”. Structural equation modelling revealed that fertility attitudes (β₁ = 0.301, p < 0.05), subjective norms (β₂ = 0.295, p < 0.05), and perceived behavioural control (β₃ = 0.146, p < 0.05) positively influence fertility intentions. Conclusions: The fertility intentions of single, unmarried women of childbearing age in China are influenced by many factors. Therefore, society should pay more attention to the rights and interests of single, unmarried women and provide a better social environment for childbearing; in addition, it is possible to appropriately relax the fertility policy of single births to improve the low fertility rate in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Family Studies)

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16 pages, 272 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gender Stereotypes and Their Impact on Social Sustainability: A Contemporary View of Spain

by Carla Palomino-Suárez and Marta Evelia Aparicio García

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 292; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050292 - 9 May 2025

Viewed by 392

Abstract

Gender roles are sociocultural constructs that shape the behaviors, attitudes, and values associated with men and women that influence social structures, equity, and sustainability. While these constructs reflect societal expectations, they also limit opportunities and affect emotional well-being. As their evolution has not [...] Read more.

Gender roles are sociocultural constructs that shape the behaviors, attitudes, and values associated with men and women that influence social structures, equity, and sustainability. While these constructs reflect societal expectations, they also limit opportunities and affect emotional well-being. As their evolution has not been consistent, rigid norms continue to hinder social progress. Ensuring that gender norms evolve toward inclusivity and equality is essential for the long-term well-being of societies. This study examines conformity to gender norms in Spain, considering age and educational level, with the aim of guiding public policies and educational strategies to foster social cohesion and equity. A quantitative methodology was employed, using the Conformity to Masculine Gender Norms Inventory and the Conformity to Feminine Gender Norms Inventory to assess adherence to traditional gender expectations. The sample consisted of 380 individuals aged 18 to 85 years. This study reveals a moderate-to-low level of conformity to gender norms but highlights a resurgence of traditional roles among younger individuals. These findings underscore the need for interventions that promote inclusive models and emphasize the importance of ongoing research to understand the impact of cultural, media, and generational factors on attitudes toward gender roles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gender Studies)

10 pages, 199 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Career Competencies, Preparing Students for the Future

by Marinka A. C. T. Kuijpers

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 291; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050291 - 9 May 2025

Viewed by 387

Abstract

The changing nature of the labor market demands lifelong development of employees. This places a new responsibility on education to prepare students for a future of lifelong development. An important aspect of this preparation is the development of career competencies. Career competencies are [...] Read more.

The changing nature of the labor market demands lifelong development of employees. This places a new responsibility on education to prepare students for a future of lifelong development. An important aspect of this preparation is the development of career competencies. Career competencies are examined from different perspectives. Two meta-studies, analyzing 77 and 80 international studies, highlight two key theories for understanding career competency development: the Intelligent Career Theory (ICT) and the Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT). This article aims to provide deeper insight into career competencies for students by analyzing them conceptually through various theoretical lenses and linking them to research on educational practice in the Dutch context, where development of career competencies is a mandatory part of the pre-vocational and secondary educational curriculum. The ultimate goal is to develop recommendations for designing a learning environment that fosters career competency development in students. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rethinking the Education-to-Work Transition for Young People)

16 pages, 242 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Regulating Phone Contact and Digital Communication Between Children in Public Care and Their Parents

by Tina Gerdts-Andresen

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050290 - 9 May 2025

Viewed by 153

Abstract

This study examines how the Norwegian Child Welfare Tribunal justifies regulating telephone and digital communication between children in public care and their parents. The regulation of such contact represents a distinct form of state interference in family life and must adhere to principles [...] Read more.

This study examines how the Norwegian Child Welfare Tribunal justifies regulating telephone and digital communication between children in public care and their parents. The regulation of such contact represents a distinct form of state interference in family life and must adhere to principles of necessity, proportionality, and respect for children’s rights. Using a thematic analysis of 34 Tribunal decisions involving 44 children, the study identifies four central themes: ensuring stability and emotional security, addressing parental behavior, balancing proportionality and necessity, and considering the child’s view. The Tribunal’s reasoning often reflects a cautious, preventive approach, prioritizing emotional stability. However, the lack of transparent assessments of necessity and inconsistent inclusion of children’s perspectives raises concerns about proportionality and children’s autonomy. Additionally, the limited involvement of children in these decisions risks making restrictions difficult to implement in practice, as children may not understand or agree with them and instead seek unregulated contact. The findings underline the need for clearer justifications and more consistent consideration of a child’s view to ensure that decisions align with their best interests and remain feasible in practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contact between Parents and Children in Child Welfare Care)

16 pages, 2948 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Normalizing an Implicit and Discursive Secular Norm in Refugee Selection in New Zealand

by Hanyang Ge

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050289 - 8 May 2025

Viewed by 273

Abstract

New Zealand has a long history of accepting refugees, with a refugee quota programme in place since 1987. New Zealand does not have a formal legislative structure for refugee resettlement. Its design and practice of the refugee quota programme are guided and determined [...] Read more.

New Zealand has a long history of accepting refugees, with a refugee quota programme in place since 1987. New Zealand does not have a formal legislative structure for refugee resettlement. Its design and practice of the refugee quota programme are guided and determined entirely by cabinet ministers’ discretion. A significant gap in scholarly research on refugee resettlement in the New Zealand context is the highly unarticulated assumption of the secularism of the New Zealand statecraft that underpins the unregulated state–refugee relationship. This paper examines a previously confidential government document, only released at the request of the author, which provides official guidance on refugee quota selection, along with other key ministerial briefings. Interviews were also conducted with a refugee quota selection officer and a policy advisor involved in informing refugee resettlement policies. This is the first research paper that focuses specifically on refugee selection in the New Zealand context from a religious studies’ perspective. I show that the rhetoric of New Zealand’s state secularism has a significant impact on refugee quota selection, which normalizes an implicit but discursive secular order. The paper argues that refugee selection by a secular state does not necessarily mean a complete absence of the scrutiny of religion. Instead, the statecraft of a secular host country in the West could be so potent that the constant modelling of religious thinking and practices managed by the state could still end up normalizing the exclusion of Judeo-Christian others. Full article

19 pages, 388 KiB

Open AccessReview

Investigation into the Applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Special Education: A Literature Review

by Esraa Hussein, Menatalla Hussein and Maha Al-Hendawi

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050288 - 8 May 2025

Viewed by 375

Abstract

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in special education has the potential to transform learning experiences and improve outcomes for students with disabilities. This systematic literature review examines the application of AI technologies in special education, focusing on personalized learning, cognitive and behavioral [...] Read more.

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in special education has the potential to transform learning experiences and improve outcomes for students with disabilities. This systematic literature review examines the application of AI technologies in special education, focusing on personalized learning, cognitive and behavioral interventions, communication, emotional support, and physical independence. Through an analysis of 15 studies conducted between 2019 and 2024, the review synthesizes evidence on the effectiveness of AI tools, including intelligent tutoring systems, adaptive learning platforms, assistive communication devices, and robotic aids. The findings suggest that AI-driven technologies significantly enhance students’ academic performance, communication skills, emotional regulation, and physical mobility by providing tailored interventions that address individual needs. This review also highlights several challenges, including limited access to AI technologies in low-resource settings, the need for more comprehensive teacher training, and ethical concerns related to data privacy and algorithmic bias. Additionally, the geographic focus of the current research is primarily on developed countries, overlooking the specific challenges of implementing AI in resource-constrained environments. This review emphasizes the need for more diverse and ethical research to fully realize the potential of AI in supporting students with disabilities and promoting inclusive education. Full article

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Soc. Sci., Volume 14, Issue 5 (May 2025) – 66 articles

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