Social Sciences

12 pages, 440 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Institutional Accreditation and Its Impact on Children’s Health in Orphanages: A Systematic Literature Review on Learning Organizations and Quality Assurance

by Dewi Kartikawati, Binahayati Rusyidi, Nurliana Cipta Apsari and Sri Sulastri

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050307 - 15 May 2025

Abstract

The process of institutional accreditation establishes crucial mechanisms that lead to better quality childcare in orphanages through the development of organizational stability and trained staff, in addition to healthcare improvements. The assessment of accreditation effects on children’s health draws from learning organizations and [...] Read more.

The process of institutional accreditation establishes crucial mechanisms that lead to better quality childcare in orphanages through the development of organizational stability and trained staff, in addition to healthcare improvements. The assessment of accreditation effects on children’s health draws from learning organizations and quality assurance frameworks in this systematic review. A systematic database review yielded 35 peer-reviewed publications that followed PRISMA analysis procedures. Research evidence shows that accredited orphanages attain better results when it comes to hygiene practices, as well as nutrition standards, healthcare access, mental healthcare support. Accreditation enables institutions to learn continuously because the process promotes service delivery improvements. The advantages of accreditation in orphanages are clear, but accreditation faces the barriers of monetary constraints, employee reluctance towards external inspections, and erratic policy execution, which reduce its widespread adoption. Accreditation efforts in orphanages require purposeful funding alongside built-up staff competencies and stronger regulatory policies to achieve their maximum potential benefit. Full article

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14 pages, 231 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Out of Reach: Social Connections and Their Role in Influencing Engagement Between Forcibly Displaced People and Police Scotland

by Bryony Gemma Nisbet and Nicole Vidal

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 306; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050306 - 15 May 2025

Abstract

Forcibly displaced people in Scotland face multiple barriers in accessing health, social care, and policing services. This paper explores how social connections shape engagement with these services, particularly the role of police in community safety and wellbeing. Drawing on qualitative interviews and social [...] Read more.

Forcibly displaced people in Scotland face multiple barriers in accessing health, social care, and policing services. This paper explores how social connections shape engagement with these services, particularly the role of police in community safety and wellbeing. Drawing on qualitative interviews and social connections mapping workshops, this study examines how third-sector organisations act as key intermediaries, shaping how people access statutory services. The findings show that while community policing and partnerships with trusted organisations can improve accessibility, concerns about racial discrimination, the underreporting of hate crime, and the lack of language support continue to undermine confidence in policing. Additionally, the growing reliance on police officers to respond to mental health crises reflects wider gaps in specialist service provision. This paper argues for a shift towards a cross-sector approach that strengthens community-led safety strategies, reduces police involvement in non-criminal matters, and improves language and cultural competency within public services. Strengthening institutional accessibility and trust-building initiatives is key to improving engagement with policing and health and social care services for forcibly displaced communities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health and Migration Challenges for Forced Migrants)

22 pages, 533 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Migrant Entrepreneurs Between Colombia and Germany: Return, Strategies, and Expectations

by Felipe Aliaga-Sáez, David Alberto García-Arango, Yvonne Riaño, Jovany Sepúlveda-Aguirre and David Betancur-Betancur

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050305 - 14 May 2025

Abstract

There is scant literature on migrants with an entrepreneurial background and who return to their country of origin. Using a transnational theoretical approach, we seek to contribute to research in this field by analysing the return strategies and expectations of Colombian migrant entrepreneurs [...] Read more.

There is scant literature on migrants with an entrepreneurial background and who return to their country of origin. Using a transnational theoretical approach, we seek to contribute to research in this field by analysing the return strategies and expectations of Colombian migrant entrepreneurs participating in the Programme Migration and Diaspora (PMD). This programme is implemented by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH (German Society for International Cooperation, Eschborn, Germany) on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ, Berlin, Germany). To this end, a mixed-methods study was conducted. Likert scale questionnaires and semi-structured interviews were applied to twenty-seven entrepreneurs participating in the programme, analysing quantitative and qualitative variables. Migrants seek to contribute to Colombia’s development through entrepreneurship, looking for various commercial connections for which security and planning conditions are necessary. They see entrepreneurship as sustenance, which in most cases results in transnational links between Germany and Colombia. For that to happen, contacts and acquired experiences are fundamental, as well as tangible and intangible resources, amongst which the information and support for entrepreneurship granted by GIZ stand out. Generally, it is essential to continue strengthening differentiated and comprehensive support strategies for all types of migrant entrepreneurs in destination countries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section International Migration)

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34 pages, 4011 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Climate Change Disinformation on Social Media: A Meta-Synthesis on Epistemic Welfare in the Post-Truth Era

by Essien Oku Essien

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 304; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050304 - 14 May 2025

Abstract

Climate change disinformation has emerged as a substantial issue in the internet age, affecting public perceptions, policy response, and climate actions. This study, grounded on the theoretical frameworks of social epistemology, Habermas’s theory of communicative action, post-truth, and Foucault’s theory of power-knowledge, examines [...] Read more.

Climate change disinformation has emerged as a substantial issue in the internet age, affecting public perceptions, policy response, and climate actions. This study, grounded on the theoretical frameworks of social epistemology, Habermas’s theory of communicative action, post-truth, and Foucault’s theory of power-knowledge, examines the effect of digital infrastructures, ideological forces, and epistemic power dynamics on climate change disinformation. The meta-synthesis approach in the study reveals the mechanics of climate change disinformation on social media, the erosion of epistemic welfare influenced by post-truth dynamics, and the ideological and algorithmic amplification of disinformation, shedding light on climate change misinformation as well. The findings show that climate change disinformation represents not only a collection of false claims but also a broader epistemic issue sustained by digital environments, power structures, and fossil corporations. Right-wing populist movements, corporate interests, and algorithmic recommendation systems substantially enhance climate skepticism, intensifying political differences and public distrust in scientific authority. The study highlights the necessity of addressing climate change disinformation through improved scientific communication, algorithmic openness, and digital literacy initiatives. Resolving this conundrum requires systemic activities that go beyond fact-checking, emphasizing epistemic justice and legal reforms. Full article

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14 pages, 2128 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Digital Monopolies—The Extent of Monopolization in Germany and the Implications for Media Freedom and Democracy

by Martin Andree

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050303 - 14 May 2025

Abstract

A holistic scientific measurement of the internet traffic across all devices in Germany has quantified the extreme extent of digital monopolization. Due to the high level of concentration, provider pluralism and fair competition in the field of digital media have been systematically and [...] Read more.

A holistic scientific measurement of the internet traffic across all devices in Germany has quantified the extreme extent of digital monopolization. Due to the high level of concentration, provider pluralism and fair competition in the field of digital media have been systematically and intentionally abolished. As a result of the digital transformation, it can be assumed that the GAFA (the known acronym for Google, i.e., Alphabet, Amazon, Facebook, i.e., Meta, Apple) players will take control of the German media system in the coming years (due to comparable market structures, the situation will be similar in other Western democracies). From a German and a European perspective, it is the more alarming that this development can hardly be stopped on the basis of existing legislation. However, already the status quo is in striking contradiction to the anti-monopolistic principles of classic German media law. It is time for a fundamental debate and quick legislative actions to open the media markets again for competition and plurality and safeguard media freedom for the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Open Society 2.0: Democracy in the Age of Social Media and Populism)

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15 pages, 2291 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pause, Reflect, and Redirect: An Approach to Empowering Youth to Be Safer Online by Helping Them Make Better Decisions

by Elizabeth A. Sweigart, Aahil Valliani and Pamela J. Wisniewski

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 302; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050302 - 14 May 2025

Abstract

Stakeholders from parents to policy-makers are concerned about youth online safety. Present solutions are frequently punitive and often lack opportunities for youth to make mistakes and try again in a safe environment. This paper proposes a new framework, based on trauma-informed child psychology [...] Read more.

Stakeholders from parents to policy-makers are concerned about youth online safety. Present solutions are frequently punitive and often lack opportunities for youth to make mistakes and try again in a safe environment. This paper proposes a new framework, based on trauma-informed child psychology models and research by computer scientists and human-centered design scholars, entitled Pause, Reflect, and Redirect (PRR). The PRR framework offers three levels of intervention ranging from casual engagement to coached engagement with crisis response. To further develop and validate PRR as a framework, PRR was implemented within a web-filtering software that was installed in a public middle school comprising grades 6 to 8 (i.e., ages 11–14) in an urban charter district. Preliminary results from the deployment of the software suggest that it may help youth make better choices with respect to their online behaviors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Promoting the Digital Resilience of Youth)

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21 pages, 1242 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Portuguese Teachers’ Perceptions of Girl-Friendly Strategies in Physics Education: What Are the Challenges?

by Ana Maia Fernandes, José Luís Araújo, Fátima Simões and Sandra Guimarães

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050301 - 13 May 2025

Viewed by 56

Abstract

(1) Background: The under-representation of women in STEM fields, particularly in areas such as physics and computing, is far from being resolved. This gender gap has complex causes. This research was carried out to understanding how physics teachers in Portugal are aware of [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The under-representation of women in STEM fields, particularly in areas such as physics and computing, is far from being resolved. This gender gap has complex causes. This research was carried out to understanding how physics teachers in Portugal are aware of the existence of a gender gap and how they use or are willing to use girl-friendly strategies in their lessons; (2) Methods: A sample of 55 Portuguese physics and chemistry teachers from the third cycle of basic education and secondary education and an 8-item survey were used. (3) Results: The results show that most teachers perceive girls’ participation in physics as satisfactory, and that girls do not perceive a gender gap and are interested in the subject, but may not be aware of the concept and application of girl-friendly strategies. (4) Conclusions: No correlation was found between gender or years of service and interest in the topic of girl-friendly strategies. Further research with a more diverse sample is needed to generalize these findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gender-Inclusive Education and Teaching in STEM: Strategies, Challenges, and Contradictions)

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20 pages, 760 KiB

Open AccessArticle

School Responsibility and Improvement Pathways in the Prevention and Control of Campus Bullying in China: An Analysis of 155 Civil Judgments

by Xuanyu Chen, Yulu Jin and Feng Han

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 300; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050300 - 13 May 2025

Viewed by 45

Abstract

Schools play a central role in the prevention and control of school bullying, and there are both theoretical and practical grounds for legally establishing their obligations in this regard. This study employs a mixed-methods approach, primarily qualitative research supplemented by quantitative analysis, to [...] Read more.

Schools play a central role in the prevention and control of school bullying, and there are both theoretical and practical grounds for legally establishing their obligations in this regard. This study employs a mixed-methods approach, primarily qualitative research supplemented by quantitative analysis, to conduct textual analysis and coding of 155 civil judgments on school bullying litigation in China. It aims to explore the main scenarios where schools are held liable for failing to fulfill their prevention and intervention obligations, and to examine the impact of school accountability on bullied students. Through textual analysis and t-tests, this study found that schools are primarily held liable for inadequate prevention, failure to detect or allowing bullying behavior, and failure to provide timely assistance to victims. Meanwhile, neglecting antibullying obligations exacerbates the mental harm suffered by victims. However, as public educational institutions, schools should not bear an excessive legislative burden, as this could increase their workload and lead to resistance in practice. Therefore, it is crucial to strike a balance and refine school responsibilities. Establishing clear legal obligations for schools can help clarify the standards for school liability in judicial decisions. Accordingly, improving fundamental antibullying obligations, granting schools a certain degree of disciplinary discretion, and enhancing guidance in high-risk situations can ensure the fulfillment of essential responsibilities while empowering schools to effectively combat bullying. Full article

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16 pages, 402 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Teachers’ Perspective of Their Alliance with Students and Detection of Child Maltreatment

by María Teresa Vozmediano-Collado, David Gil Pareja, Virgilio García-Aparicio, Francisca Angélica Monroy García and Andrea Pérez-Rodríguez

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050299 - 12 May 2025

Viewed by 149

Abstract

Introduction: The aim of this study is to explore variables relating to teacher–student relationships, and their association with the detection of child maltreatment in secondary schools (12–18 age range), given that child and adolescent abuse is under revealed and underreported, and teachers play [...] Read more.

Introduction: The aim of this study is to explore variables relating to teacher–student relationships, and their association with the detection of child maltreatment in secondary schools (12–18 age range), given that child and adolescent abuse is under revealed and underreported, and teachers play an important role in identifying and detecting it. Method: 662 teachers from secondary schools from different autonomous communities in Spain answered a self-administrated questionnaire. Results: This study revealed that while theoretical knowledge of the issue goes hand-in-hand with a higher self-reported ability to recognize cases among students, the same does not hold true of the teachers’ real detection capacity. Nonetheless, a relationship of trust with students and addressing child maltreatment in the classroom contributes to a better real detection capacity by teachers, relating this information to the possible existence of a teacher–student alliance. Discussion: We propose a trust-constructed relationship between both agents, named the teacher–student alliance. Prospective: These results point to the need for further research into the association and characteristics of teacher–student alliances on the identification in schools of cases of child maltreatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Child Abuse and Child Protection)

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15 pages, 274 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Social Service Providers’ Understanding of the Consequences of Human Trafficking on Women Survivors—A South African Perspective

by Sipho Sibanda, Juliet Sambo and Sanjeev Dahal

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050298 - 12 May 2025

Viewed by 126

Abstract

Human trafficking for forced labour or sexual exploitation often takes the form of forced migration. It is the third-largest crime industry in the world and has severe consequences on the women survivors. Trafficking violates the safety, welfare, and human rights of the victims [...] Read more.

Human trafficking for forced labour or sexual exploitation often takes the form of forced migration. It is the third-largest crime industry in the world and has severe consequences on the women survivors. Trafficking violates the safety, welfare, and human rights of the victims and forces physical and psychological imprisonment on them. Despite the significant number of women being trafficked, little is known about the best ways to address their needs. This article highlights the understanding developed by social service providers in South Africa regarding the consequences of human trafficking on women survivors. Being aware of the complex challenges faced by women survivors of human trafficking enables social service providers to respond to their needs effectively through appropriate interventions and services. Data for this qualitative study were collected through one-on-one interviews and analysed using thematic analysis. Social service providers understand the following to be related to women survivors of trafficking: involvement in drugs and sex work, dependency on the perpetrator, lack of self-esteem, self-blame and shame, being disoriented, psychological challenges, lack of financial support, health issues, isolation, and loneliness. To be relevant and effective, services should be packaged in a manner that addresses all the challenges faced by women survivors of human trafficking. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health and Migration Challenges for Forced Migrants)

18 pages, 1747 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preventing Harassment and Gender-Based Violence in Online Videogames Through Education

by Andrea Gracia-Zomeño, Belinda Domingo-Gómez, Ramón García-Perales and Eduardo García-Toledano

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 297; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050297 - 12 May 2025

Viewed by 330

Abstract

The prevention and fight against harassment and gender violence in online videogames is a current problem. The aim of this research is to analyze the prevention work carried out in educational centers, with an emphasis on the Community of Madrid (Spain). A mixed [...] Read more.

The prevention and fight against harassment and gender violence in online videogames is a current problem. The aim of this research is to analyze the prevention work carried out in educational centers, with an emphasis on the Community of Madrid (Spain). A mixed methodology has been used, combining a qualitative analysis of research published from 2000 to the present and a quantitative approach through a questionnaire applied to 238 teachers in the Community of Madrid. Most teachers are unaware of the tools for the prevention of gender-based violence in videogames, such as codes of conduct and EducaMadrid resources. In addition, most do not identify the videogames used by their students, making it difficult to address these issues. Most teachers lack knowledge about videogames, as well as the codes of conduct and reporting mechanisms available when a student faces conflicts related to gender-based violence. The findings underline the need to train teachers and provide them with adequate resources to prevent and address gender-based violence in digital environments, especially in videogames, to ensure a safe and inclusive educational environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gender-Inclusive Education and Teaching in STEM: Strategies, Challenges, and Contradictions)

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12 pages, 233 KiB

Open AccessArticle

When Silence Speaks: A Reflection on Engaging in Expressive Arts Activities and Thoughts of Suicide

by Lydia Gitau

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050296 - 12 May 2025

Viewed by 146

Abstract

Deep, potent silences sometimes underlie thoughts of suicide. This paper presents a personal reflection of silence as a form of expression, and examines how engaging in expressive arts activities may reveal and help in processing feelings of distress and thoughts of suicide. There [...] Read more.

Deep, potent silences sometimes underlie thoughts of suicide. This paper presents a personal reflection of silence as a form of expression, and examines how engaging in expressive arts activities may reveal and help in processing feelings of distress and thoughts of suicide. There is an additional layer of hegemony that the use of words adds to discussions of suicidality, which makes these discussions inaccessible to many of the disenfranchised, including people from a refugee background for whom English is not a first language. But, for those struggling with speaking the (English) language in the first place, at what level of language acquisition can they be deemed fit to express and accurately represent their thoughts and ideas about suicide? Does their silence count? And so, by tackling this dilemma, this paper seeks to examine alternative ways of expression that do not heavily rely on words. It explores how, in our undertaking of suicidality studies creatively, we may embody and dignify the ways of the marginalised that have been devalued by a colonialist or interventionist agenda. The paper is an exercise in re-writing their experiences from the critical consciousness of coloniality. It is a disassembling of the control, domination, and exploitation that words can have. It is an attempt to shift the source and profile of knowledge about suicide from those who wield the power and privilege of words to those who live in the margins, shielded by silence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Critical Suicide Studies: Decolonial and Participatory Creative Approaches)

14 pages, 242 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Brain Drain of Egyptian Physicians and Its Driving Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Hebatalla Ahmed Ismail and Sungsoo Chun

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 295; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050295 - 12 May 2025

Viewed by 136

Abstract

Background: During the past years, brain drain has become an international problem. A shortage of human resources in the medical field revealed its challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the large number of medical school graduates in Egypt, the reports of the World [...] Read more.

Background: During the past years, brain drain has become an international problem. A shortage of human resources in the medical field revealed its challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the large number of medical school graduates in Egypt, the reports of the World Health Organization and the Egyptian Medical Syndicate indicate a yearly decline in the number of physicians in Egypt. The aim of this study is to determine the factors affecting Egyptian physicians’ intention to leave Egypt to work in another country. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with a self-administered questionnaire via the snowball sampling technique that focused on Egyptian physicians who graduated from Egyptian universities and were working in Egypt. The outcome measures include the migration intentions of physicians and their satisfaction with different aspects of work, their family and housing conditions, and their demographic characteristics. Results: The questionnaire was answered by 249 Egyptian physicians, 140 of whom were living in Egypt. The findings revealed that 66.4% of the sample in Egypt were considering working abroad. Work satisfaction was the main factor affecting the decisions of physicians in Egypt; the physicians with a lower satisfaction score were 20 times more likely to leave their country. Additionally, physicians who classified themselves as having a low economic status, being younger, or who were male were more likely to leave. Conclusion: Egypt may suffer major resource losses as a result of the high degree of dissatisfaction among physicians regarding their working conditions. To realize Egypt’s Vision 2030 for health and economic progress, policymakers need to address the driving factors and take probable intervention measures to reduce the drain of our physicians. Full article

34 pages, 1534 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Skill Shortages, Skill Mismatches, and the Threats of Migration in Labor Markets: A Sectoral Approach in North Macedonia, Türkiye, Ethiopia, and Ukraine

by Violeta Cvetkoska, Predrag Trpeski, Igor Ivanovski, Filip Peovski, Meryem Hamsi İmrol, Berk Babadoğan, Halil Ecer, Durmuş Ziya Görür, Umut Selvi, Adula Bekele Hunde, Fekede Tuli Gemeda, Yosef Beco Dubi, Segii Melnyk, Andrii Lytvynchuk and Hanna Tereshchenko

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050294 - 12 May 2025

Viewed by 244

Abstract

Labor markets worldwide are increasingly strained by skill shortages, mismatches, and migration pressures, disrupting workforce stability and economic growth. This study conducts a comparative sectoral analysis in North Macedonia, Türkiye, Ethiopia, and Ukraine, focusing on the manufacturing, information and communication technology, and hospitality [...] Read more.

Labor markets worldwide are increasingly strained by skill shortages, mismatches, and migration pressures, disrupting workforce stability and economic growth. This study conducts a comparative sectoral analysis in North Macedonia, Türkiye, Ethiopia, and Ukraine, focusing on the manufacturing, information and communication technology, and hospitality sectors, to examine the root causes and economic consequences of these challenges. Using a qualitatively driven mixed-methods approach, the research integrates expert interviews, surveys, and labor market data to assess skill gaps, workforce imbalances, and the role of migration. The findings reveal education–industry misalignment, inadequate vocational training, and low wages as persistent drivers of shortages. Additionally, the war in Ukraine, internal conflicts in Ethiopia, and refugee inflows in Türkiye amplify workforce instability, while North Macedonia faces severe emigration, particularly in the sectors of manufacturing and information and communication technologies. These insights are essential for policymakers, industry leaders, and educators in designing labor market interventions that foster workforce resilience. The study recommends national qualification reforms, industry–education collaboration, and improved wage structures to mitigate talent loss and strengthen labor market sustainability. By offering empirical evidence from diverse socio-economic contexts, this research contributes to global discussions on workforce development, migration economics, and labor policy reforms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Work, Employment and the Labor Market)

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13 pages, 452 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Why Has China’s Fertility Rate Plummeted in the Past Decade? An Investigation of Fertility Intentions and Influencing Factors Among Single, Unmarried Women of Childbearing Age in China

by Yantong Zhou and Ying Bian

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 293; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050293 - 10 May 2025

Viewed by 247

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Currently, the type of population reproduction in China has changed to “low birth, low death, low growth”. Additionally, as the number of single people has increased and the number of women of childbearing age has decreased, the growth of the total [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Currently, the type of population reproduction in China has changed to “low birth, low death, low growth”. Additionally, as the number of single people has increased and the number of women of childbearing age has decreased, the growth of the total population was bound to show a negative trend. Therefore, this study aimed to understand what factors influence fertility intentions from the perspective of single, unmarried women. Methods: We designed our own online questionnaire and collected information on fertility intentions from single, unmarried women of childbearing age (18–49 years). A total of 741 questionnaires were collected, with a valid response rate of 92.6%, and the Theory of Planned Behavior model was integrated into the questionnaire survey. Statistical analysis was performed via SPSS 24.0, and AMOS 24.0 software’s analysis of variance was used to determine whether there were differences in attitudes towards fertility intentions among respondents. Structural equation models were constructed via AMOS software for validation factor analysis and path analysis. Results: There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in “monthly income”, “net family income”, “health status”, and “only-child status”. Structural equation modelling revealed that fertility attitudes (β₁ = 0.301, p < 0.05), subjective norms (β₂ = 0.295, p < 0.05), and perceived behavioural control (β₃ = 0.146, p < 0.05) positively influence fertility intentions. Conclusions: The fertility intentions of single, unmarried women of childbearing age in China are influenced by many factors. Therefore, society should pay more attention to the rights and interests of single, unmarried women and provide a better social environment for childbearing; in addition, it is possible to appropriately relax the fertility policy of single births to improve the low fertility rate in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Family Studies)

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16 pages, 272 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gender Stereotypes and Their Impact on Social Sustainability: A Contemporary View of Spain

by Carla Palomino-Suárez and Marta Evelia Aparicio García

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 292; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050292 - 9 May 2025

Viewed by 298

Abstract

Gender roles are sociocultural constructs that shape the behaviors, attitudes, and values associated with men and women that influence social structures, equity, and sustainability. While these constructs reflect societal expectations, they also limit opportunities and affect emotional well-being. As their evolution has not [...] Read more.

Gender roles are sociocultural constructs that shape the behaviors, attitudes, and values associated with men and women that influence social structures, equity, and sustainability. While these constructs reflect societal expectations, they also limit opportunities and affect emotional well-being. As their evolution has not been consistent, rigid norms continue to hinder social progress. Ensuring that gender norms evolve toward inclusivity and equality is essential for the long-term well-being of societies. This study examines conformity to gender norms in Spain, considering age and educational level, with the aim of guiding public policies and educational strategies to foster social cohesion and equity. A quantitative methodology was employed, using the Conformity to Masculine Gender Norms Inventory and the Conformity to Feminine Gender Norms Inventory to assess adherence to traditional gender expectations. The sample consisted of 380 individuals aged 18 to 85 years. This study reveals a moderate-to-low level of conformity to gender norms but highlights a resurgence of traditional roles among younger individuals. These findings underscore the need for interventions that promote inclusive models and emphasize the importance of ongoing research to understand the impact of cultural, media, and generational factors on attitudes toward gender roles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gender Studies)

10 pages, 199 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Career Competencies, Preparing Students for the Future

by Marinka A. C. T. Kuijpers

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 291; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050291 - 9 May 2025

Viewed by 293

Abstract

The changing nature of the labor market demands lifelong development of employees. This places a new responsibility on education to prepare students for a future of lifelong development. An important aspect of this preparation is the development of career competencies. Career competencies are [...] Read more.

The changing nature of the labor market demands lifelong development of employees. This places a new responsibility on education to prepare students for a future of lifelong development. An important aspect of this preparation is the development of career competencies. Career competencies are examined from different perspectives. Two meta-studies, analyzing 77 and 80 international studies, highlight two key theories for understanding career competency development: the Intelligent Career Theory (ICT) and the Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT). This article aims to provide deeper insight into career competencies for students by analyzing them conceptually through various theoretical lenses and linking them to research on educational practice in the Dutch context, where development of career competencies is a mandatory part of the pre-vocational and secondary educational curriculum. The ultimate goal is to develop recommendations for designing a learning environment that fosters career competency development in students. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rethinking the Education-to-Work Transition for Young People)

16 pages, 242 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Regulating Phone Contact and Digital Communication Between Children in Public Care and Their Parents

by Tina Gerdts-Andresen

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050290 - 9 May 2025

Viewed by 122

Abstract

This study examines how the Norwegian Child Welfare Tribunal justifies regulating telephone and digital communication between children in public care and their parents. The regulation of such contact represents a distinct form of state interference in family life and must adhere to principles [...] Read more.

This study examines how the Norwegian Child Welfare Tribunal justifies regulating telephone and digital communication between children in public care and their parents. The regulation of such contact represents a distinct form of state interference in family life and must adhere to principles of necessity, proportionality, and respect for children’s rights. Using a thematic analysis of 34 Tribunal decisions involving 44 children, the study identifies four central themes: ensuring stability and emotional security, addressing parental behavior, balancing proportionality and necessity, and considering the child’s view. The Tribunal’s reasoning often reflects a cautious, preventive approach, prioritizing emotional stability. However, the lack of transparent assessments of necessity and inconsistent inclusion of children’s perspectives raises concerns about proportionality and children’s autonomy. Additionally, the limited involvement of children in these decisions risks making restrictions difficult to implement in practice, as children may not understand or agree with them and instead seek unregulated contact. The findings underline the need for clearer justifications and more consistent consideration of a child’s view to ensure that decisions align with their best interests and remain feasible in practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contact between Parents and Children in Child Welfare Care)

16 pages, 2948 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Normalizing an Implicit and Discursive Secular Norm in Refugee Selection in New Zealand

by Hanyang Ge

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050289 - 8 May 2025

Viewed by 241

Abstract

New Zealand has a long history of accepting refugees, with a refugee quota programme in place since 1987. New Zealand does not have a formal legislative structure for refugee resettlement. Its design and practice of the refugee quota programme are guided and determined [...] Read more.

New Zealand has a long history of accepting refugees, with a refugee quota programme in place since 1987. New Zealand does not have a formal legislative structure for refugee resettlement. Its design and practice of the refugee quota programme are guided and determined entirely by cabinet ministers’ discretion. A significant gap in scholarly research on refugee resettlement in the New Zealand context is the highly unarticulated assumption of the secularism of the New Zealand statecraft that underpins the unregulated state–refugee relationship. This paper examines a previously confidential government document, only released at the request of the author, which provides official guidance on refugee quota selection, along with other key ministerial briefings. Interviews were also conducted with a refugee quota selection officer and a policy advisor involved in informing refugee resettlement policies. This is the first research paper that focuses specifically on refugee selection in the New Zealand context from a religious studies’ perspective. I show that the rhetoric of New Zealand’s state secularism has a significant impact on refugee quota selection, which normalizes an implicit but discursive secular order. The paper argues that refugee selection by a secular state does not necessarily mean a complete absence of the scrutiny of religion. Instead, the statecraft of a secular host country in the West could be so potent that the constant modelling of religious thinking and practices managed by the state could still end up normalizing the exclusion of Judeo-Christian others. Full article

19 pages, 388 KiB

Open AccessReview

Investigation into the Applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Special Education: A Literature Review

by Esraa Hussein, Menatalla Hussein and Maha Al-Hendawi

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050288 - 8 May 2025

Viewed by 276

Abstract

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in special education has the potential to transform learning experiences and improve outcomes for students with disabilities. This systematic literature review examines the application of AI technologies in special education, focusing on personalized learning, cognitive and behavioral [...] Read more.

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in special education has the potential to transform learning experiences and improve outcomes for students with disabilities. This systematic literature review examines the application of AI technologies in special education, focusing on personalized learning, cognitive and behavioral interventions, communication, emotional support, and physical independence. Through an analysis of 15 studies conducted between 2019 and 2024, the review synthesizes evidence on the effectiveness of AI tools, including intelligent tutoring systems, adaptive learning platforms, assistive communication devices, and robotic aids. The findings suggest that AI-driven technologies significantly enhance students’ academic performance, communication skills, emotional regulation, and physical mobility by providing tailored interventions that address individual needs. This review also highlights several challenges, including limited access to AI technologies in low-resource settings, the need for more comprehensive teacher training, and ethical concerns related to data privacy and algorithmic bias. Additionally, the geographic focus of the current research is primarily on developed countries, overlooking the specific challenges of implementing AI in resource-constrained environments. This review emphasizes the need for more diverse and ethical research to fully realize the potential of AI in supporting students with disabilities and promoting inclusive education. Full article

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17 pages, 1122 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Experience of Transition from Hospital to Community Care of Patients with Advanced Cancer: A Qualitative Narrative Review of Patients’, Families’ and Healthcare Professionals’ Perspectives

by Flavia Hurducas, Codrina Csesznek and Daniela Mosoiu

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050287 - 7 May 2025

Viewed by 204

Abstract

Objective: This narrative review aims to synthesize qualitative research on the experiences of patients, families, and healthcare professionals during the transition of advanced cancer patients from hospital to community care. Methods: A systematic search of qualitative studies published between 2010 and 2023 was [...] Read more.

Objective: This narrative review aims to synthesize qualitative research on the experiences of patients, families, and healthcare professionals during the transition of advanced cancer patients from hospital to community care. Methods: A systematic search of qualitative studies published between 2010 and 2023 was conducted. Thirteen studies were selected for their relevance to the transition from hospital to community care. The studies were thematically analysed to identify recurring patterns and significant findings. Results: The analysis revealed six key themes: (1) planning and managing transitions, (2) communication between actors involved in the process of transition, (3) constraints on health systems, (4) family, as a unit of care, (5) needs of patients and families in the process of transition to community care, and (6) emotions and feelings of actors involved in the transition. This review highlighted that transitions are often poorly managed, with inadequate communication, which contributes to anxiety, a sense of loss, and disruption in care continuity. Conclusions: This review emphasizes the importance of better planning, communication, and support during transitions from hospital to community care. A coordinated approach addressing the holistic needs of patients and families, including emotional support and clear communication, is essential for smoother, more effective transitions. Full article

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11 pages, 228 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Organizational Culture and Emotional Intelligence: Enhancing Healthcare Professionals’ Job Satisfaction

by Vasiliki Georgousopoulou, Maria Amanatidou, Pinelopi Vlotinou, Eleni Lahana, Anna Tsiakiri, Ioannis Koutelekos, Eleni Koutra and Georgios Manomenidis

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050286 - 6 May 2025

Viewed by 200

Abstract

Job satisfaction is a critical factor in healthcare settings, influencing both healthcare professionals’ well-being and patient care quality. Nurses, as frontline healthcare professionals, experience various stressors that impact their job satisfaction. Organizational culture (OC) and emotional intelligence (EI) have emerged as significant determinants [...] Read more.

Job satisfaction is a critical factor in healthcare settings, influencing both healthcare professionals’ well-being and patient care quality. Nurses, as frontline healthcare professionals, experience various stressors that impact their job satisfaction. Organizational culture (OC) and emotional intelligence (EI) have emerged as significant determinants of nurses’ job satisfaction. However, research on how these factors interact in different cultural contexts remains limited. Objective: This study examines the impact of organizational culture and emotional intelligence on nurses’ job satisfaction. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 338 nurses working in secondary and tertiary hospitals in Greece. Data were collected using the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI), Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS), and Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS). Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to explore the associations between job satisfaction and study variables. Results: Nurses reported moderate job satisfaction (JSS mean score = 115.24 ± 20.84). Clan culture was the dominant organizational culture, while Hierarchy culture was the most preferred. EI was recorded at high levels among participants (WLEIS mean = 86.52 ± 12.24). Higher emotional intelligence, permanent employment status, and having children emerged as the most significant predictors of job satisfaction (p < 0.05). Notably, Hierarchy culture did not significantly predict job satisfaction, suggesting that while structure influences satisfaction, it does not solely determine it. Conclusions: The findings emphasize the importance of job security, emotional intelligence, and personal responsibilities in shaping job satisfaction. To enhance satisfaction, healthcare organizations should promote EI training, supportive leadership, and flexible policies that align organizational culture with healthcare professionals’ needs. Further research is needed to explore these relationships in diverse healthcare settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Work, Employment and the Labor Market)

16 pages, 541 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Strategies That Transform: Self-Regulation and Volitional Control as Keys to Academic Achievement

by Abílio Lourenço, Maria Olímpia Paiva and Sabina Valente

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050285 - 5 May 2025

Viewed by 631

Abstract

In recent years, research has highlighted a concerning lack of commitment and motivation among students on a global scale, leading to persistently low levels of competence across various areas of study. This phenomenon and its social consequences reveal a growing unease and an [...] Read more.

In recent years, research has highlighted a concerning lack of commitment and motivation among students on a global scale, leading to persistently low levels of competence across various areas of study. This phenomenon and its social consequences reveal a growing unease and an urgent need for sustainable solutions. Within the educational context, social cognitive theory explores self-regulated learning processes as the ability to manage and master a set of crucial factors for high-quality learning and academic excellence. Managing volitional control strategies is also essential in achieving academic success. The study aimed to analyze, through structural equation modeling, how self-regulated learning processes influence students’ academic performance. It also investigated how the volitional control strategies adopted by students might mediate between self-regulated learning and academic performance. The sample included 647 students (M_age = 12.9) from the primary education cycle in Portuguese schools. The results showed that students with higher levels of self-regulated learning achieve better academic outcomes and more frequently employ volitional control strategies. Consequently, students who apply more volitional control strategies obtain superior academic performance, confirming the mediating role of these strategies. Some educational implications are discussed. Full article

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20 pages, 823 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mapping Collective Action: A Case Study of Identifying Assets and Actions During Community Mental Health Workshops to Address the Effects of Environmental Inequities

by Natasha M. Lee-Johnson, Jennifer L. Scott and Tara Powell

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050284 - 2 May 2025

Viewed by 363

Abstract

Environmental changes, which have led to frequent and severe climate-related disasters, profoundly affect individuals and communities in Louisiana that display already existing disparities in vulnerability. An increasing body of evidence documents the relationship between the effects of climate change and poor mental health. [...] Read more.

Environmental changes, which have led to frequent and severe climate-related disasters, profoundly affect individuals and communities in Louisiana that display already existing disparities in vulnerability. An increasing body of evidence documents the relationship between the effects of climate change and poor mental health. This underscores the importance of utilizing an environmental justice framework to assess and innovate strategies for addressing disasters’ unequal burden. As part of a broader Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) project on the effects of a community-based intervention to improve mental health resilience in communities affected by disasters and crises, we included 12 churches in a community asset mapping process to identify resources within their communities and discuss actions that could improve their neighborhoods and build additional support. We conducted deductive and inductive content analysis of asset maps and field notes from 32 small groups. We found the following: (1) the church was seen as a central asset; (2) key distinctions in how participants discussed their tangible and intangible resources according to their geography, and (3) the themes of charity, resource facilitation, connecting the most vulnerable, and absence of government support typified how groups discussed possibilities of action. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Community and Urban Sociology)

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23 pages, 320 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Motherhood as a Prism Shaping Financial Literacy for Retirement Among Generation Y Women

by Li-Noy Green and Anat Herbst-Debby

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 283; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050283 - 2 May 2025

Viewed by 257

Abstract

This qualitative study adopts a feminist perspective, delving into the cultural and moral dynamics inherent in financial literacy for retirement among Generation Y women in Israel. Employing the theoretical framework of gendered cultural schemas and focusing on the motherhood model, the research provides [...] Read more.

This qualitative study adopts a feminist perspective, delving into the cultural and moral dynamics inherent in financial literacy for retirement among Generation Y women in Israel. Employing the theoretical framework of gendered cultural schemas and focusing on the motherhood model, the research provides valuable insight into the social and moral forces that underlie young women’s financial literacy perceptions and actions regarding retirement in Israel. Based on interviews with 46 young Israeli-Jewish women from the Y generation, results underscore the significant embedded nature of the cultural model of intensive motherhood in young women’s financial literacy and their approach to retirement planning. This study emphasizes the role of culture in explaining gender inequality in retirement planning, shedding light on the role of young women’s agency operating within the boundaries of a gendered social structure. It calls for the inclusion of feminist approaches to enhance our understanding of social phenomena. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gender Studies)

19 pages, 305 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Masculinity in the Margins: Race, Gang Violence, and the Code of the Street

by Narayanan Ganapathy

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050282 - 30 Apr 2025

Viewed by 241

Abstract

This study examines the intersection of race, class, and gang violence in Singapore, with a particular focus on the structural dynamics linking racial minorities, street gangs, and institutionalized Chinese secret societies—the archetype of organized crime in the city-state. By integrating race as both [...] Read more.

This study examines the intersection of race, class, and gang violence in Singapore, with a particular focus on the structural dynamics linking racial minorities, street gangs, and institutionalized Chinese secret societies—the archetype of organized crime in the city-state. By integrating race as both an ideology and a system of social relations into the study of gang formation, this research sheds light on why and how racial minorities become disproportionately involved in gang violence. The study revealed that beyond economic marginalization, racialized hierarchies embedded within gang contexts shape the motivations, participation, and mobility of minority individuals in both street gangs and the broader criminal underworld. Drawing on the concept of racialized masculinity, it is argued that racial minorities mobilize their gender and racial resources to compensate for status disparities resulting from structural exclusion in both legitimate and illegitimate spheres. In a postcolonial, multiracial society, like Singapore, where racial and class marginalization intersect, gang affiliation emerges as a means of negotiating power and social standing. The findings contribute to scholarship on race, crime, and social stratification while informing policies aimed at addressing racial inequalities and reducing gang violence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preventing Gang Violence)

16 pages, 540 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Virtual Exchange on College Students in the US and China

by Hongmei Zhang, Jian Wu, Yanju Li, Chad Marchong, David Cotter, Xianli Zhou and Xinhe Huang

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050281 - 30 Apr 2025

Viewed by 158

Abstract

Virtual Exchange (VE) has emerged as a promising alternative to traditional physical exchange, experiencing exponential growth in recent years to enhance students’ learning outcomes. However, the ways in which VE can effectively and mutually benefit diverse student populations remain unclear. This study introduces [...] Read more.

Virtual Exchange (VE) has emerged as a promising alternative to traditional physical exchange, experiencing exponential growth in recent years to enhance students’ learning outcomes. However, the ways in which VE can effectively and mutually benefit diverse student populations remain unclear. This study introduces a specifically designed VE project utilizing the “Zoom-Sandwiched Cross-Chapter Concept Map” model and investigates its impact on college students enrolled in an introductory-level course in the US and China. The ten-week VE project incorporated both academic and cultural components. While our previous publication focused on the academic component and its benefits on student academic performance, this article emphasizes the cultural component and the integrated nature of the project. Our results demonstrated the effectiveness of this project in promoting students’ career readiness competencies, particularly teamwork and communication skills. Additionally, our comparative data highlighted how this project significantly improved the behavioral dimension of Intercultural Communication Competence (ICC) and influenced career & self-development for Chinese students while fostered leadership skills among US students. The VE project presented in this article provides valuable guidance for integrating VE into curricula across various disciplines, helping to shape future VE initiatives globally. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Global and Virtual Sociological Teaching—Challenges & Opportunities)

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17 pages, 971 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transforming Local Knowledge(s) into European Recommendations: A Methodological Approach to Co-Creating Policy Briefs for Educational Inclusion

by Sofia Almeida Santos, Mariana Fonseca, Ana Cristina Torres, Eunice Macedo and Amélia Veiga

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050280 - 30 Apr 2025

Viewed by 232

Abstract

This article explores the process of developing policy briefs (PB) as strategic tools to translate knowledge stemming from the analysis of local educational practices into inclusive European policy recommendations. This paper highlights how educational practices from eleven partner institutions across Denmark, Norway, Poland, [...] Read more.

This article explores the process of developing policy briefs (PB) as strategic tools to translate knowledge stemming from the analysis of local educational practices into inclusive European policy recommendations. This paper highlights how educational practices from eleven partner institutions across Denmark, Norway, Poland, Portugal, and Spain informed recommendations to prevent early leaving from education and training (ELET) and to enhance youth’s school engagement. Educational practices involved a collaborative dialogue among multi-stakeholders to establish a shared vision about educational inclusion, and the co-creation of educational practices supported by monitoring, evidence collection, and the identification of promising examples. These elements reflect the aim to embed educational inclusion in policy development, while underscoring the role of PBs as mechanisms of participatory knowledge transfer between countries and sectors, bringing together diverse voices from policymakers, educators, researchers, and young people. In doing so, the methodological approach to produce PB recognised local produced knowledge as a catalyst for informed decisions promoting quality education. The analysis of PB highlights elements of the identified educational practices addressing ELET challenges, such as (i) implementing co-creation methodologies in both educational contexts and political formulation; (ii) addressing student citizenship as central to meaningful learning; (iii) valuing cross-sector partnerships to address systemic challenges, and (iv) reinforce relational pedagogies that enhance student–teacher and student–student relationships. Full article

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12 pages, 202 KiB

Open AccessArticle

University Distance Education in Prisons as a Tool for Rehabilitation and Social Inclusion

by Gina López-Armijos and Laura Ponce de León Romero

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 277; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050277 - 30 Apr 2025

Viewed by 265

Abstract

Many countries use the deprivation of liberty as a punitive strategy to ensure citizen security. Nowadays, a rehabilitative perspective has also been included to promote social inclusion. University education is a potential tool for achieving this goal. The aim of this article is [...] Read more.

Many countries use the deprivation of liberty as a punitive strategy to ensure citizen security. Nowadays, a rehabilitative perspective has also been included to promote social inclusion. University education is a potential tool for achieving this goal. The aim of this article is to gather the opinions of twenty students and ten professors concerning the realities of university education in an Ecuadorian prison. This study uses an onto-epistemological approach and concentrates on the perception of individuals, employing a qualitative methodology. The results show that these educational programs have positive effects on the students, improving their life projects, their behavior inside and outside jail, and their digital knowledge and ICT skills, reducing recidivism and promoting labor market reintegration. The conclusions suggest that university distance education is a tool for rehabilitation and social inclusion and that greater involvement is required on the part of the State, companies, and the community in general to facilitate the graduates’ labor reintegration, as well as follow-up and social support services for ex-offenders and their families. Full article

17 pages, 210 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Struggle to Maintain Schools in Times of War

by Izabel Ramadan and Michal Razer

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(5), 279; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050279 - 29 Apr 2025

Viewed by 166

Abstract

This article explores the distinct challenges facing Arab school principals in Israel, particularly in the context of existential fears stemming from a complex political landscape and rising violence in schools. These concerns are intensified by feelings of isolation from decision-making processes and the [...] Read more.

This article explores the distinct challenges facing Arab school principals in Israel, particularly in the context of existential fears stemming from a complex political landscape and rising violence in schools. These concerns are intensified by feelings of isolation from decision-making processes and the ineffectiveness of policies aimed at addressing the specific needs of Arab communities. Through an action research approach, this study analyzed the experiences of 15 elementary school principals over four years and introduced an intervention model called “empathetic inquiry”. This model, comprising four stages, creating a safe space for emotional expression, framing and reframing events, and formulating alternative actions, was implemented through group discussions and techniques like roleplaying. Findings revealed that the model facilitated open emotional sharing, enhanced principals’ sense of competence, and transformed their perception of authority from a rigid to a reflective role. Participation in the group fostered solidarity among staff and improved conflict management skills. Ultimately, this study highlights the “empathetic inquiry” model as a promising strategy for fostering empathetic leadership and reducing existential anxiety in Arab schools, although future research is necessary to evaluate its broader applicability and long-term effects, reflection, and self-awareness. This model contributed to their ability to cope with conflicts more effectively and to develop empathetic leadership. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rethinking the Education-to-Work Transition for Young People)

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Soc. Sci., Volume 14, Issue 5 (May 2025) – 56 articles

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