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Buildings, Volume 15, Issue 3 (February-1 2025) – 207 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): This paper explores an innovative approach to enhancing smart construction through BIM-enabled automation in reinforced concrete slab design. It presents a novel BIM framework that integrates BIM tools, IFC, Python, IfcOpenShell, Octave, and FreeCAD to seamlessly generate and analyse slabs in structural models. By bridging automation with BIM, this study advances design efficiency, accuracy, and interoperability, contributing to smarter construction practices. The framework achieved a 40% reduction in design time and a 25% decrease in human errors, as demonstrated in the study. View this paper
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23 pages, 2388 KiB  
Article
Schedule Risk Analysis of Prefabricated Building Projects Based on DEMATEL-ISM and Bayesian Networks
by Chunling Zhong and Siyu Zhang
Buildings 2025, 15(3), 508; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030508 - 6 Feb 2025
Viewed by 266
Abstract
The schedule is a critical factor in the development of prefabricated buildings. This paper establishes the schedule risk influencing factors for prefabricated building projects across five dimensions—design, production, transportation, installation, and others—encompassing a total of 14 factors. By integrating DEMATEL and ISM, it [...] Read more.
The schedule is a critical factor in the development of prefabricated buildings. This paper establishes the schedule risk influencing factors for prefabricated building projects across five dimensions—design, production, transportation, installation, and others—encompassing a total of 14 factors. By integrating DEMATEL and ISM, it constructs a hierarchical network model using expert knowledge and maps it to Bayesian networks (BN), and the node probabilities were calculated using fuzzy set theory combined with the noisy-OR gate model. This DEMATEL-ISM-BN model not only infers the probability of schedule risk occurrence in prefabricated construction projects through causal reasoning and controls the schedule risk of prefabricated construction projects, but it also deduces the posterior probabilities of other influencing factors when a schedule risk occurs through diagnostic reasoning. This approach identifies the key factors contributing to schedule risk and pinpoints the final influencing factors. Research has shown that the three influencing factors of “tower crane worker lifting level”, “construction worker component installation technology”, and “design changes” significantly affect project progress, providing a new risk assessment tool for prefabricated building project progress, effectively helping enterprises identify potential risks, formulate risk control strategies, improve project success rates, and overall benefits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)
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26 pages, 7616 KiB  
Article
Stability Analysis and Support Optimization of Tunnel Surrounding Rock with Weak Interlayer Based on Catastrophe Theory
by Tuo Zhang, Jinhai Zhao, Renfei Kuang and Chengyang Li
Buildings 2025, 15(3), 507; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030507 - 6 Feb 2025
Viewed by 344
Abstract
A tunnel excavation model with weak interlayers is established to analyze the effect of different angles and thicknesses on the displacement of the surrounding rock. Based on catastrophe theory, a stability criterion for surrounding rock displacement is derived, providing a theoretical framework for [...] Read more.
A tunnel excavation model with weak interlayers is established to analyze the effect of different angles and thicknesses on the displacement of the surrounding rock. Based on catastrophe theory, a stability criterion for surrounding rock displacement is derived, providing a theoretical framework for evaluating tunnel stability through numerical simulations. Finally, to minimize support construction costs, an optimization model is established by integrating the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm and the Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural network. The model is then validated through engineering projects. The results show that the deformation and stability of the surrounding rock are affected by the interlayer angle and thickness. As the angle increases, the maximum deformation of the surrounding rock gradually transitions from horizontal displacement to vertical displacement, while increased thickness amplifies deformation and concentrates it at the interlayer. The stability of the surrounding rock exhibits catastrophic characteristics, with instability often occurring in the middle and rear sections of the tunnel. Calculation costs are reduced by 88% using the PSO-RBF optimization model, and construction costs decreased by 34.96% after optimizing the support parameters. This study provides theoretical support for the stability analysis and construction optimization of tunnels with weak interlayers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)
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23 pages, 9920 KiB  
Article
Eccentric Compression Behavior of RCFST Columns with Web Perforated T-Shaped Stiffeners
by Qifan Jiang, Jun Zhang, Lvhong Sun, Yanchao Wu and Tuo Lei
Buildings 2025, 15(3), 506; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030506 - 6 Feb 2025
Viewed by 227
Abstract
Based on the previous axial compression tests by the authors, this study investigates the eccentric compression behavior of rectangular concrete-filled steel tubular (RCFST) columns with web-perforated T-shaped stiffeners through finite element analysis. Finite element models (FEM) of RCFST columns were established and validated [...] Read more.
Based on the previous axial compression tests by the authors, this study investigates the eccentric compression behavior of rectangular concrete-filled steel tubular (RCFST) columns with web-perforated T-shaped stiffeners through finite element analysis. Finite element models (FEM) of RCFST columns were established and validated against failure modes and load-displacement curves obtained from axial compression tests. Subsequently, a detailed parametric analysis of RCFST columns under eccentric compression was conducted, including the stiffening details (i.e., material strength, the number, and dimension of stiffeners). Results show that the stiffening method enhances the RCFST ultimate bearing capacity. Increasing the number and dimensions of stiffeners, as well as the strengths of steel and concrete, leads to higher peak loads, whereas an increase in the slenderness ratio results in a reduction in ultimate capacity. Finally, an N-M (axial force-moment) interaction curve calculation method for RCFST columns with web-perforated T-shaped stiffeners was proposed, simplifying the calculation process for stiffeners and incorporating the correction factors for eccentric columns. The results indicate that this method can achieve higher accuracy while ensuring safety, whereas the calculations based on CECS 28 are overly conservative. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Analysis and Design of Building Structures)
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31 pages, 5059 KiB  
Article
Exploring Safety Research Progress and Prospects for the Sustainable Development of Resilient Cities
by Bingrui Tong, Hui Liu, Junjie Zhu, Yuxuan Wang, Ting Mei and Mengyao Kou
Buildings 2025, 15(3), 505; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030505 - 6 Feb 2025
Viewed by 391
Abstract
In the context of global climate change and accelerated urbanization, the construction of resilient and safe cities has become key to addressing both natural and human-made disasters. This literature review systematically analyzes relevant data from resilient city studies published in the SCIE and [...] Read more.
In the context of global climate change and accelerated urbanization, the construction of resilient and safe cities has become key to addressing both natural and human-made disasters. This literature review systematically analyzes relevant data from resilient city studies published in the SCIE and SSCI databases from 2000 to 2023, focusing on the risk and safety perspectives. Using bibliometric tools, the spatial–temporal distribution, collaboration networks, and knowledge foundations of the literature are examined, revealing the current state, core topics, and emerging trends in resilient city research. The findings indicate that contemporary research on resilient cities primarily focuses on disaster response, infrastructure resilience, community engagement, and the application of big data technologies, reflecting a trend toward interdisciplinary integration. This review not only provides a comprehensive theoretical framework for the academic community but also offers data-driven decision support for governments. The results highlight key directions for future research, contributing to the enhancement of urban resilience in managing complex risks and promoting sustainable urban development globally. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Planning and Development of Resilient Cities)
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25 pages, 2121 KiB  
Article
Urban Sustainability Through Pavement Technologies: Reducing Urban Heat Islands with Cool Pavements
by Mohammad Javad Amani, Rashid Tanzadeh, Fereidoon Moghadas Nejad, Mohammad Mohsen Kabiri Nasrabad, Jafar Chalabii and Majid Movahedi Rad
Buildings 2025, 15(3), 504; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030504 - 6 Feb 2025
Viewed by 477
Abstract
Urban development driven by population growth and technological advancements has intensified urban heat islands (UHIs), contributing to environmental damage and health risks. This study explores the potential of cool pavements as a critical strategy for mitigating UHIs, focusing on reflective, evaporative, and energy-storing [...] Read more.
Urban development driven by population growth and technological advancements has intensified urban heat islands (UHIs), contributing to environmental damage and health risks. This study explores the potential of cool pavements as a critical strategy for mitigating UHIs, focusing on reflective, evaporative, and energy-storing technologies. Over 400 reputable scientific articles were reviewed to analyze UHI causes; measurement methods, including remote sensing and laboratory techniques; and the effectiveness of various pavement solutions. Reflective pavements demonstrated a capacity to lower surface temperatures by 5–20 °C depending on reflectivity changes, while evaporative pavements reduced temperatures by 5–35 °C based on type and design. Advanced energy-storing pavements not only achieved a 3–5 °C temperature reduction but also generated renewable energy. This research provides a comprehensive classification of pavement cooling systems and evaluates their quantitative and qualitative benefits, emphasizing the transformative role of cool pavements in enhancing urban sustainability and reducing UHI effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
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1 pages, 124 KiB  
Correction
Correction: Tsai et al. Comparative Analysis on the Mechanical Properties, Transportation Cost, and Carbon Footprint Emission of Cement Mortar with PE and SSRS as Partial Replacement for Aggregates. Buildings 2024, 14, 1437
by Shen-Lun Tsai, Her-Yung Wang, Keng-Ta Lin and Chang-Chi Hung
Buildings 2025, 15(3), 503; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030503 - 6 Feb 2025
Viewed by 255
Abstract
There was an error in the original publication [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)
23 pages, 1092 KiB  
Article
A Critical Analysis of Factors Influencing BIM Implementation for Public Projects in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Malawi
by Pelumi Adetoro, Grant Kululanga, Theresa Mkandawire and Abubakari Malik
Buildings 2025, 15(3), 502; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030502 - 6 Feb 2025
Viewed by 534
Abstract
The advent of BIM in the construction sector has brought about a significant change in the construction process of public projects in developed and developing countries. However, there is limited information on BIM implementation in low-income countries. Therefore, this study aims to critically [...] Read more.
The advent of BIM in the construction sector has brought about a significant change in the construction process of public projects in developed and developing countries. However, there is limited information on BIM implementation in low-income countries. Therefore, this study aims to critically analyse factors influencing BIM implementation for public projects in Malawi. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify the factors driving BIM implementation. However, to assess the criticality of these numerous drivers, a questionnaire survey was administered to purposively select participants in the construction industry. The key factors influencing BIM implementation for public projects in Malawi were analysed using the weighted mean. It was identified that technological and process factors were the key drivers for BIM implementation, encompassing the availability of BIM software that allows for smooth integration with other software and the availability of BIM knowledge resources, the development of standardised datasets for managing BIM, and the availability of clear protocol for data exchange, among others. This study provides a theoretical framework for evaluating factors influencing BIM implementation in low-income countries. The study also provides policymakers and industry stakeholders with comprehensive strategies to facilitate BIM implementation in the Malawian construction industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)
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20 pages, 11641 KiB  
Article
4D Digital Integration for Nanomaterial-Based Monitoring and Treatment of Bridge Piers Defects
by Ghazy Abdullah Albaqawy, Mabrouk Touahmia, Mustapha Boukendakdji, Abderrahmane Ouazir, Abdulaziz Mansour, Ahmed Sallam and Mohamed Saleh Sedek
Buildings 2025, 15(3), 501; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030501 - 6 Feb 2025
Viewed by 320
Abstract
This study presents an innovative 4D digital model that integrates Bridge Information Modeling (BrIM) with several types of data to defect detection in complex bridge structures. The model promotes precise data preparation, navigation, visualization, integration, and monitoring, enabling the identification of defects, like [...] Read more.
This study presents an innovative 4D digital model that integrates Bridge Information Modeling (BrIM) with several types of data to defect detection in complex bridge structures. The model promotes precise data preparation, navigation, visualization, integration, and monitoring, enabling the identification of defects, like material deterioration, condition changes, and structural clashes in components like trusses. Bridge model provides time-based access to maps, allowing users to explore changes over time and predict future conditions. The integration of time dimension into the 4D model provides dynamic tools for exploring changes over time, allowing for analysis and maintenance planning. Through the use of advanced 4D simulation technology, the study’s effectiveness is in visualizing workflows, identifying constraints, and supporting proactive decision-making in structural management. By incorporating various perspectives and enabling users to interact with detailed visualizations, the model enhances understanding and maintenance practices. This approach advances defect modeling and digitization, supporting automation in defect detection while significantly contributing to the long-term safety and sustainability of bridges. In order to obtain non-destructive images and films of the morphology of the sandstone’s internal structure at the bridge pier in addition to the stone’s grain texture and surface characteristics, this research applied X-ray computed tomography approach (CT scan) and XRF as NDT to the analysis of sandstone. Full article
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27 pages, 3968 KiB  
Article
Drowsiness Detection of Construction Workers: Accident Prevention Leveraging Yolov8 Deep Learning and Computer Vision Techniques
by Adetayo Olugbenga Onososen, Innocent Musonda, Damilola Onatayo, Abdullahi Babatunde Saka, Samuel Adeniyi Adekunle and Eniola Onatayo
Buildings 2025, 15(3), 500; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030500 - 5 Feb 2025
Viewed by 342
Abstract
Construction projects’ unsatisfactory performance has been linked to factors influencing individuals’ well-being and mental alertness on projects. Drowsiness is a significant indicator of sleep deprivation and fatigue, so being able to identify the cognitive and physical preparedness of workers on site to engage [...] Read more.
Construction projects’ unsatisfactory performance has been linked to factors influencing individuals’ well-being and mental alertness on projects. Drowsiness is a significant indicator of sleep deprivation and fatigue, so being able to identify the cognitive and physical preparedness of workers on site to engage in construction tasks is important. As a consequence of the strenuous nature of the work involved in construction, long work hours, and environmental conditions, drowsiness is commonplace and has received less attention despite being a leading cause of accidents occurring on-site. Detecting drowsiness is essential for determining the safety and well-being of site workers. This study presents a vision-based approach using an improved version of the You Only Look Once (YOLOv8) algorithm for real-time drowsiness exposure among construction workers. The proposed method leverages computer vision techniques to analyze facial and eye features, enabling the early detection of signs of drowsiness, effectively preventing accidents, and enhancing on-site safety. The model showed significant precision and efficiency in detecting drowsiness from the given dataset, accomplishing a drowsiness class with a mean average precision (mAP) of 92%. However, it also exhibited difficulties handling imbalanced classes, particularly the underrepresented ‘Awake with PPE’ class, which was detected with high precision but comparatively lower recall and mAP. This highlighted the necessity of balanced datasets for optimal deep learning performance. The YOLOv8 model’s average mAP of 78% in drowsiness detection compared favorably with other studies employing different methodologies. The system improves productivity and reduces costs by preventing accidents and enhancing worker safety. However, limitations, such as sensitivity to lighting conditions and occlusions, must be addressed in future iterations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Safety and Health at Work in Building Construction)
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18 pages, 1129 KiB  
Article
The Cradle-to-Gate Life Cycle Assessment on Hardwood Lumber Production in New Brunswick, Canada
by Nadia Zahabi, Meng Gong, Hongmei Gu and Janet Blackadar
Buildings 2025, 15(3), 499; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030499 - 5 Feb 2025
Viewed by 345
Abstract
This case study conducted a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) on the production of hardwood lumber in New Brunswick, Canada, evaluating the environmental impacts from raw material extraction to the point where lumber exited the mill as rough green lumber, the primary input [...] Read more.
This case study conducted a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) on the production of hardwood lumber in New Brunswick, Canada, evaluating the environmental impacts from raw material extraction to the point where lumber exited the mill as rough green lumber, the primary input for manufacturing pallets and railway ties. Data on annual production, material flow, and energy use for harvesting and sawmilling were gathered through survey questionnaires and on-site visits. The life cycle inventory (LCI) was developed in SimaPro software, the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) was conducted using the North American TRACI method to quantify impact categories, and the cumulative energy demand (CED) method was employed to analyze the total energy consumption. It was found that rough green hardwood lumber production emitted approximately 41 kg CO2eq/m3 (excluding biogenic carbon storage), with manufacturing accounting for 42% of total emissions and consuming 736 MJ/m3 of total energy, 98% of which came from non-renewable sources. The carbon stored in lumber was 975 CO2 eq/m3, 24 times greater than its cradle-to-gate emissions, highlighting its significant environmental benefit. Future research will aim to conduct a cradle-to-grave LCA on hardwood production by including drying and planing and increase the number of sawmill samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Sustainable Energy Performance of Green Buildings)
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31 pages, 5387 KiB  
Review
Leveraging Digital Twins for Enhancing Building Energy Efficiency: A Literature Review of Applications, Technologies, and Challenges
by Amina Sghiri, Maryam Gallab, Safae Merzouk and Saliha Assoul
Buildings 2025, 15(3), 498; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030498 (registering DOI) - 5 Feb 2025
Viewed by 315
Abstract
Amid global efforts to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, improving the energy efficiency of buildings has emerged as a strategic priority. Buildings account for approximately 40% of global energy consumption and a significant share of CO2 emissions, making them key targets for sustainable [...] Read more.
Amid global efforts to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, improving the energy efficiency of buildings has emerged as a strategic priority. Buildings account for approximately 40% of global energy consumption and a significant share of CO2 emissions, making them key targets for sustainable practices. This study employs a systematic literature review combined with a bibliometric analysis to explore the transformative potential of digital twins in building energy efficiency. The review synthesizes key contributions of digital twins in real-time monitoring, predictive modeling, renewable energy integration, and proactive maintenance while addressing critical challenges such as interoperability, scalability, and privacy. The originality of this work lies in its integrated approach, which identifies emerging trends and research gaps, providing actionable insights to guide the future adoption of digital twins in the building sector. These findings highlight the pivotal role of digital twins in fostering sustainable and intelligent energy practices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
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27 pages, 6135 KiB  
Article
Globalization and Architecture: Urban Homogenization and Challenges for Unprotected Heritage: The Case of Postmodern Buildings with Complex Geometric Shapes in the Ensanche of San Sebastián
by María Senderos, Maialen Sagarna, Juan Pedro Otaduy and Fernando Mora
Buildings 2025, 15(3), 497; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030497 - 5 Feb 2025
Viewed by 344
Abstract
Globalization has profoundly impacted architecture by promoting urban homogenization, where global styles and materials overshadow local character. This shift prioritizes standardized functionality and energy efficiency over cultural identity, erasing regional architectural distinctiveness. In historical urban centers, globalization-driven interventions—such as ventilated facades or external [...] Read more.
Globalization has profoundly impacted architecture by promoting urban homogenization, where global styles and materials overshadow local character. This shift prioritizes standardized functionality and energy efficiency over cultural identity, erasing regional architectural distinctiveness. In historical urban centers, globalization-driven interventions—such as ventilated facades or external thermal insulation systems (ETISs)—often simplify original compositions and alter building materiality, texture, and color. The Ensanche of San Sebastián serves as a case study highlighting this issue. Despite its architectural richness, which includes neoclassical and modernist buildings primarily constructed with sandstone from the Igeldo quarry, unprotected buildings are at risk of unsympathetic renovations. Such changes can distort the identity of what is considered “everyday heritage”, encompassing the residential buildings and public spaces that shape the collective memory of cities. This study presents a replicable methodology for assessing the vulnerability of buildings to facade interventions. By utilizing tools like digital twins, point cloud modeling, and typological analysis, the research establishes criteria for interventions aimed at preserving architectural values. It emphasizes the importance of collaborative efforts with urban planning authorities and public awareness campaigns to safeguard heritage. Ultimately, protecting architectural identity requires balancing the goals of energy efficiency with cultural preservation. This approach ensures that urban landscapes maintain their historical and social significance amidst globalization pressures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the REHABEND 2024 Congress)
22 pages, 8949 KiB  
Article
Flexural Response of UHPC Wet Joints Subjected to Vibration Load: Experimental and Theoretical Investigation
by Bin Zhao, Jun Yang, Dingsong Qin, Yang Zou, Zhongya Zhang, Kaijie Zhang and Jingchen Leng
Buildings 2025, 15(3), 496; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030496 - 5 Feb 2025
Viewed by 318
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the flexural performance of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) wet joints subjected to vibration load during the early curing period. The parameters investigated included vibration amplitude (1 mm, 3 mm, and 5 mm) and vibration stage (pouring—final setting, pouring—initial setting, [...] Read more.
This study aims to investigate the flexural performance of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) wet joints subjected to vibration load during the early curing period. The parameters investigated included vibration amplitude (1 mm, 3 mm, and 5 mm) and vibration stage (pouring—final setting, pouring—initial setting, and initial setting—final setting). A novel simulated vibration test set-up was developed to reproduce the actual vibration conditions of the joints. The actuator’s reaction force time-history curves for the UHPC joint indicate that the reaction force is stable during the initial setting stage, and it increases linearly with time from the initial setting to the final setting, trending toward stability after 16 h of casting. Under the vibration of 3 Hz-5 mm, cracks measuring 14 cm × 0.2 mm emerge in the UHPC joint. It occurs during the stage from the initial setting to the final setting. The flexural performance of wet joint specimens after vibration was evaluated by the four-point flexural test, focusing on failure modes, load-deflection curves, and the interface opening. The results show that all specimens with joints exhibited bending failure, with cracks predominantly concentrated at the interfaces and the sides of the NC precast segment. The interfacial bond strength was reduced by vibrations of higher amplitude and frequency. Compared with the specimens without vibration, the flexural strength of specimens subjected to the vibration at 3 Hz-3 mm and 3 Hz-5 mm were decreased by 8% and 19%, respectively. However, as the amplitude and frequency decreased, the flexural strength of the specimens showed an increasing trend, as this type of vibration enhanced the compactness of the concrete. Additionally, the calculation model for the flexural strength of UHPC joints has been established, taking into account the impact of live-load vibration. The average ratio of theoretical calculation values to experimental values is 1.01, and the standard deviation is 0.04, the theoretical calculation value is relatively precise. Full article
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26 pages, 5067 KiB  
Article
Evaluating the Coupling Coordination Levels and Critical Obstacle Indicators of Urban Infrastructure Resilience: A Case Study in China
by Min Chen, Qian Zhang, Yu Jiang, Jinpeng Wang and Shiyao Zhu
Buildings 2025, 15(3), 495; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030495 - 5 Feb 2025
Viewed by 403
Abstract
Natural and man-made disasters significantly challenge the safety and stability of urban infrastructure (UI), disrupting daily operations and impeding economic development. However, existing research on urban infrastructure resilience (UIR) lacks comprehensive categorization of critical infrastructure, insufficiently considers the impacts of natural disasters, and [...] Read more.
Natural and man-made disasters significantly challenge the safety and stability of urban infrastructure (UI), disrupting daily operations and impeding economic development. However, existing research on urban infrastructure resilience (UIR) lacks comprehensive categorization of critical infrastructure, insufficiently considers the impacts of natural disasters, and offers limited empirical analysis of the interactions among the pressure, state, and response (PSR) dimensions. This study aims to establish a comprehensive UIR assessment index and examine the coupling coordination (CC) levels and critical obstacle indicators of PSR resilience across four Chinese municipalities. The results reveal that (1) response resilience is most influential on overall coupling and is more amenable to artificial interventions than pressure and state resilience; (2) generally, the CC levels of PSR in the four municipalities were relatively high, advancing from an inferiorly to an intermediately balanced development stage over the study period, highlighting effective strategies such as enhanced resource allocation and post-disaster recovery initiatives are recommended for adoption by similar cities; and (3) critical obstacle indicators impeding UIR development were identified, and targeted interventions were proposed based on each municipality’s unique characteristics. The research findings offer theoretical insights and practical implications for enhancing UIR from the perspective of utilizing CC and PSR models. Full article
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25 pages, 4422 KiB  
Article
Assessing the Efficiency of Integrating BIM and Blockchain to Improve Information Management for Mars Buildings: A SWOT-AHP Analysis
by Amirhossein Javaherikhah, Mercedes Valiente Lopez and Hadi Sarvari
Buildings 2025, 15(3), 494; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030494 - 5 Feb 2025
Viewed by 301
Abstract
This research investigates integrating Building Information Modeling (BIM) and blockchain technology to enhance building information’s security, reliability, and accuracy in Martian environments. Given the unique challenges posed by extraterrestrial construction, this study evaluates the feasibility of this hybrid approach through a structured SWOT [...] Read more.
This research investigates integrating Building Information Modeling (BIM) and blockchain technology to enhance building information’s security, reliability, and accuracy in Martian environments. Given the unique challenges posed by extraterrestrial construction, this study evaluates the feasibility of this hybrid approach through a structured SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis. Expert inputs were collected through a comprehensive questionnaire identifying nine strengths, eight weaknesses, eight opportunities, and six threats to implementing BIM and blockchain technology in space projects. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to prioritize these factors. Findings indicate that the strengths are cost calculation and budgeting (26.21), and the weaknesses are technology complexity (25.488). Increased productivity (19.16) is the most important criterion at the opportunity point, and defects in data security (20.68) are the most important at the threat point. The SWOT analysis places BIM and blockchain integration in a conservative strategy quadrant, indicating that the technology holds significant promise but requires further development and refinement. Ultimately, this research contributes to the growing knowledge about extraterrestrial construction technologies and provides a foundation for developing flexible and autonomous building systems for Martian habitats. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Buildings for the 21st Century)
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18 pages, 6462 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Different Excavation Support Structures on the Deformation and Stability of Adjacent Station and Tunnels
by Zhitong Mao, Tian Ding, Fengchao Hu, Shuaihua Ye, Linzhao Ding, Xiaoning Zhang, Peiqiang Li and Nianxiang Li
Buildings 2025, 15(3), 493; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030493 - 5 Feb 2025
Viewed by 334
Abstract
This study uses the finite element software Midas GTS NX (2019), combined with actual engineering projects, to establish numerical models and analyze the impact of different support types (pile-anchor support and double-row pile support) on the excavation of foundation pits near metro station [...] Read more.
This study uses the finite element software Midas GTS NX (2019), combined with actual engineering projects, to establish numerical models and analyze the impact of different support types (pile-anchor support and double-row pile support) on the excavation of foundation pits near metro station tunnels. The results indicate that under both support methods, the vertical displacement of the tunnel is the greatest at the interface between the station and the tunnel, with greater vertical displacement occurring under double-row pile support. Under pile-anchor support, the horizontal displacement of the tunnel reaches its maximum value during the sixth excavation stage, while under double-row pile support, the horizontal displacement increases steadily, and the overall displacement is small. The horizontal displacement under pile-anchor support is significantly greater than that under double-row pile support. For the station, the maximum vertical displacement under pile-anchor support is smaller than that under double-row pile support. The horizontal displacement under pile-anchor support exhibits a linear change, while under double-row pile support, the displacement continuously increases from the end of the foundation pit farther from the excavation to the end closer to it. The model tests are consistent with the numerical simulation results, verifying the correctness of the numerical simulation. This study can provide references for relevant engineering projects to ensure the safety and stability of metro structures. Full article
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23 pages, 4379 KiB  
Article
Nano-Zirconia as a Protective and Consolidant Material for Marble in Architectural Surfaces
by Matea Urbanek, Teba Gil-Díaz, Johannes Lützenkirchen and Valter Castelvetro
Buildings 2025, 15(3), 492; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030492 - 5 Feb 2025
Viewed by 403
Abstract
Natural weathering of carbonate building surfaces exposed to outdoor conditions can be effectively tackled by appropriate products. The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate the effectiveness of nano-zirconia (n-ZrO2) as a consolidant for calcite surfaces. Sorption kinetics were investigated [...] Read more.
Natural weathering of carbonate building surfaces exposed to outdoor conditions can be effectively tackled by appropriate products. The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate the effectiveness of nano-zirconia (n-ZrO2) as a consolidant for calcite surfaces. Sorption kinetics were investigated in batch experiments by applying aqueous dispersions of n-ZrO2 onto model, crushed Apuan marble samples of different bead sizes. Adsorption and desorption by the action of simulated rainwater as an environmentally relevant leaching solution were investigated. Adsorption studies revealed a good chemical affinity between n-ZrO2 and calcite, while desorption resulted in <6% release of n-ZrO2 and 100-fold lower solubility for 1 mm-sized beads compared to controls. These results suggest that n-ZrO2 may adsorb efficiently to calcite and protect the surface from dissolution. The results of further tests performed on artificially aged and consolidated samples of Apuan marble indicate that the application of n-ZrO2 only moderately affects water vapor permeability, water absorption coefficient, and drying behaviour. Therefore, no harmful effects are expected from the treatment. Micromechanical tests showed slightly increased mechanical strength after treatment. The obtained results highlight the effectiveness of n-ZrO2 as a surface consolidant and protective agent for calcite. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Cultural Heritage)
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27 pages, 6630 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Design of a Tiny House: Using a Life Cycle Assessment Approach to Compare the Environmental Performance of Industrial and Earth-Based Building Systems
by Letizia Dipasquale, Giada Giuffrida, Natalia Jorquera Silva, Riccardo Maria Pulselli and Rosa Caponetto
Buildings 2025, 15(3), 491; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030491 - 5 Feb 2025
Viewed by 517
Abstract
The increased concerns about climate change, diminishing natural resources, and environmental degradation call for deep research into new environmentally friendly building systems that use natural or recycled materials. The article presents an assessment of the environmental and climatic benefits associated with the construction [...] Read more.
The increased concerns about climate change, diminishing natural resources, and environmental degradation call for deep research into new environmentally friendly building systems that use natural or recycled materials. The article presents an assessment of the environmental and climatic benefits associated with the construction of a tiny house made of quincha, a building system based on a wooden structure filled with locally sourced earth and straw. The tiny house is located in the Elqui Valley, in the Chilean region of Coquimbo, and it is designed to be compact, functional, comfortable, and efficient. The study uses a life cycle approach to assess the environmental impacts of building construction, maintenance, and end-of-life treatment, comparing the adopted quincha solution with four hypothetical scenarios using industrial, prefabricated, and/or synthetic construction materials currently adopted in the region. The thermal performance of all the analyzed solutions is also included in order to provide insights into the impact of the operational phase. This paper demonstrates that the quincha solution, in the face of lower thermal insulation compared to the other prefabricated solutions (the U-value of the quincha wall is 0.79 W/m2K while the U-value of the best prefabricated wall is 0.26 W/m2K), has higher thermal inertia (time lag (TL) and decrement factor (DF) are, respectively, 6.97 h and 0.60, while other systems have a TL below 4 h and DF higher than 0.81). For a quantitative environmental evaluation, the carbon footprint (global warming potential), water footprint, and embodied energy indicators are assessed through LCA, which takes into account the mass of the materials and their emission factors. The effectiveness of the quincha solution is also reflected in environmental terms; in fact, it is found to have the lowest carbon footprint (2635.47 kgCO2eq) and embodied energy (42.7 GJ) and the second-lowest water footprint (2303.7 m3). Moreover, carbon sequestration values, which are assessed by estimating the carbon contained in building systems using wood and straw, demonstrate that the quincha tiny house is the only solution that can theoretically reach carbon neutrality (with its carbon storage value at −5670.21 kgCO2eq). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials and Technologies for Regenerative Built Environments)
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14 pages, 508 KiB  
Review
Gig Regulation: A Future Guide for the Construction Industry
by Fortune Aigbe, Clinton Aigbavboa, John Aliu and Lekan Amusan
Buildings 2025, 15(3), 490; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030490 - 5 Feb 2025
Viewed by 377
Abstract
Technology has led to the advent of digitally enabled workforces like the gig workforce, but a number of issues confront this workforce. This study aims to identify the various issues facing the gig workforce as well as the regulatory measures and regulatory interactions [...] Read more.
Technology has led to the advent of digitally enabled workforces like the gig workforce, but a number of issues confront this workforce. This study aims to identify the various issues facing the gig workforce as well as the regulatory measures and regulatory interactions proposed to guide stakeholders in addressing these challenges. This study is a review, with the methodology primarily based on secondary sources of data collection like journals and articles. This study reveals that the construction industry is not immune to the use of the gig workforce, as it often performs project-based construction work, jobs requiring highly specialized skills and commodity service jobs. This study also reveals that the gig workforce is confronted with primarily gig economy-induced platform-based challenges, such as the new nature of work, i.e., exploitative, precarious, and dangerous labour. Furthermore, this study also reveals that these issues can be addressed primarily through regulatory means and regulatory interactions between proposed regulatory measures and existing labour laws, which could be by Coordination, Competition, etc. This aligns with SDG 8, i.e., Decent Work and Economic Growth, as concerns issues related to their benefits, and SDG 10, i.e., Reduced Inequalities, as concerns issues related to their employment relations. The implication of this study for construction stakeholders relates to the development of new regulations and providing a valuable tool for analysing regulatory landscapes and understanding the dynamics of regulatory change, which contributes to scholarly discussions on fair labour practices and the protection of gig workers and helps inform policymaking that will help attract, motivate, retain, and engage more gig workers in the construction industry, which will foster proper workforce management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)
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32 pages, 15826 KiB  
Article
Research on Chinese Traditional Architectural Culture and Inheritance Strategy: A Case Study of the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi
by Yuan Kuang, Feifei Zheng, Chengzhi Lin and Yue Hu
Buildings 2025, 15(3), 489; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030489 - 4 Feb 2025
Viewed by 533
Abstract
Traditional Chinese villages and architectural cultural resources are abundant. Against the backdrop of rapid development in contemporary socioeconomic and urbanization processes, rural construction is facing multiple challenges such as imbalanced urban–rural development, gradually fading cultural traditions, and disharmonious living environments. The cultural elements [...] Read more.
Traditional Chinese villages and architectural cultural resources are abundant. Against the backdrop of rapid development in contemporary socioeconomic and urbanization processes, rural construction is facing multiple challenges such as imbalanced urban–rural development, gradually fading cultural traditions, and disharmonious living environments. The cultural elements of rural architecture urgently need more systematic and effective protection, integration, and reuse. Therefore, the precise extraction of traditional architectural features and their translation applications in modern contexts are gradually becoming key issues in current research and practice fields. This study takes traditional architecture of the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi, China, as an example. Through field investigations and mathematical and GIS spatial analysis, architectural samples were identified and extracted typologically, and a database of traditional architecture was constructed, delineating architectural cultural zones and summarizing type characteristics to create a genealogy map. Based on the results of the architectural genealogy study, modern translation pathways for traditional architecture were proposed through spatial modeling, technical analysis, and iterative optimization. Modern translation experiments were conducted on selected typical villages and their traditional buildings, exploring the application model system of traditional architecture in modern contexts. This study not only deepens the scientific understanding of the genealogy zoning characteristics of traditional architecture in the Goulou Cluster of Yue Dialects in Guangxi but also provides a reference for the modern translation and optimization path of traditional architecture, providing important theoretical basis and application guidance for promoting the inheritance and innovation of rural culture, and realizing the protection and updating of rural architectural style. Full article
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37 pages, 17925 KiB  
Article
Nonlinear Impact Analysis of Urban Road Traffic Carbon Emissions Based on the Integration of Gasoline and Electric Vehicles
by Dongcheng Xie, Xingzi Shi, Kai Li, Jinwei Li and Gen Li
Buildings 2025, 15(3), 488; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030488 - 4 Feb 2025
Viewed by 446
Abstract
With the rapid proliferation of electric vehicles (EVs) in China, the landscape of transportation carbon emissions has undergone significant changes. However, research on the impact of the built environment on the carbon emissions of mixed traffic from gasoline and electric vehicles remains sparse. [...] Read more.
With the rapid proliferation of electric vehicles (EVs) in China, the landscape of transportation carbon emissions has undergone significant changes. However, research on the impact of the built environment on the carbon emissions of mixed traffic from gasoline and electric vehicles remains sparse. This paper focuses on urban traffic scenarios with a mix of gasoline and electric vehicles, analyzing the spatiotemporal distribution of carbon emissions from both types of vehicles and their nonlinear association with the built environment. Utilizing trajectory data from gasoline-powered and electric taxis in Chengdu, China, we establish segment-level carbon emission estimation models based on the vehicle-specific power of gasoline vehicles and the equivalent energy consumption of electric vehicles. Subsequently, we employ the XGBoost algorithm and SHapley Additive ExPlanation (SHAP) to analyze the nonlinear relationships between 13 built environment variables and vehicle carbon emissions. This paper reveals that most built environment variables exhibit nonlinear relationships with traffic carbon emissions, with five factors—population density, road density, residential density, metro accessibility, and the number of parking lots—having a significant impact on road carbon emissions. Finally, we discuss the carbon reduction benefits of EV adoption and propose policy recommendations for low-carbon initiatives in the transportation field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Built Environment and Mobility)
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24 pages, 9591 KiB  
Article
Energy Intensity and Uplift Load Resistance of Novel Hybrid Pile, Driven with Additional Compaction: Comparative Field Study
by Yerlan Atenov, Isabai Bekbasarov and Nurzhan Shanshabayev
Buildings 2025, 15(3), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030487 - 4 Feb 2025
Viewed by 475
Abstract
The article presents the results of an experimental study on driven reinforced concrete piles with hybrid shaft, which incorporates several wedge-shaped elements with inclined side faces. A technology for the installing of these piles, involving the addition of loose materials to enhance soil [...] Read more.
The article presents the results of an experimental study on driven reinforced concrete piles with hybrid shaft, which incorporates several wedge-shaped elements with inclined side faces. A technology for the installing of these piles, involving the addition of loose materials to enhance soil compaction, is herein proposed. Field experiments were conducted to determine the energy intensity of driving and the uplift load resistance of these piles. It was found that the energy intensity of a driving hybrid pile with loose materials addition is 1.4–3.5 times greater compared to conventional driven piles. However, the uplift bearing capacity was 1.5–4.4 times higher than that of piles with a traditional shape. The efficiency of the experimental piles is attributed to an increase in the volume of wedge-shaped elements on the pile shaft and the incorporation of loose materials, such as gravel and sand. The uplift capacity of hybrid shaft piles improves with the increasing volume of the aforementioned parameters. The obtained correlation dependencies enable a reliable calculation of the energy intensity and uplift resistance of hybrid shaft piles installed with the addition of loose materials. These findings hold significant practical importance for foundation design using piles with non-traditional shaft shapes in variant design assessments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)
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21 pages, 1584 KiB  
Article
Enhancing Worker Safety Behaviors Through the Job Demands–Resources Approach: Insights from the Korean Construction Sector
by Hyun Jeong Seo, Seung-Yoon Rhee and Young-Geun Yoon
Buildings 2025, 15(3), 486; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030486 - 4 Feb 2025
Viewed by 481
Abstract
(1) Background: The construction industry faces high occupational accident rates due to complex work environments and physical hazards, significantly impacting worker safety and well-being. Drawing on the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory and the Job Demands–Resources (JD-R) model, this study addresses the challenges [...] Read more.
(1) Background: The construction industry faces high occupational accident rates due to complex work environments and physical hazards, significantly impacting worker safety and well-being. Drawing on the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory and the Job Demands–Resources (JD-R) model, this study addresses the challenges posed by the multi-level subcontracting structure in the Korean construction sector. It aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the job demands and resources factors that shape workers’ safety behaviors. (2) Methods: Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted using data from the 10th Occupational Safety and Health Survey by the Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, with a sample of 1502 construction firms. (3) Results: Job demands, including hazardous work environments, physically demanding tasks, and mental stress, were found to affect workers’ safety behaviors negatively. Middle managers’ safety competency mitigated the negative effects of these environmental, physical, and mental job demands. Additionally, safety culture and systems moderated the adverse effects of physical job demands, while organizational stress and risk management efforts moderated the impact of environmental job demands. (4) Conclusions: Managerial safety competencies, especially at the middle management level, are vital for improving safety outcomes in the construction industry. This is particularly important in the Korean construction sector, where management responsibilities are often dispersed. Training and development for managers are essential for future safety initiatives. Full article
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21 pages, 3490 KiB  
Review
Assessing Post-Fire Damage in Concrete Structures: A Comprehensive Review
by Eneye A. Ibrahim, Dale Goff, Ali Keyvanfar and Mohammad Jonaidi
Buildings 2025, 15(3), 485; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030485 - 4 Feb 2025
Viewed by 519
Abstract
Bridge fires present unique challenges due to their potential for catastrophic structural failures, leading to extensive traffic disruptions, economic losses, and, in some cases, loss of life. In the aftermath of a fire incident, assessing the structural integrity and future viability of concrete [...] Read more.
Bridge fires present unique challenges due to their potential for catastrophic structural failures, leading to extensive traffic disruptions, economic losses, and, in some cases, loss of life. In the aftermath of a fire incident, assessing the structural integrity and future viability of concrete bridges has become a paramount concern for civil engineers and safety inspectors. The critical decision to rehabilitate or demolish a fire-damaged structure hinges on accurately assessing the extent of damage incurred. Enhancing the fire resilience of concrete structures is a critical endeavor within civil engineering, necessitating accurate evaluation methods to analyze conditions after fire exposure. Focusing on concrete bridges, this study aimed to establish a comprehensive review of research on the effects of fire, providing engineers with the necessary means to develop guidelines for post-fire assessment to enhance safety and operational readiness. It proposes an in-depth examination of various methods as strategic decision-making tools. The assessment involves estimating the temperature, the extent of damage to concrete, and the reduction in the strength of both concrete and reinforcement. To achieve this, a detailed review of the existing literature on the impact of fire on concrete and its steel reinforcements is conducted. Current post-fire assessment tools have also been evaluated to improve the efficiency of the evaluation process. This study establishes a systematic post-fire assessment review framework that incorporates assessment information domains (including non-destructive testing, destructive testing, advanced computational modeling, and digital-twin technology) to provide a practical solution for accurately determining the safety and operational readiness of fire-damaged concrete bridges. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Scientific Developments in Structural Damage Identification)
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23 pages, 2040 KiB  
Article
Life Cycle Risk Management for Improving Labor Productivity in Construction Projects in Türkiye
by Idil Calik, Kerim Koc and Onur Şahin
Buildings 2025, 15(3), 484; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030484 - 4 Feb 2025
Viewed by 449
Abstract
The construction industry, being labor-intensive, prioritizes productivity to boost project performance, yet struggles to achieve expected levels despite increased focus by scholars and practitioners. This lagging causes significant losses in time, cost, and quality performance of construction projects but also broader implications for [...] Read more.
The construction industry, being labor-intensive, prioritizes productivity to boost project performance, yet struggles to achieve expected levels despite increased focus by scholars and practitioners. This lagging causes significant losses in time, cost, and quality performance of construction projects but also broader implications for resource efficiency and environmental impacts. As a remedy to the multifaceted issue, this study aims to identify and evaluate life cycle risks of productivity management in construction projects in Türkiye. A comprehensive literature review identified risk factors affecting labor productivity, followed by a discussion session to finalize the decision framework, including life cycle phases of productivity management and risk factors in each phase. Then, the fuzzy analytical hierarchy (AHP) process revealed the most critical risk factors in each phase, followed by semi-structured interviews to reveal measures for addressing the most significant risks. The findings show that productivity management in construction projects contains nine phases. In addition, the most important factors were chiefly related to collaboration, information sharing, lack of supervision, work interruptions, and changes. Findings from semi-structured interviews emphasize regular employee training and open communication to enhance project outcomes, optimize workflows, and promote sustainability. The study’s key contribution is introducing a life cycle approach to construction productivity management, a previously unexplored perspective. This provides an effective framework that can be implemented in construction projects to manage and improve labor productivity as a whole-life cycle approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)
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19 pages, 5096 KiB  
Article
Optimizing Urban Ventilation in Heritage Settings: A Computational Fluid Dynamics and Field Study in Zhao’an Old Town, Fujian
by Haoxi Chen, Shaochuan Zhu, Taohua Ye and Yijia Miao
Buildings 2025, 15(3), 483; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030483 - 4 Feb 2025
Viewed by 430
Abstract
This study investigates the optimization of urban ventilation in Zhao’an Old Town, Fujian, through the integration of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations and field measurements. The findings underscore the critical roles of spatial layout indicators, such as the Frontal Area Index (FAI), Opening-to-Facade [...] Read more.
This study investigates the optimization of urban ventilation in Zhao’an Old Town, Fujian, through the integration of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations and field measurements. The findings underscore the critical roles of spatial layout indicators, such as the Frontal Area Index (FAI), Opening-to-Facade Ratio (OFR), and Building Volume Density (BVD), in influencing wind flow and thermal performance. The FAI was identified as the most influential factor in shaping airflow, while the OFR and BVD highlighted the importance of open spaces and balanced building density for natural ventilation and thermal comfort. Practical strategies, such as optimizing building orientations, increasing facade permeability, and leveraging natural cooling elements like the Dongxi River, are proposed to address ventilation challenges while preserving the town’s cultural and historical integrity. Unlike previous studies, this research combines CFD simulations with summer field measurements to provide a highly accurate and contextually relevant evaluation of wind flow dynamics in compact urban environments. By systematically analyzing the interplay between urban morphology and ventilation efficiency, this study offers actionable recommendations for improving outdoor comfort in heritage settings. The outcomes serve as a valuable reference for sustainable urban planning, contributing to the development of strategies that balance environmental performance with the preservation of Zhao’an Old Town’s unique cultural heritage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)
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28 pages, 6037 KiB  
Article
The Reduction of Embodied Carbon in Steel Structures Through the Implementation of Control Systems
by Carlos Mauricio Patlán Manjarrez, Hugo Hernández Barrios and Dayana Pérez Rodríguez
Buildings 2025, 15(3), 482; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030482 - 4 Feb 2025
Viewed by 480
Abstract
The rapid expansion of global infrastructure has amplified the environmental impact of construction, particularly through the carbon footprint of structures. Addressing this challenge, this study examined the potential of vibration control systems to reduce the carbon footprint of steel-frame buildings subject to dynamic [...] Read more.
The rapid expansion of global infrastructure has amplified the environmental impact of construction, particularly through the carbon footprint of structures. Addressing this challenge, this study examined the potential of vibration control systems to reduce the carbon footprint of steel-frame buildings subject to dynamic wind loads. Utilizing the Force Analogy Method (FAM), which effectively addresses nonlinearity in structural analysis, the research modeled a 10-story steel frame subjected to synthetic downburst wind time history velocities generated through spectral simulation techniques. Both passive and active control systems were implemented, with a focus on tuned mass dampers (TMDs) and active mass dampers (AMDs) to reduce structural displacements and accelerations. The results revealed that these systems not only significantly reduce the peak structural responses but also, when combined with optimized manufacturing methods, lead to a decrease in steel usage. This optimization contributes to a reduction of up to 20% in CO2 emissions during the pre-use stage of a building’s lifecycle. By enhancing the material efficiency and minimizing the environmental impacts, this research highlights the critical role of advanced control systems, supported by new nonlinear analytical methods, in promoting environmentally conscious engineering. This approach aims to guide future generations in developing structural engineering projects that prioritize sustainable practices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Performance in Sustainable Architecture Design)
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26 pages, 7142 KiB  
Article
Alternative Splicing Options for Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC) H-Piles
by Michael Odelola, Seyed Saman Khedmatgozar Dolati, Armin Mehrabi and David Garber
Buildings 2025, 15(3), 481; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030481 - 4 Feb 2025
Viewed by 319
Abstract
Pile splicing is generally considered in construction because of transportation limits, length requirements, construction means and methods, and strength capacity. A major challenge in the use of precast prestressed UHPC piles is the lack of efficient and effective splicing solutions. To address the [...] Read more.
Pile splicing is generally considered in construction because of transportation limits, length requirements, construction means and methods, and strength capacity. A major challenge in the use of precast prestressed UHPC piles is the lack of efficient and effective splicing solutions. To address the problem, this study evaluated different pile splicing methods for UHPC H-piles and their constructability. The analysis and design for strength capacity and detailing presented here are based on relevant established guidelines and design codes for UHPC. This study assessed two pile splicing methods: epoxy-bonded dowels and near-surface mounted bars (NSMBs). The analysis demonstrated that the epoxy-bonded dowel method provides a moment capacity that is 127% of the pile moment capacity in the strong direction and 139% of the pile moment capacity in the weak direction. In comparison, the NSMB method achieved 121% in the strong direction and 106% in the weak direction. Both methods developed the established strength capacity requirements. The constructability of both pile splicing options was evaluated to provide practical guidelines for their preparation in preplanned and unplanned situations. The results reported are for 18-inch UHPC H-piles; however, the construction and analytical approach applies to other pile sizes as well. The pile splicing options developed are recommended for further experimental investigations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)
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14 pages, 8334 KiB  
Article
Experimental Study on Flexural Performance of Screw Clamping and Welding Joint for Prestressed Concrete Square Piles
by Quanbiao Xu, Yajun Zhu, Gang Chen and Dan Xu
Buildings 2025, 15(3), 480; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030480 - 4 Feb 2025
Viewed by 325
Abstract
To ensure the connection performance of precast concrete square piles, a screw clamping and welding joint connection is applied to the solid square piles. By conducting full-scale bending performance tests on six solid square pile specimens with cross-sectional side lengths of 300, 450, [...] Read more.
To ensure the connection performance of precast concrete square piles, a screw clamping and welding joint connection is applied to the solid square piles. By conducting full-scale bending performance tests on six solid square pile specimens with cross-sectional side lengths of 300, 450, and 600 mm, including pile bodies, screw clamping joints, screw clamping, and welding joints, the bending load-bearing capacity, deformation capacity, and failure characteristics of the screw clamping–welding joint connection are compared and studied. The results show that the bending failure mode of the pile body specimens is shear failure in the flexural shear section and concrete crushing in the compression zone of the pure bending section; the bending failure mode of the screw clamping joint specimens are the pull-out of steel bar heads at the joint end plate; the bending failure mode of the screw clamping and welding joint specimens are concrete crushing in the compression zone of the pure bending section, steel bar breakage in the tension zone of the flexural shear section, and pull-out of steel bar heads at the end plate. It is worth noting that no significant damage occurred at the joints. The cracks in the pure bending section of the bending specimens mainly develop vertically and are evenly distributed, while some cracks in the flexural shear section develop obliquely towards the loading point, with branching. Compared to the pile body specimens, the cracking moment of the joint specimens is up to 16% higher, the ultimate moment is within 15% lower, and the maximum mid-span deflection is within 25% lower, indicating that the provision of anchorage reinforcement can increase the stiffness and cracking moment of the specimens. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)
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26 pages, 2955 KiB  
Article
Sulfate-Resistant Clinker Base Cement with New Secondary Main Constituents: A Technical, Economic, and Environmental Analysis
by Miguel Ángel Martínez Infante, Benito Navarrete Rubia and Luis Francisco Vilches Arenas
Buildings 2025, 15(3), 479; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030479 - 4 Feb 2025
Viewed by 357
Abstract
The Spanish cement sector must adapt its production model to a green economy model. This study focuses on the use of new secondary main constituents (SMCs) suitable for a cement plant that specializes in sulfate-resistant (SR) cement production, defining a framework of technical [...] Read more.
The Spanish cement sector must adapt its production model to a green economy model. This study focuses on the use of new secondary main constituents (SMCs) suitable for a cement plant that specializes in sulfate-resistant (SR) cement production, defining a framework of technical conditions for their usage and their economic and environmental feasibility. Low-calcium-carbonate-content albero, steel slags, and iron silicate were the tested SMCs; however, they are not currently permitted in cement manufacture. CEM I 42.5 R-SR 3 (type I-SR) was mixed with 5%, 20%, and 30% of these new SMCs. XRF, XRD, leaching and other chemical tests, setting, and hardening tests were performed with no significant issues. Albero is the best option, on the whole, because of the following characteristics: availability, >100 Mt; proximity, 3 km; and acceptable compressive strength level. However, black slag cement with 30% SMC after 28 days shows the best performance, with a compressive strength of 41.3 MPa compared to 35.3 MPa for albero cement and 56.5 MPa for the type I-SR reference. Albero and steel slag at 30% content are the best option according to the cost savings of 32% (−31.5 EUR/t and −31.6 EUR/t, respectively) compared to the type I-SR reference. Regarding the carbon footprint, albero and steel slag at 30% content have the least impact, showing a 31% reduction (−254.8 kg CO2/t and −255.2 kg CO2/t, respectively) compared to the type I-SR reference. The studied SMCs meet the analytical conditions and—with the corresponding regulatory changes—offer potential cost savings for SR cement production, exhibiting a competitive advantage. Full article
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