Buildings

23 pages, 8570 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Impact of Design Parameters of Photovoltaic Combined Vacuum Glazing (PVCVG) on the Energy Consumption of Buildings in Lhasa

by Luyang Zhong, Dan Wu, Bo Zhang, Lixing Chen, Yibing Xie, Yingzi Zhang and Xinchun Liang

Buildings 2025, 15(4), 649; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15040649 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 223

Abstract

The synergistic active-passive utilization of solar energy in buildings plays an important role in achieving nearly zero-energy buildings. Building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) is a crucial initiative to reduce heating energy consumption, especially in cold climate zones with abundant solar radiation. However, few studies have [...] Read more.

The synergistic active-passive utilization of solar energy in buildings plays an important role in achieving nearly zero-energy buildings. Building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) is a crucial initiative to reduce heating energy consumption, especially in cold climate zones with abundant solar radiation. However, few studies have examined the impact of design parameters of photovoltaic combined vacuum glazing (PVCVG) on building energy efficiency in Lhasa. This study assessed the energy performance of several typical windows and PVCVG with various Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR) design conditions and investigated how the WWR and orientation of PVCVG influence energy consumption using DesignBuilder7.0 software. The findings indicate that PVCVG exhibits great energy-saving potential in Lhasa, with both orientation and WWR of PVCVG substantially affecting energy consumption. Specifically, when the south-facing WWR exceeds 40%, the energy generated by the three kinds of PV windows can meet the building’s requirements. The optimal orientation for PVCVG is southward, followed by east and west orientations. PVCVG reaches optimal energy satisfaction when the south WWR is 85%. This study is expected to provide useful information for improving energy use efficiency in cold climate zones with abundant solar radiation and promoting sustainable building development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Building Resilient Cities: Architecture and Urban Planning for Combating Extreme Hot and Cold Weather)

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26 pages, 302 KiB

Open AccessReview

Machine Learning Applications in Building Energy Systems: Review and Prospects

by Daoyang Li, Zhenzhen Qi, Yiming Zhou and Mohamed Elchalakani

Buildings 2025, 15(4), 648; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15040648 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 602

Abstract

Building energy systems (BESs) are essential for modern infrastructure but face significant challenges in equipment diagnosis, energy consumption prediction, and operational control. The complexity of BESs, coupled with the increasing integration of renewable energy sources, presents difficulties in fault detection, accurate energy forecasting, [...] Read more.

Building energy systems (BESs) are essential for modern infrastructure but face significant challenges in equipment diagnosis, energy consumption prediction, and operational control. The complexity of BESs, coupled with the increasing integration of renewable energy sources, presents difficulties in fault detection, accurate energy forecasting, and dynamic system optimisation. Traditional control strategies struggle with low efficiency, slow response times, and limited adaptability, making it difficult to ensure reliable operation and optimal energy management. To address these issues, researchers have increasingly turned to machine learning (ML) techniques, which offer promising solutions for improving fault diagnosis, energy scheduling, and real-time control in BESs. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of ML techniques applied to fault diagnosis, energy consumption prediction, energy scheduling, and operational control. According to the results of analysis and literature review, supervised learning methods, such as support vector machines and random forest, demonstrate high classification accuracy for fault detection but require extensive labelled datasets. Unsupervised learning approaches, including principal component analysis and clustering algorithms, offer robust fault identification capabilities without labelled data but may struggle with complex nonlinear patterns. Deep learning techniques, particularly convolutional neural networks and long short-term memory models, exhibit superior accuracy in energy consumption forecasting and real-time system optimisation. Reinforcement learning further enhances energy management by dynamically adjusting system parameters to maximise efficiency and cost savings. Despite these advancements, challenges remain in terms of data availability, computational costs, and model interpretability. Future research should focus on improving hybrid ML models, integrating explainable AI techniques, and enhancing real-time adaptability to evolving energy demands. This review also highlights the transformative potential of ML in BESs and outlines future directions for sustainable and intelligent building energy management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

26 pages, 8748 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Behavioral Correlation-Based Residential Space Modularization Using Design Structure Matrix and Fuzzy C-Means Clustering Algorithm

by Fanbo Zeng, Xiaojun Rao, Jianhua Lei, Xujie Huo, Yuan Shi and Deng Ai

Buildings 2025, 15(4), 647; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15040647 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 219

Abstract

This study introduces an automated method for constructing residential functional modules from the perspective of user behavior. By integrating the design structure matrix (DSM) and Fuzzy C-Means Clustering Algorithm (FCM), this approach systematically explores architectural functional modules. The DSM is employed to statistically [...] Read more.

This study introduces an automated method for constructing residential functional modules from the perspective of user behavior. By integrating the design structure matrix (DSM) and Fuzzy C-Means Clustering Algorithm (FCM), this approach systematically explores architectural functional modules. The DSM is employed to statistically analyze the correlations between residential behaviors. These correlations are then processed using FCM to generate various module segmentation schemes. The optimal scheme is selected based on modularity calculations. The results demonstrate improved modularity compared to traditional room-based designs, offering a greater variety of combinations and hierarchical organization. This methodology provides architects with a novel approach to address space integration challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

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22 pages, 9383 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristics and Value Cognition of Shaanxi’s Hospital Heritage

by Jing Lv, Haozhong Yang, Yalan Chen, Kecheng Du, Shuai Wang, Mengchen Li and Tingting Zhao

Buildings 2025, 15(4), 646; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15040646 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 242

Abstract

This study investigates 101 hospital heritage sites in Shaanxi (1889–1992). It addresses the lack of a standardized definition and fragmented research on Chinese hospital heritage. Data were collected from Shaanxi local records, hospital architectural documents, and satellite imagery. These were supplemented by interviews [...] Read more.

This study investigates 101 hospital heritage sites in Shaanxi (1889–1992). It addresses the lack of a standardized definition and fragmented research on Chinese hospital heritage. Data were collected from Shaanxi local records, hospital architectural documents, and satellite imagery. These were supplemented by interviews with 33 stakeholders directly involved in or associated with hospital heritage conservation to assess heritage values. GIS analysis revealed four distinct spatiotemporal stages: Introduction of Western medicine (1889–1936), Medical care in time of war (1937–1949), The healthcare system after the establishment of PRC (1950–1978), and Healthcare reform in the context of economic transition (1979–1992). Significant regional disparities were observed across these stages. Spatiotemporal analysis of historical and contemporary satellite imagery revealed three conservation patterns of original sites. To assess multidimensional values, grounded theory analysis identified nine main dimensions (including emotional significance, cluster value, and technological heritage) with 31 initial categories exhibiting complex interdependencies. Collectively, the findings highlight systemic challenges in Shaanxi’s hospital heritage conservation, particularly neglect and incompatible reuse, underscoring urgent protection needs. This framework provides theoretical underpinnings for optimizing hospital heritage resource allocation and implementing sustainable conservation strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

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23 pages, 5840 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Performance Evaluation of Steel Slag–Slag–Desulfurization Gypsum Ternary Solid Waste Cementitious Material Based on Principal Component Analysis

by Mengqi Wang, Jian Xu, Tao Li, Hui Liu and Lei Qu

Buildings 2025, 15(4), 645; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15040645 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 174

Abstract

Leveraging industrial solid waste for the production of cementitious materials holds the potential to curtail the consumption of traditional cement. Orthogonal tests were conducted to investigate the effects of five factors, namely, steel slag–slag mass ratio, desulfurization gypsum content, water glass modulus, alkali [...] Read more.

Leveraging industrial solid waste for the production of cementitious materials holds the potential to curtail the consumption of traditional cement. Orthogonal tests were conducted to investigate the effects of five factors, namely, steel slag–slag mass ratio, desulfurization gypsum content, water glass modulus, alkali content, and water–binder ratio, on the working performance, mechanical properties, and durability of alkali-activated ternary solid waste cementitious materials. Grey correlation degree (GCD) analysis was employed to investigate the impact of different factors on performance, while the micro-reaction mechanism was elucidated through X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectra. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to conduct dimensionality reduction on the fluidity, compressive strength, flexural strength, and 28-day drying shrinkage of the cementitious materials for assessing the comprehensive performance of the ternary solid waste cementitious material. The highest score was achieved with a steel slag mass ratio of 1:2, a desulfurization gypsum content of 10%, a water glass modulus of 1.0, an alkali content of 3%, and a water–binder ratio of 0.4 due to the excellent properties of the resulting materials, which made them suitable for a wide range of engineering applications. A comprehensive performance evaluation model of ternary solid waste cementitious materials was developed via the principal component regression (PCR) method. Ettringite and CaSO₄·2H₂O generated after adding desulfurization gypsum can significantly improve the specimens’ early strength, with the desulfurization gypsum content being the key influencing factor. The dry shrinkage of this ternary solid waste cementitious material was affected by various factors and showed no significant correlation with the mass loss rate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

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24 pages, 1264 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing HVAC Control Systems Using a Steady Soft Actor–Critic Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach

by Hongtao Sun, Yushuang Hu, Jinlu Luo, Qiongyu Guo and Jianzhe Zhao

Buildings 2025, 15(4), 644; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15040644 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 377

Abstract

Buildings account for a substantial portion of global energy use, with about one-third of total consumption attributed to them, according to IEA statistics, significantly contributing to carbon emissions. Building energy efficiency is crucial for combating climate change and achieving energy savings. Smart buildings, [...] Read more.

Buildings account for a substantial portion of global energy use, with about one-third of total consumption attributed to them, according to IEA statistics, significantly contributing to carbon emissions. Building energy efficiency is crucial for combating climate change and achieving energy savings. Smart buildings, leveraging intelligent control systems, optimize energy use to reduce consumption and emissions. Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithms have recently gained attention for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) control in buildings. This paper reviews current research on DRL-based HVAC management and identifies key issues in existing algorithms. We propose an enhanced intelligent building energy management algorithm based on the Soft Actor–Critic (SAC) framework to address these challenges. Our approach employs the distributed soft policy iteration from the Distributional Soft Actor–Critic (DSAC) algorithm to improve action–state return stability. Specifically, we introduce cumulative returns into the SAC framework and recalculate target values, which reduces the loss function. The proposed HVAC control algorithm achieved 24.2% energy savings compared to the baseline SAC algorithm. This study contributes to the development of more energy-efficient HVAC systems in smart buildings, aiding in the fight against climate change and promoting energy savings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

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19 pages, 4757 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancement of Mechanical Properties, Wettability, Roughness, and Thermal Insulation of Epoxy–Cement Composites for Building Construction

by Saif M. Jasim, Nadia A. Ali, Seenaa I. Hussein, Areej Al Bahir, Nashaat S. Abd EL-Gawaad, Ahmed Sedky, Abdelazim M. Mebed and Alaa M. Abd-Elnaiem

Buildings 2025, 15(4), 643; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15040643 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 361

Abstract

In this study, epoxy–cement composites with different concentrations of cement nanofiller and ~67.5 nm in size (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%) were synthesized using the solution casting method. The epoxy–cement composites’ structural, mechanical, wettability, roughness, and thermal insulation were investigated. The [...] Read more.

In this study, epoxy–cement composites with different concentrations of cement nanofiller and ~67.5 nm in size (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%) were synthesized using the solution casting method. The epoxy–cement composites’ structural, mechanical, wettability, roughness, and thermal insulation were investigated. The synthesized epoxy resin is amorphous, whereas epoxy–cement composites are crystalline, and its crystallinity depends on the filler ratio. The incorporated cement hindered the spread of cracks and voids in the composite with few illuminated regions, and the epoxy/cement interface was identified. The Shore D hardness, impact strength, and flexural strength gradually increased to 92.3, 6.1 kJ/m², and 40.6 MPa, respectively, with an increase in the cement ratio up to 20 wt%. In contrast, the incorporation of a cement ratio of up to 20 wt% reduced thermal conductivity from 0.22 to 0.16 W/m·K. These findings indicated that resin and cement nanoparticle fillers affected the chemical composition of epoxy, which resulted in high molecular compaction and thus strong mechanical resistance and enhanced thermal insulation. The roughness and water contact angle (WCA) of epoxy increased by increasing the cement nanofiller. In contrast, the surface energy (γ) of a solid surface decreased, indicating an inverse relation compared to the behavior of roughness and WCA. The reduction in γ and the creation of a rough surface with higher WCA can produce a suitable hydrophobic surface of lower wettability on the epoxy surface. Accordingly, the developed epoxy–cement composites benefit building construction requirements, among other engineering applications. Full article

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21 pages, 70620 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigation on Flexural Behavior of Precast Segmental Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Box-Girder with External Tendons for Long-Span Highway Bridges

by Hua Zhao, Sui Luo, Junde Hu, Chengjun Tan, Peirou Qian, Huangguo Qian, Zhilian Liao, Zhentao Hu and Dutao Yi

Buildings 2025, 15(4), 642; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15040642 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 227

Abstract

A precast concrete segmental box-girder bridge (PCSBGB) is one of the most popular styles of Accelerated Bridge Construction (ABC). To address some common challenges (low durability, poor integrity, and construction inconvenience) in PCSBGBs, this paper proposes a precast ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) segmental box-girder [...] Read more.

A precast concrete segmental box-girder bridge (PCSBGB) is one of the most popular styles of Accelerated Bridge Construction (ABC). To address some common challenges (low durability, poor integrity, and construction inconvenience) in PCSBGBs, this paper proposes a precast ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) segmental box-girder bridge (PUSBGB). In comparison to conventional PCSBGBs that use three-dimensional prestress, the PUSBGB adopts only one-dimensional (longitudinal) prestress. In addition, the thickness of the bottom/top plate and web of the UHPC box-girder are relatively thin, and as a result, the self-weight is significantly reduced. Considering the fact that the thickness of box-girder is thinner than the NC structure, the shear lag effect and risk of girder cracking may correspondingly increase when a PUSBGB is adopted in a long-span bridge. Thus, it is of essential necessity to explore the flexural behavior of a PUSBGB. In this work, a specimen with a scale (1:4) associated with a field bridge (a 102 m long simply supported PUSBGB with externally unbonded tendons) is fabricated and experimentally investigated. The mechanical behaviors of the PUSBGB are discussed, including the failure mode, the crack distribution pattern, the longitudinal strain of the UHPC plate, and the variation of tendon strain. It is found that in the elastic stage, the top slab of the UHPC box girder exhibits a significant shear lag effect, and this phenomenon is even more obvious after cracking. With the development of the cracks, the effective flange width is decreased (with a minimum value of 0.76), and the second-order effect is kept the same before the dominant crack appears (the reduction factor is around 0.95). Moreover, four existing code equations, e.g., ACI 440, ACI 318, ASSHTO, BS 8100, used to predict the stress in the externally unbonded tendons are examined. Furthermore, a finite element analysis (FEA) of the field bridge is conducted, and the theoretical calculation demonstrates that the flexural resistances of the proposed PUSBGB can comply with the design requirements of Chinese code under the ultimate limit states (ULSs). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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27 pages, 9276 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unlocking Physical Resilience Capacities of Building Systems: An Enhanced Network Analysis Approach

by Lingzhi Li, Jiaqi Wang, Jingfeng Yuan, Tiantian Gu, Sheng Ling and Hanzhang Zhan

Buildings 2025, 15(4), 641; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15040641 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 185

Abstract

Fostering the physical resilience of building systems and ensuring their functionality during disasters is paramount. To unlock the physical resilience capacities of building systems, this study applied an enhanced network-based approach comprising four steps: (1) classifying the building systems and developing a comprehensive [...] Read more.

Fostering the physical resilience of building systems and ensuring their functionality during disasters is paramount. To unlock the physical resilience capacities of building systems, this study applied an enhanced network-based approach comprising four steps: (1) classifying the building systems and developing a comprehensive building system network can be achieved by treating building components as nodes and their functional, resource, information, and physical interdependence as connections; (2) characterizing the physical resilience capacities of building systems through robustness and redundancy; (3) setting up both deliberate and random attack scenarios and revealing the robustness of building systems by using the relative size of maximum connected subgraphs and global network efficiency; and (4) proposing a novel redundancy index to reveal the capacities to maintain function in the face of disruptions. A real-world case study was conducted to analyze the physical resilience of a building system under disruptions, illustrating the feasibility of the proposed approach. The case study identified several key systems and operation strategies for enhancing the resilience of building systems. In summary, the proposed approach contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the building system and quantitatively reveals its robustness and redundancy capacities. Practically, these findings offer valuable insights and practical strategies for facility managers to foster resilient and sustainable operations during building operations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)

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19 pages, 6328 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Green Roof Management in Mediterranean Climates: Evaluating the Performance of Native Herbaceous Plant Species and Green Manure to Increase Sustainability

by Mattia Trenta, Alessandro Quadri, Bianca Sambuco, Carlos Alejandro Perez Garcia, Alberto Barbaresi, Patrizia Tassinari and Daniele Torreggiani

Buildings 2025, 15(4), 640; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15040640 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 233

Abstract

The benefits of ecosystem services provided by urban green systems have been highlighted in research on spatial and landscape planning, and the need has emerged for an integrated approach to urban green planning aiming at increasing climate mitigation and urban resilience. Research indicates [...] Read more.

The benefits of ecosystem services provided by urban green systems have been highlighted in research on spatial and landscape planning, and the need has emerged for an integrated approach to urban green planning aiming at increasing climate mitigation and urban resilience. Research indicates that plant selection and substrate management are vital for optimizing the most important performance of green roofs, like building thermal insulation, urban heat reduction, air quality improvement, and stormwater management. In Mediterranean climates, it is essential to investigate sustainable management solutions for green roofs like the growth potential of native, low-maintenance forbs adapted to thermal and water stress on specific substrates. Medicinal species may be suitable, provided that interactions with pollutants are controlled. This study evaluates the performance of Melissa officinalis and Hypericum perforatum on experimental green roof modules under controlled conditions, comparing chemical fertilization and three different treatments with biomass from Trifolium repens used as green manure. The key metrics of fresh and dry biomass, plant cover ratio, and chlorophyll content are measured. Results show significantly higher values of cover and biomass for these two species treated with green manure in comparison to chemical fertilization, with no significant differences in chlorophyll content, indicating that T. repens is a useful source of green manure in green roof management. Overall, the results are consistent with the research goals of suggesting sustainable solutions for green roof management, since low-maintenance vegetation and green manure contribute to the elimination of chemicals in urban green. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural-Based Solution for Sustainable Buildings)

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18 pages, 5550 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Mechanical Behaviors of High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Pipe Jacking Subjected to Three-Point Loading

by Cairong Zhou, Zifan Wang, Jinhong Yu, Changzheng Shi, Xu Wang, Qing Fang and Jiang Zhang

Buildings 2025, 15(4), 639; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15040639 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 263

Abstract

High-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (HPFRC) offers exceptional strength, ductility, and durability, making it highly promising for electric power pipe jacking applications. However, limited research exists on the mechanical properties of HPFRC pipes, especially regarding reinforcement schemes. This study bridges this gap by using a [...] Read more.

High-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (HPFRC) offers exceptional strength, ductility, and durability, making it highly promising for electric power pipe jacking applications. However, limited research exists on the mechanical properties of HPFRC pipes, especially regarding reinforcement schemes. This study bridges this gap by using a combination of three-point testing, analytical calculations, and numerical simulations to investigate the mechanical behavior and performance of HPFRC pipes under various reinforcement configurations. The results show that the load–displacement curve of HPFRC pipes initially follows a linear elastic relationship, but as the load exceeds 200 kN/m, displacement increases and cracks form, with failure occurring at 410 kN/m. HPFRC pipes demonstrate significantly enhanced load-bearing and crack resistance capabilities, with reduced reinforcement and wall thickness compared to traditional materials, maintaining high load-bearing capacity even after damage. The three analysis methods generally align in terms of load-bearing and failure processes, though the analytical method reveals limitations in accurately predicting crack widths. The study also reveals that reinforcement schemes significantly affect the pipes’ structural performance, with double layer and inner layer reinforcement providing superior damage resistance. This study contributes new insights into HPFRC pipe performance and provides a basis for optimizing reinforcement designs in pipe jacking projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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18 pages, 6869 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Analysis of Anti-Slide Pile Reinforcement for Slope Stability Under Rainfall Conditions

by Zhongyi Wen, Weiyuan Xu, Bingxiang Yuan, Lijuan Zhang and Zhu Liang

Buildings 2025, 15(4), 638; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15040638 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 299

Abstract

Rainfall-induced slope instability is a critical challenge in geotechnical engineering. This study investigates the reinforcement effect of anti-slide piles on slope stability under rainfall conditions using finite element numerical simulations, based on a slope reinforcement project in Youxi County, Fujian Province. The MIDAS [...] Read more.

Rainfall-induced slope instability is a critical challenge in geotechnical engineering. This study investigates the reinforcement effect of anti-slide piles on slope stability under rainfall conditions using finite element numerical simulations, based on a slope reinforcement project in Youxi County, Fujian Province. The MIDAS GTS NX 2019(v1.2) software was employed to analyze the effects of anti-slide pile arrangements on slope safety factors, pore water pressure, displacement fields, and reinforcement effectiveness. The results showed that anti-slide piles significantly enhanced slope stability by mitigating the adverse effects of rainfall, such as an increased pore water pressure and reduced soil strength. The optimal stability was achieved when anti-slide piles were positioned in the middle sections of the slope, and the horizontal displacement in the x-direction was reduced from 74.49 mm (without reinforcement) to 7.42 mm, achieving a reduction of 90.0%, effectively reducing horizontal displacement and plastic strain zones. This study provides valuable insights into the interaction mechanisms between anti-slide piles and soil, offering practical guidance for slope reinforcement design and strategies to mitigate rainfall-induced slope failures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Mechanics Analysis of Soil-Structure Interaction)

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14 pages, 1591 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Benefits and Challenges of Early Electrical Contractors’ Involvement in Construction Projects

by Hyun Jeong Koo and Frank Skvarce

Buildings 2025, 15(4), 637; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15040637 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 265

Abstract

The construction industry is currently facing several challenges, such as increased complexity, rapid technological development, and early retirements of experts. The involvement of knowledgeable contractors during early design will provide significant benefits, resulting in good-quality design and enhanced construction performance, particularly in specialized [...] Read more.

The construction industry is currently facing several challenges, such as increased complexity, rapid technological development, and early retirements of experts. The involvement of knowledgeable contractors during early design will provide significant benefits, resulting in good-quality design and enhanced construction performance, particularly in specialized areas like electrical disciplines. In this study, the authors conducted a survey with 82 industry experts to identify the benefits, barriers, and key selection criteria of Early Electrical Contractor Involvement (EECI) in construction projects. The survey results indicate that the benefits of EECI outweigh the barriers. Cost savings emerged as the most significant benefit of EECI for most participants, while the requirement for a high level of cooperation and transparency was identified as the most challenging barrier. This study also revealed the discrepancies in the assessment of benefits and barriers of EECI based on the participant’s role. Additionally, collaboration and teamwork were identified as essential factors for the successful implementation of EECI. However, companies remain reluctant to change contracting methods, as they tend to adhere to familiar practices despite the potential advantages of EECI. This study validates the importance and effectiveness of EECI with regard to construction projects and contributes to the existing body of knowledge in early contractor involvement, electrical subcontracting, and design quality improvement. Furthermore, the outcome of this study provides industry practitioners with a better understanding of EECI and can also be used for education purposes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Digital Transformation of the Construction Industry: Current Practices, Challenges and Future Directions)

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22 pages, 13321 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Strengthening Reinforced Concrete Walls with Externally Bonded Galvanized Steel Sheets and Near-Surface Mounted Steel Bars

by Ahmed Hamoda, Alireza Bahrami, Aref A. Abadel, Mizan Ahmed and Mohamed Ghalla

Buildings 2025, 15(4), 636; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15040636 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 232

Abstract

Reinforced concrete (RC) walls are mainly used in RC structures to resist gravity and lateral forces. These structural elements may need to be upgraded to withstand additional forces and extend their life cycle. Therefore, it is crucial to provide effective strengthening techniques using [...] Read more.

Reinforced concrete (RC) walls are mainly used in RC structures to resist gravity and lateral forces. These structural elements may need to be upgraded to withstand additional forces and extend their life cycle. Therefore, it is crucial to provide effective strengthening techniques using low-cost sustainable materials under optimal conditions to rehabilitate RC walls. This study presents an experimental and numerical investigation of reinforced normal concrete (NC) walls strengthened with near-surface mounted (NSM) steel bars, confined with or without an externally bonded reinforced (EBR) galvanized steel sheets (GSSs). A total of six RC walls were constructed, loaded, and tested to failure. The examined parameters included the type of strengthening technique, materials used, and the position and configuration of the strengthening. Both EBR and NSM techniques were applied using GSSs and steel bars, respectively. The configurations were introduced in vertical and horizontal positions to resist gravity and lateral forces, respectively. The experiments revealed that these parameters significantly influenced the crack control, energy absorption, mode of collapse, and ultimate load capacity. Nonlinear three-dimensional finite element models were developed and verified against experimental results, achieving a validation accuracy of 95% on average. This was followed by a parametric study investigating the effect of confinement with or without vertical reinforcements. Both experimental and numerical results confirmed that the strengthening could increase the ultimate load capacity from 20% to 38%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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11 pages, 2262 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Resistometric Sensors in Investigation of Zinc Corrosion in Simulated Concrete Environments

by Matěj Reiser, Milan Kouřil, Pietro Forcellese and Tiziano Bellezze

Buildings 2025, 15(4), 635; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15040635 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 288

Abstract

The aim of this paper was to investigate the corrosion behaviour of zinc in simulated concrete solutions using resistometric sensors and to describe the kinetics of zinc corrosion. The sensors provide corrosion data information in real time; thus, it is a useful technique [...] Read more.

The aim of this paper was to investigate the corrosion behaviour of zinc in simulated concrete solutions using resistometric sensors and to describe the kinetics of zinc corrosion. The sensors provide corrosion data information in real time; thus, it is a useful technique for observing zinc corrosion behaviour in concrete environments. The replacement of carbon steel rebar by galvanized steel in concrete is a discussable topic with contradictory results in the literature presented in the introduction. In our case, zinc resistometric sensors were used, and they showed results in good agreement with other techniques, such as corrosion potential monitoring and EIS measurements. According to our results, zinc is able to passivate in a simulated concrete solution and even in a simulated carbonated solution. The corrosion rate was reduced by almost 40 times, during the active to passive transition. The zinc remains passive even in simulated concrete solutions contaminated with low levels of chloride ions up to 0.9 wt.%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Durability and Aging on Materials and Structures in Buildings)

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35 pages, 2219 KiB

Open AccessReview

Fire Evacuation for People with Functional Disabilities in High-Rise Buildings: A Scoping Review

by Yimiao Lyu and Hongchun Wang

Buildings 2025, 15(4), 634; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15040634 - 18 Feb 2025

Viewed by 724

Abstract

Fire emergencies pose significant risks to occupants in high-rise buildings, particularly individuals with functional limitations who struggle with conventional evacuation facilities like stairs. The objective of the study was to survey current literature to identify safe fire evacuation solutions for functionally limited groups. [...] Read more.

Fire emergencies pose significant risks to occupants in high-rise buildings, particularly individuals with functional limitations who struggle with conventional evacuation facilities like stairs. The objective of the study was to survey current literature to identify safe fire evacuation solutions for functionally limited groups. A systematic analysis of 156 journal articles (2000–2024) was conducted to identify factors affecting the evacuation, and their impact on evacuation efficiency. The findings were categorized into four main types: (1) human behavior during fire emergencies, (2) architectural and environmental factors, (3) fire and smoke risk calculation and control, and (4) evacuation models and tools. Additionally, our findings highlight the limitations of current research for individuals with disabilities, including evacuation methods, building design, fire risk calculation and control, evacuation models, and elevator operation strategies. The study concludes with recommendations for future research to address the identified gaps. This study underscores the need for further research on expanding solutions for different emergencies (e.g., earthquakes), addressing special building environments (e.g., hospitals), and leveraging digital technologies to improve evacuation processes for vulnerable populations. Future efforts will focus on incorporating rescuers and rescue methodologies into the evacuation framework to further enhance the safety and protection of vulnerable populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Human-Centered Sustainable Buildings: Data-Driven Insights, Smart Sensing Technologies, Renewable Energy Integration, and Emerging Technologies)

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20 pages, 5319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Joint Action of Wind and Temperature on Long-Span Concrete-Filled Steel Tube Bridges in the Yellow River Basin

by Jiang Liu, Haotian Wu, Huajun Guo, Zhiyuan Ma, Feixiang Zheng, Yinping Ma and Yongjian Liu

Buildings 2025, 15(4), 633; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15040633 - 18 Feb 2025

Viewed by 287

Abstract

Complex wind and temperature characteristics in the Yellow River basin (YRB) challenge the safety and durability of long-span concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) bridges greatly. To address this issue, it is important to accurately assess the joint actions of wind and temperature. In this [...] Read more.

Complex wind and temperature characteristics in the Yellow River basin (YRB) challenge the safety and durability of long-span concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) bridges greatly. To address this issue, it is important to accurately assess the joint actions of wind and temperature. In this paper, the joint actions of wind and temperature in eight typical YRB cities are analyzed. The joint distributions of wind speed and air temperature are developed with the Archimedean Copula, and the Kendall return period is used for occurrence probability estimations. Eight wind–temperature combinations are considered. Responses for these combinations are calculated and compared with specification actions. Results show significant wind–temperature variations in the YRB. When wind actions adopt the univariate representative values (URVs), the temperature actions are reduced by 20–40%; when temperature actions use URVs, wind actions experience a reduction by more than half of their URVs. The joint responses can sometimes exceed, but are mostly less than, the specification responses, with a maximum strength margin over 11 MPa. These efforts suggest that the proposed joint actions can expand the provisions in the General Specification and provide guidance for the design of long-span CFST bridges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Steel-Concrete Composite Structure—2nd Edition)

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31 pages, 845 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Identification and Prioritization of the Factors Affecting Corporate Social Responsibility Implementation in the Construction Industry—The Perspective of Developing Countries

by Yunxia Ran, Azlan Shah Ali, Liyin Shen, Hafez Bin Salleh, Mingli Zhu, Kaiyi Li, Rui Wang and Yu Cao

Buildings 2025, 15(4), 632; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15040632 - 18 Feb 2025

Viewed by 317

Abstract

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become a vital component in addressing environmental, social, and economic challenges. In the context of the construction industry, due to the widespread presence of irresponsible practices, CSR implementation studies have gained significant attention, particularly in developing countries. This [...] Read more.

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become a vital component in addressing environmental, social, and economic challenges. In the context of the construction industry, due to the widespread presence of irresponsible practices, CSR implementation studies have gained significant attention, particularly in developing countries. This study consists of a systematic literature review of 58 articles published between 2018 and 2024, seeking to explore the internal and external factors affecting CSR implementation in emerging construction nations. The analysis employs the PESTEL framework, which refers to external impact factors, including political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal aspects. Additionally, the SWOT framework is utilized to identify the strength, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is then applied to prioritize the identified factors. The results demonstrate that institutional pressures and economic progress are the most influential external opportunities. Internal weaknesses, including subcontracting and quality challenges and financial constraints of SMEs, are significant barriers. This study contributes to the CSR literature by integrating external macro-environmental factors and internal organizational dynamics, offering a strategic and actionable framework for the advancement of CSR implementation in the construction industries of developing countries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)

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21 pages, 7310 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Effect of Lime and Cement Ratios on the Mechanical Properties of Clay Bricks Made from Different Types of Soils

by Zakarya Laouidji, Mourad Boutlikht, Abdellah Douadi, Kamel Hebbache, Elhoussine Atiki, Cherif Belebchouche, Laura Moretti and Slawomir Czarnecki

Buildings 2025, 15(4), 631; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15040631 - 18 Feb 2025

Viewed by 306

Abstract

The clay brick industry is facing significant challenges related to improving its physico-mechanical properties and durability performance of sustainable products. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of stabilizers (lime and cement) on the clay brick properties of three soils. The investigated [...] Read more.

The clay brick industry is facing significant challenges related to improving its physico-mechanical properties and durability performance of sustainable products. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of stabilizers (lime and cement) on the clay brick properties of three soils. The investigated soils were taken from different regions of Algeria. A series of laboratory experiments were carried out to examine the effect of lime and cement addition with different ratios of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%, on the mechanical properties. The assessment was based on compressive strength, flexural strength, total and capillary water absorption tests. The test results showed that the lime addition to soils A and B led to a significant increase in compressive strength (CS) by 47% and 101%, respectively. The highest values obtained were for the 8% ratio. The obtained gain in compressive strength soil C reached its maximum CS at 6% ratio, and the obtained gain was 44%. However, for cement addition, the highest CS values were obtained at the 10% ratio for all studied soils. The observed gains in compressive strength for soils A, B, and C were 24%, 15%, and 33%, respectively. Flexural strength (FS) followed a similar trend, with lime addition improving (FS) by up to 400% for soil A at an 8% ratio. Cement addition also enhanced (FS), with the highest improvement of 103%, which was observed for soil A at a 10% ratio. It was also observed that lime addition significantly decreased the total absorption by up to 36% at an 8% ratio for soils A and B, and at 6% for soil C. In contrast, the total absorption decreased uniformly with the cement addition up to the 10% ratio. The lowest absorption observed at a 10% ratio was 11.95%. Lime addition also decreased the capillary absorption of clay bricks, and the lowest value was observed at an 8% ratio for both soils (A and B) and 6% for soil C. The CA values decreased by approximately 24% for soils A and B and 14% for soil C. In the case of cement addition, it was noted that the capillary absorption had the same pattern as the total absorption. The percentage decreases in CA were 41%, 40%, and 38% for soils A, B, and C, respectively. These results indicate that the enhancement of clay brick was observed for lime addition ranging from 2% to 8%. Therefore, good mechanical strengths were obtained at a 10% cement ratio. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

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32 pages, 8827 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Predictive Maintenance for Building Systems: Integrating Rule-Based and Machine Learning Models for Fault Detection Using a High-Resolution Danish Dataset

by Silvia Mazzetto

Buildings 2025, 15(4), 630; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15040630 - 18 Feb 2025

Viewed by 435

Abstract

This study evaluates the effectiveness of six machine learning models, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Random Forest (RF), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), and Logistic Regression (LR), for predictive maintenance in building systems. Utilizing a high-resolution dataset collected [...] Read more.

This study evaluates the effectiveness of six machine learning models, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Random Forest (RF), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), and Logistic Regression (LR), for predictive maintenance in building systems. Utilizing a high-resolution dataset collected every five minutes from six office rooms at Aalborg University in Denmark over a ten-month period (27 February 2023 to 31 December 2023), we defined rule-based conditions to label historical faults in HVAC, lighting, and occupancy systems, resulting in over 100,000 fault instances. XGBoost outperformed other models, achieving an accuracy of 95%, precision of 93%, recall of 94%, and an F1-score of 0.93, with a computation time of 60 s. The model effectively predicted critical faults such as “Light_On_No_Occupancy” (1149 occurrences) and “Damper_Open_No_Occupancy” (8818 occurrences), demonstrating its potential for real-time fault detection and energy optimization in building management systems. Our findings suggest that implementing XGBoost in predictive maintenance frameworks can significantly enhance fault detection accuracy, reduce energy waste, and improve operational efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

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37 pages, 17326 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Staggered Two-Bolt Connections in Transmission Towers: A Comprehensive Study on Failure Mechanisms and Design Codes

by Songzhao Qu, Yang Zhou, Peng Yin, Xiongyan Li, Hairong Wu, Wenming Wang, Shuhao Huo, Wei An, Qiusong Tian and Yijin Wu

Buildings 2025, 15(4), 629; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15040629 - 18 Feb 2025

Viewed by 267

Abstract

Steel-lattice transmission towers require efficient and reliable connection designs to ensure structural safety and cost-effectiveness. While traditional gusset plate connections increase their complexity and structural weight, direct bolted connections offer a simpler and lighter alternative. However, the adoption of staggered bolt arrangements, necessitated [...] Read more.

Steel-lattice transmission towers require efficient and reliable connection designs to ensure structural safety and cost-effectiveness. While traditional gusset plate connections increase their complexity and structural weight, direct bolted connections offer a simpler and lighter alternative. However, the adoption of staggered bolt arrangements, necessitated by the geometric constraints of chord angle members, challenges the applicability of existing design standards—particularly regarding block shear and net section failure modes. This study explores the structural behavior of staggered two-bolt angle connections through a combination of experimental testing and numerical modeling. Twelve full-scale specimens were subjected to axial tension to investigate the effects of key geometric parameters, including end distance, edge distance, and bolt stagger. Finite element analyses, which incorporate material nonlinearity and fracture criteria, delve deeper into the stress distribution and failure mechanisms. The results demonstrate significant deviations in failure modes compared with conventional parallel bolt arrangements, underscoring the limitations of current design standards (DL/T 5486, ASCE 10-15, and EN 1993-1-8) in accurately predicting the capacity of staggered connections. Based on the identified failure modes of staggered two-bolt connections, this study proposes an enhanced design methodology for member fracture capacity, incorporating block shear calculation models from the three aforementioned standards. Comparative analysis demonstrates that the ASCE standard provides superior predictive accuracy, with experimental validation exceeding 95% agreement. The study culminates in specific design recommendations for staggered two-bolt connections, offering critical insights into stress redistribution mechanisms, material behavior, and deformation-induced failure patterns. These findings contribute to the development of more accurate and safer design guidelines for bolted connections in steel transmission towers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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22 pages, 9369 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Mechanism of Visual Comfort Perception in Urban 3D Landscape

by Miao Zhang, Tao Shen, Liang Huo, Shunhua Liao, Wenfei Shen and Yucai Li

Buildings 2025, 15(4), 628; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15040628 - 18 Feb 2025

Viewed by 234

Abstract

Landscape visual evaluation is a key method for assessing the value of visual landscape resources. This study aims to enhance the visual environment and sensory quality of urban landscapes by establishing standards for the visual comfort of urban natural landscapes. Using line-of-sight and [...] Read more.

Landscape visual evaluation is a key method for assessing the value of visual landscape resources. This study aims to enhance the visual environment and sensory quality of urban landscapes by establishing standards for the visual comfort of urban natural landscapes. Using line-of-sight and multi-factor analysis algorithms, the method assesses spatial visibility and visual exposure of building clusters in the core urban areas of Harbin, identifying areas and viewpoints with high visual potential. Focusing on the viewpoints of landmark 3D models and the surrounding landscape’s visual environment, the study uses the city’s sky, greenery, and water features as key visual elements for evaluating the comfort of urban natural landscapes. By integrating GIS data, big data street-view photos, and image semantic recognition, spatial analysis algorithms extract both objective and subjective visual values at observation points, followed by mathematical modeling and quantitative analysis. The study explores the coupling relationship between objective physical visual values and subjective perceived visibility. The results show that 3D visual analysis effectively reveals the relationship between landmark buildings and surrounding landscapes, providing scientific support for urban planning and contributing to the development of a more distinctive and attractive urban space. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

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28 pages, 7246 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Simulation of a Shear Wall Model in Interlocking Masonry with Dry Vertical and Horizontal Joints in Compressed Earth Blocks

by Basile Koudje and Edmond Adjovi

Buildings 2025, 15(4), 627; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15040627 - 18 Feb 2025

Viewed by 287

Abstract

This study investigates the mechanical behavior of masonry walls constructed using interlocking compressed earth blocks with dry vertical and horizontal joints. Numerical simulations were conducted to evaluate the performance of this innovative system compared to traditional masonry and to validate experimental findings from [...] Read more.

This study investigates the mechanical behavior of masonry walls constructed using interlocking compressed earth blocks with dry vertical and horizontal joints. Numerical simulations were conducted to evaluate the performance of this innovative system compared to traditional masonry and to validate experimental findings from previous studies, which identified an orthotropic and non-linear behavior in dry-joint interlocking masonry. The results show that while interlocking masonry exhibits performance comparable to traditional masonry under in-plane loads, it suffers an approximate 20% reduction in resistance under out-of-plane loads, primarily due to the absence of mortar in the horizontal joints. Despite this limitation, the system demonstrates significant economic benefits, achieving cost savings of up to 20% for masonry and 14% for reinforced concrete in conventional construction. These findings highlight the potential of interlocking masonry as a sustainable alternative, although its mechanical behavior under certain load conditions requires further investigation to optimize its structural applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Energy Efficiency and Life-Cycle Assessment of Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage Applications)

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34 pages, 6405 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Real Estate Owners’ Early Thoughts on Lean IPD Implementation in Spain

by José Javier Gil Sebastián and Manuel José Soler Severino

Buildings 2025, 15(4), 626; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15040626 - 18 Feb 2025

Viewed by 303

Abstract

The construction industry faces persistent inefficiencies, with projects often failing to meet time, cost, quality, and other conditions of satisfaction. This study investigated real estate owners’ early perceptions of Lean Integrated Project Delivery (Lean IPD) as a potential solution, analyzing the acceptance of [...] Read more.

The construction industry faces persistent inefficiencies, with projects often failing to meet time, cost, quality, and other conditions of satisfaction. This study investigated real estate owners’ early perceptions of Lean Integrated Project Delivery (Lean IPD) as a potential solution, analyzing the acceptance of principles such as early stakeholder involvement, risk–reward compensation, and open-book accounting, among other key features in Lean IPD. A survey of 62 professionals in real estate development companies in Spain was conducted, analyzing their experience with collaborative contracts and Lean techniques, including Last Planner System and Target Value Design. Statistical methods such as hierarchical clustering and PLS-SEM modeling revealed two distinct groups: those receptive to Lean IPD’s economic mechanisms and those less inclined. While governance principles like early collaboration and team co-responsibility received widespread support, skepticism was noted toward economic transparency practices due to cultural and structural barriers. Additionally, the findings indicate a significant gap in formal training for Lean IPD. Despite challenges, there is strong interest in adopting Lean IPD, driven by its potential to address critical project inefficiencies. This study concludes that successful Lean IPD implementation requires strategic leadership from owners, targeted training programs, and a cultural shift within the industry to embrace collaborative and transparent practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Project Delivery in Construction Industry)

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22 pages, 8876 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seismic Performance of Prefabricated Constructional Columns Using Recycled Lump Concrete

by Linren Zhou, Zhibo Xie, Yuanfeng Fan and Haiyan Zhang

Buildings 2025, 15(4), 625; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15040625 - 18 Feb 2025

Viewed by 273

Abstract

A new type of prefabricated constructional column (PCC) made of recycled lump concrete is proposed and investigated in this study. The methods for the design, fabrication, and construction of this PCC are introduced, and the connection and implementation of the PCC are explained [...] Read more.

A new type of prefabricated constructional column (PCC) made of recycled lump concrete is proposed and investigated in this study. The methods for the design, fabrication, and construction of this PCC are introduced, and the connection and implementation of the PCC are explained in detail. In order to examine the performance of the PCC, an experimental study on PCC segments was first conducted. Low cyclic load tests of walls restrained by the PCC and cast-in-place constructional column (CCC) were then carried out. The failure of the PCC did not occur at the connection position of the segments, indicating that the connection method was reliable. Compared with the CCC-restrained wall, the failure characteristics of the PCC wall were basically the same; the ultimate bearing capacity was slightly lower, while the displacement ductility and energy dissipation performance were better. Finally, finite element analyses of these two types of masonry walls were implemented under low cyclic loading. The calculated results for cracking, stiffness, ultimate bearing capacity, failure process, hysteretic performance, skeleton curve, energy dissipation, and ductility all had good agreement with the experimental results. The proposed PCC can achieve a prefabrication rate of more than 85%, and the amount of new concrete can be reduced by more than 25% by filling concrete waste lumps, which can greatly improve construction efficiency and reduce the cost, thereby offering significant economic and environmental benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low-Carbon and Green Materials in Construction—2nd Edition)

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32 pages, 15652 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Soil–Structure Interaction on the Damage Probability of Multistory RC Frame Buildings with Shallow Foundations

by Murat Serdar Kirçil and Hulagu Ethemoglu

Buildings 2025, 15(4), 624; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15040624 - 17 Feb 2025

Viewed by 327

Abstract

The purpose of this study is mainly to investigate, through fragility curves, the effect of soil–structure interaction (when it is neglected during design) on damage probability. It also examines how realistic it is to conduct a performance estimation with rapid assessment methods without [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study is mainly to investigate, through fragility curves, the effect of soil–structure interaction (when it is neglected during design) on damage probability. It also examines how realistic it is to conduct a performance estimation with rapid assessment methods without considering soil–structure interaction. Three RC frame buildings, with varying numbers of stories, were designed according to the Turkish Seismic Design Code, 2007. Incremental dynamic analyses of the considered structures, both with and without soil–structure interaction (SSI), were performed using 21 ground motion records to determine the damage limits. The cone model with springs was used to take soil–structure interaction into account. The discrete damage probabilities of each considered performance level were calculated, using statistical methods, in terms of elastic spectral acceleration, and continuous fragility curves were obtained. The results show that the effect of SSI on fragility was remarkable and that damage probability generally increases when soil–structure interaction is taken into consideration. The effect of site class becomes significant for life safety and collapse prevention performance levels. The increase in the probability of exceeding the collapse prevention performance level can reach up to 72% due to the existence of SSI. Thus, the results of damage estimation made without considering SSI can sometimes be significantly misleading. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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33 pages, 4181 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Residents’ Willingness to Pay for Diverse Low-Carbon Measures in Hangzhou, China: Implications for Urban Sustainability and Policy

by Jiahao He, Yong He, Shuwen Wu, Huifang Yu and Chun Bao

Buildings 2025, 15(4), 623; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15040623 - 17 Feb 2025

Viewed by 304

Abstract

Chinese cities have made significant progress in fostering low-carbon societies and piloting a variety of low-carbon measures. Nonetheless, the effective implementation of these initiatives and the long-term upkeep of related amenities rely heavily on resident support. The existing studies provide limited insight into [...] Read more.

Chinese cities have made significant progress in fostering low-carbon societies and piloting a variety of low-carbon measures. Nonetheless, the effective implementation of these initiatives and the long-term upkeep of related amenities rely heavily on resident support. The existing studies provide limited insight into how local residents perceive and endorse different types of low-carbon measures, which often involve varying trade-offs. Addressing this gap, the present study surveyed the willingness to pay (WTP) of residents in Hangzhou—an early adopter of low-carbon practices in China—across five representative low-carbon measures. Survey data were collected from 13 distinct residential neighborhoods. The results indicate that Hangzhou residents are more inclined to financially support measures offering direct personal benefits compared to those benefiting the collective good, with this tendency being notably pronounced among highly educated individuals. Further findings include the following: (1) respondents aware of ongoing low-carbon measures were more willing to pay for them; (2) male respondents, recent migrants (within the past five years), high-income groups, and residents in aging communities tended to contribute higher amounts; (3) providing detailed information on carbon mitigation effects markedly increased both the likelihood and the magnitude of WTP; (4) the promotion of new energy vehicles (NEVs) remains contentious, particularly between NEV owners and gasoline vehicle owners. These findings highlight the need for targeted policies and educational programs to strengthen public awareness and support for low-carbon interventions, thereby advancing sustainability in fast-growing urban centers like Hangzhou. Overall, these findings provide key insights for the formulation of low-carbon city policies and sustainable urban planning, emphasizing the global importance of local socioeconomic dynamics and offering a valuable reference for cities worldwide seeking to advance sustainability transitions and meet international climate targets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilient Urban and Architecture Design: Strategies for Low-Carbon and Climate-Adaptive Cities)

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24 pages, 12118 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seismic Behavior of Composite Beam to Concrete-Filled Cold-Formed High-Strength Square Steel Tubular Column Joints with Different Connection Forms

by Jiangran Guo, Longhui Sun, He Zhao and Xihan Hu

Buildings 2025, 15(4), 622; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15040622 - 17 Feb 2025

Viewed by 284

Abstract

To enhance the standardization and construction efficiency of prefabricated steel structures and to promote the application of cold-formed steel tubes with the advantages of high standardization, superior mechanical properties, and fast processing speeds, two types of composite beam to concrete-filled cold-formed high-strength square [...] Read more.

To enhance the standardization and construction efficiency of prefabricated steel structures and to promote the application of cold-formed steel tubes with the advantages of high standardization, superior mechanical properties, and fast processing speeds, two types of composite beam to concrete-filled cold-formed high-strength square steel tubular column joints with different connection forms were designed in this study: the external diaphragm joint (ED joint) and the through diaphragm joint (TD joint). These joints were subjected to cyclic loading tests to evaluate the influence of the connection designs on key seismic performance parameters, such as failure modes, load-bearing capacities, the degradation of strength and stiffness, ductility, and energy dissipation capabilities. The results show that both the ED and TD joints experienced butt weld fractures at the bolted-welded connections on the beam, effectively transferring the plastic hinges from the joint zone to the beam and demonstrating good seismic performance. The ED joint specimen JD1 and the TD joint specimen JD2 exhibited similar load-bearing capacity, stiffness, strength degradation, and energy dissipation capacity. However, the TD joint showed lower ductility compared to the ED joint due to premature weld fractures. A nonlinear finite element model (FEM) was developed using MSC.MARC 2012, and the numerical simulation showed that the FEM could effectively simulate the hysteresis performance of the composite beam to concrete-filled, cold-formed, high-strength, square, steel tubular column joints with external and through diaphragms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Structural Techniques for Prefabricated Modular Buildings)

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24 pages, 877 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Probing the Effect of Business Intelligence on the Performance of Construction Projects Through the Mediating Variable of Project Quality Management

by Mahboobeh Golestanizadeh, Hadi Sarvari, Amirhossein Parishani, Nelson Akindele and David J. Edwards

Buildings 2025, 15(4), 621; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15040621 - 17 Feb 2025

Viewed by 349

Abstract

Business intelligence is a new approach to helping project managers and personnel to make correct, informed decisions through preparing a series of analytical reports in a management dashboard by analysing and mining all of the related project data. This study aimed to investigate [...] Read more.

Business intelligence is a new approach to helping project managers and personnel to make correct, informed decisions through preparing a series of analytical reports in a management dashboard by analysing and mining all of the related project data. This study aimed to investigate the effect of business intelligence on the performance of construction projects in Iran through the mediating variable of project quality management. In contrast to prior research that has evaluated the aforementioned variables in isolation, the current study introduced a comprehensive structural model to investigate the interrelationships among business intelligence, quality management, and construction project performance. This study employed a descriptive–correlational methodology utilising structural equation modelling, involving a sample of 102 Iranian construction industry specialists recruited by convenience sampling. Data were gathered using standardised questionnaires and analysed with structural equation modelling (SEM) in Smart-PLS and regression analysis in the SPSS software. The SEM indicated that business intelligence significantly enhances construction project performance (β = 0.534, p < 0.01) and influences project quality management (β = 0.743, p < 0.01) and that project quality management positively affects construction project performance (β = 0.396, p < 0.01). Furthermore, project quality management exerts a slight mediating influence in this relationship, with the indirect effect calculated at 0.295 and the direct effect assessed at 0.534. The regression analysis revealed that the business intelligence variable’s dimensions (technical and managerial, financial and economic, and data and information management) can predict construction project performance, while the technical and managerial and financial and economic dimensions can predict project quality management. Implementing business intelligence technologies in construction project management enhances decision-making for managers and elevates project performance. This study’s findings suggest that managers and specialists should employ data analysis technologies and business intelligence systems to enhance project quality and performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Construction Management – Future Innovations, Methods, Techniques and Technologies)

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29 pages, 34281 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bio-Inspired Thin-Walled Straight and Tapered Tubes with Variable Designs Subjected to Multiple Impact Angles for Building Constructions

by Quanjin Ma, Nor Hazwani Mohd Yusof, Santosh Kumar Sahu, Yiheng Song, Nabilah Afiqah Mohd Radzuan, Bo Sun, Ahmad Yunus Nasution, Alagesan Praveen Kumar and Mohd Ruzaimi Mat Rejab

Buildings 2025, 15(4), 620; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15040620 - 17 Feb 2025

Viewed by 313

Abstract

Thin-walled structures are extensively utilized in construction because of their lightweight nature and excellent energy absorption efficiency, especially under dynamic loads. Improving the energy-absorbing performance of thin-walled structures by inspiring natural multi-cell designs is a sufficient approach. This paper investigates the energy-absorbing characteristics [...] Read more.

Thin-walled structures are extensively utilized in construction because of their lightweight nature and excellent energy absorption efficiency, especially under dynamic loads. Improving the energy-absorbing performance of thin-walled structures by inspiring natural multi-cell designs is a sufficient approach. This paper investigates the energy-absorbing characteristics of variable novel cross-section designs of thin-walled structures subjected to oblique impact loading. Straight and tapered types with seven cross-sectional designs of novel thin-walled structures were studied. The nonlinear ABAQUS/Explicit software 6.13 version was implemented to analyze the crashworthiness behaviors for the proposed variable cross-section designs under different loading angles. The crushing behaviors of the proposed thin-walled structures were examined for various wall thicknesses of 0.5 mm, 1.5 mm, and 2.5 mm and impact loading angles of 0°, 15°, 30°, and 45°. It was determined that the energy-absorbing characteristics of novel thin-walled structures can be efficiently controlled by varying two geometries and seven cross-section designs. A multi-criteria decision-making method (MCDM) using a complex proportional assessment method (COPRAS) was performed to select the optimum thin-walled structures with cross-section designs. It was shown that a tapered square thin-walled structure with 2.5 mm thickness had the best crashworthiness performances with energy absorption (EA) of 11.01 kJ and specific energy absorption (SEA) of 20.32 kJ/kg under a 30° impact angle. Moreover, the results indicated that the EA of the thin-walled structure decreased with the increase in the impact loading angle. In addition, with the increase in the impact loading angle, the peak crushing force (PCF) decreased and reflected the reduction in energy absorbed at a larger angle. The MCDM method in conjunction with the COPRAS method is proposed, it provides valuable insights for safer and more resilient building construction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Materials and Structures in Civil Engineering)

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