Study of Geopolymer Composites Based on Volcanic Ash, Fly Ash, Pozzolan, Metakaolin and Mining Tailing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Geopolymer Synthesis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. X-ray Diffraction Patterns of Geopolymers
3.2. FTIR Spectra
3.3. Compression Strength
4. Conclusions
- It has been shown that it is possible to use mixtures of natural waste (volcanic ash), hazardous solid waste (fly ash and mining tailings), natural material (pozzolan), and metakaolin as raw materials for the production of geopolymers. According to XRD and FTIR analysis, the final products are identified as geopolymer compounds. Additionally, it has been seen that the combination of precursor materials has an influence on the geopolymerization, and the variation trend of the amorphous phase contained in the geopolymers was detected by qualitative XRD analysis.
- The FTIR analysis revealed that the main band located in the range of 1014–1042 cm−1 proves geopolymerization related to Si-O-Si (Al) bonds and the increase in the amount of SiO2. The main band (related to N-A-S-H gel) shifts to a lower wavenumber. Additionally, it was observed that a change took place in the intensity and location in the range of 1417–1440 cm−1 of the groups related to the carbonate vibration which is probably detrimental to the mechanical properties that tend to cause cracks or micro-cracks on the geopolymer.
- The XRD analysis showed that the geopolymer composites have amorphous and semi-crystalline phases even in the raw materials that had crystalline phases. Among the four geopolymers, the GP(Pz-Vol) geopolymer had the highest amount of amorphous glassy phase, it has been seen that this promotes the development of the degree of geopolymerization and, therefore, the highest achieved mechanical strength. This is probably due to the unreacted phases that could act as microaggregates or fillers by reinforcing the geopolymer matrix, resulting in a compact and high-strength structure
- Additionally, a strong correlation was found between the strength values of the mortars and the SiO2/Al2O3 ratios obtained from the precursor mixtures. Thus, the compressive strength of the GP(Pz-Vol) reached values of 35.1 MPa, with this mixture having a value of 7.09 SiO2/Al2O3 ratio. This value obtained for GP(Pz-Vol) geopolymer is even higher than the reported for Portland cement mortar (29.36 ± 2.57 MPa), so this mortar could even show better values and applications.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Oxide | Vol | Fly | Pz | Mk | Mt |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SiO2 | 44.91 | 44.44 | 53.11 | 42.78 | 45.54 |
Al2O3 | 13.30 | 25.75 | 10.16 | 30.91 | 12.99 |
Fe2O3 | 6.67 | 4.54 | 1.49 | 0.06 | 9.25 |
CaO | 5.14 | 3.14 | 1.14 | 0.09 | 3.13 |
MgO | 3.55 | 1.27 | 0.25 | 0.00 | 2.96 |
K2O | 1.47 | 1.80 | 2.68 | 0.58 | 1.12 |
Na2O | 0.26 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
P2O5 | 0.37 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.24 | 0.12 |
SO3 | 0.36 | 0.54 | 0.09 | 0.24 | 0.89 |
TiO2 | 1.07 | 1.13 | 0.22 | 0.35 | 0.41 |
CuO | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.44 |
LOI * | 22.39 | 16.75 | 30.37 | 22.80 | 21.93 |
Formulation Label | SiO2 | Al2O3 | SiO2/Al2O3 | Solid/Liquid Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fly-Vol | 44.68 | 19.53 | 3.88 | 0.16 |
Pz-Vol | 49.01 | 11.73 | 7.09 | 0.16 |
Mk-Vol | 43.85 | 22.11 | 3.37 | 0.16 |
Mt-Vol | 44.91 | 13.15 | 5.73 | 0.16 |
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Churata, R.; Almirón, J.; Vargas, M.; Tupayachy-Quispe, D.; Torres-Almirón, J.; Ortiz-Valdivia, Y.; Velasco, F. Study of Geopolymer Composites Based on Volcanic Ash, Fly Ash, Pozzolan, Metakaolin and Mining Tailing. Buildings 2022, 12, 1118. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081118
Churata R, Almirón J, Vargas M, Tupayachy-Quispe D, Torres-Almirón J, Ortiz-Valdivia Y, Velasco F. Study of Geopolymer Composites Based on Volcanic Ash, Fly Ash, Pozzolan, Metakaolin and Mining Tailing. Buildings. 2022; 12(8):1118. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081118
Chicago/Turabian StyleChurata, Rossibel, Jonathan Almirón, María Vargas, Danny Tupayachy-Quispe, Jeniffer Torres-Almirón, Yosheff Ortiz-Valdivia, and Francisco Velasco. 2022. "Study of Geopolymer Composites Based on Volcanic Ash, Fly Ash, Pozzolan, Metakaolin and Mining Tailing" Buildings 12, no. 8: 1118. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081118
APA StyleChurata, R., Almirón, J., Vargas, M., Tupayachy-Quispe, D., Torres-Almirón, J., Ortiz-Valdivia, Y., & Velasco, F. (2022). Study of Geopolymer Composites Based on Volcanic Ash, Fly Ash, Pozzolan, Metakaolin and Mining Tailing. Buildings, 12(8), 1118. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081118