Monitoring Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Infestation in Soybean by Proximal Sensing
by
, , and
Pedro P. S. Barros
1,*,†, 
Inana X. Schutze
2,†,
Fernando H. Iost Filho
2
,
Pedro T. Yamamoto
2,
Peterson R. Fiorio
3 and
José A. M. Demattê
4 1
Civil Engineering College, University Federal of Uberlândia, Monte Carmelo Campus, Monte Carmelo, Minas Gerais 38500-000, Brazil
2
Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900, Brazil
3
Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900, Brazil
4
Department of Soil Science, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13418-900, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Co-first author, these authors contributed equally to this work.
Insects 2021, 12(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12010047
Submission received: 18 November 2020
/
Revised: 27 December 2020
/
Accepted: 4 January 2021
/
Published: 9 January 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Whitefly Management)
Simple Summary
The whitefly Bemisia tabaci has become a primary pest in soybean fields in Brazil over the last decades, causing losses in the yield. Its reduced size and fast population growth make monitoring a challenge for growers. The use of hyperspectral proximal sensing (PS) is a tool that allows the identification of arthropod infested areas without contact with the plants. This optimizes the time spent on crop monitoring, which is important for large cultivation areas, such as soybean fields in Brazilian Cerrado. In this study, we investigated differences in the responses obtained from leaves of soybean plants, non-infested and infested with Bemisia tabaci in different levels, with the aim of its differentiation by using hyperspectral PS, which is based on the information from many contiguous wavelengths. Leaves were collected from soybean plants to obtain hyperspectral signatures in the laboratory. Hyperspectral curves of infested and non-infested leaves were differentiated with good accuracy by the responses of the bands related to photosynthesis and water content. These results can be helpful in improving the monitoring of Bemisia tabaci in the field, which is important in the decision-making of integrated pest management programs for this key pest.
Abstract
Although monitoring insect pest populations in the fields is essential in crop management, it is still a laborious and sometimes ineffective process. Imprecise decision-making in an integrated pest management program may lead to ineffective control in infested areas or the excessive use of insecticides. In addition, high infestation levels may diminish the photosynthetic activity of soybean, reducing their development and yield. Therefore, we proposed that levels of infested soybean areas could be identified and classified in a field using hyperspectral proximal sensing. Thus, the goals of this study were to investigate and discriminate the reflectance characteristics of soybean non-infested and infested with Bemisia tabaci using hyperspectral sensing data. Therefore, cages were placed over soybean plants in a commercial field and artificial whitefly infestations were created. Later, samples of infested and non-infested soybean leaves were collected and transported to the laboratory to obtain the hyperspectral curves. The results allowed us to discriminate the different levels of infestation and to separate healthy from whitefly infested soybean leaves based on their reflectance. In conclusion, these results show that hyperspectral sensing can potentially be used to monitor whitefly populations in soybean fields.
Keywords:
glycine max; sampling; pest management; spectroradiometer
