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Review

Dwarf Galaxies in Focus: A Survey of Observational and Theoretical Studies

by
Komiljon Tillaboev
1,2,*,
Ikram Tadjibaev
1,3,
Kamolidin Mamadaliyev
3,
Dildor Otajonova
3,
Malokhat Atajonova
4 and
Bagzodbek Abdullayev
5
1
Department of Nuclear Physics and Astronomy, National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek, 4 University Str., Tashkent 100714, Uzbekistan
2
Tashkent State Medical University, Chirchik Branch, 7 Lomonosov Str., Chirchik 111718, Uzbekistan
3
Department of Applied Sciences in Primary Education, Chirchik State Pedagogical University, 104 A. Temur Str., Chirchik 111700, Uzbekistan
4
Department of Translation Theory and Practice, Urgench State University, 14 Khamid Alimjan Str., Urgench 200100, Uzbekistan
5
Andijan State Institute of Foreign Languages, 5 Bobirshokh Str., Andijan 170100, Uzbekistan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Galaxies 2025, 13(5), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies13050117
Submission received: 19 August 2025 / Revised: 4 October 2025 / Accepted: 17 October 2025 / Published: 21 October 2025
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Abstract

This paper presents provides a comprehensive survey of dwarf galaxies, which represent the most numerous and diverse systems in the Universe. We discuss their definitions and morphological classifications, emphasizing the unique properties that distinguish them from globular clusters and giant galaxies. Special attention is given to their formation and evolutionary processes in the framework of hierarchical structure formation and ΛCDM cosmology, including the role of environmental mechanisms and stellar feedback. Star formation histories are explored based on observations and simulations, highlighting both bursty and extended activity across different dwarf types. We further examine the crucial role of dark matter in shaping the dynamics and structure of dwarf galaxies, as well as the core–cusp and missing satellites problems. Finally, we summarize insights from numerical simulations and theoretical models, which provide a bridge between observations and cosmological predictions. This synthesis demonstrates that dwarf galaxies remain essential laboratories for testing galaxy formation theories and probing the nature of dark matter.
Keywords: dwarf galaxy; catalog; Universe; Local Group; Local Volume; galaxy; evolution; star formation; population; mass of galaxy; cosmology dwarf galaxy; catalog; Universe; Local Group; Local Volume; galaxy; evolution; star formation; population; mass of galaxy; cosmology

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MDPI and ACS Style

Tillaboev, K.; Tadjibaev, I.; Mamadaliyev, K.; Otajonova, D.; Atajonova, M.; Abdullayev, B. Dwarf Galaxies in Focus: A Survey of Observational and Theoretical Studies. Galaxies 2025, 13, 117. https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies13050117

AMA Style

Tillaboev K, Tadjibaev I, Mamadaliyev K, Otajonova D, Atajonova M, Abdullayev B. Dwarf Galaxies in Focus: A Survey of Observational and Theoretical Studies. Galaxies. 2025; 13(5):117. https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies13050117

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tillaboev, Komiljon, Ikram Tadjibaev, Kamolidin Mamadaliyev, Dildor Otajonova, Malokhat Atajonova, and Bagzodbek Abdullayev. 2025. "Dwarf Galaxies in Focus: A Survey of Observational and Theoretical Studies" Galaxies 13, no. 5: 117. https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies13050117

APA Style

Tillaboev, K., Tadjibaev, I., Mamadaliyev, K., Otajonova, D., Atajonova, M., & Abdullayev, B. (2025). Dwarf Galaxies in Focus: A Survey of Observational and Theoretical Studies. Galaxies, 13(5), 117. https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies13050117

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