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Volume 12
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Article

Smartphone-Based Body Location-Independent Functional Mobility Analysis in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: A Step towards Precise Medicine

by
Diogo Vila-Viçosa
1,
Mariana Leitão
2,
Raquel Bouça-Machado
2,3,
Filipa Pona-Ferreira
2,
Sara Alberto
1,
Joaquim J. Ferreira
2,3,4 and
Ricardo Matias
1,5,*
1
Kinetikos, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal
2
CNS—Campus Neurológico Sénior, 2560-280 Torres Vedras, Portugal
3
Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
4
Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
5
Physics Department & Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering (IBEB), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Pers. Med. 2022, 12(5), 826; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12050826
Submission received: 22 April 2022 / Revised: 13 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2022 / Published: 19 May 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Care Personalization in Parkinson Disease)
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Abstract

Ecological evaluation of gait using mobile technologies provides crucial information regarding the evolution of symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, the reliability and validity of such information may be influenced by the smartphone’s location on the body. This study analyzed how the smartphone location affects the assessment of PD patients’ gait in a free-living environment. Twenty PD patients (mean ± SD age, 64.3 ± 10.6 years; 9 women (45%) performed 3 trials of a 250 m outdoor walk using smartphones in 5 different body locations (pants pocket, belt, hand, shirt pocket, and a shoulder bag). A method to derive gait-related metrics from smartphone sensors is presented, and its reliability is evaluated between different trials as well as its concurrent validity against optoelectronic and smartphone criteria. Excellent relative reliability was found with all intraclass correlation coefficient values above or equal to 0.85. High absolute reliability was observed in 21 out of 30 comparisons. Bland-Altman analysis revealed a high level of agreement (LoA between 4.4 and 17.5%), supporting the use of the presented method. This study advances the use of mobile technology to accurately and reliably quantify gait-related metrics from PD patients in free-living walking regardless of the smartphone’s location on the body.
Keywords: Parkinson’s disease; digital health; inertial sensors; wearable technology; gait evaluation; spatiotemporal gait metrics Parkinson’s disease; digital health; inertial sensors; wearable technology; gait evaluation; spatiotemporal gait metrics

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MDPI and ACS Style

Vila-Viçosa, D.; Leitão, M.; Bouça-Machado, R.; Pona-Ferreira, F.; Alberto, S.; Ferreira, J.J.; Matias, R. Smartphone-Based Body Location-Independent Functional Mobility Analysis in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: A Step towards Precise Medicine. J. Pers. Med. 2022, 12, 826. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12050826

AMA Style

Vila-Viçosa D, Leitão M, Bouça-Machado R, Pona-Ferreira F, Alberto S, Ferreira JJ, Matias R. Smartphone-Based Body Location-Independent Functional Mobility Analysis in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: A Step towards Precise Medicine. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2022; 12(5):826. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12050826

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vila-Viçosa, Diogo, Mariana Leitão, Raquel Bouça-Machado, Filipa Pona-Ferreira, Sara Alberto, Joaquim J. Ferreira, and Ricardo Matias. 2022. "Smartphone-Based Body Location-Independent Functional Mobility Analysis in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: A Step towards Precise Medicine" Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 5: 826. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12050826

APA Style

Vila-Viçosa, D., Leitão, M., Bouça-Machado, R., Pona-Ferreira, F., Alberto, S., Ferreira, J. J., & Matias, R. (2022). Smartphone-Based Body Location-Independent Functional Mobility Analysis in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: A Step towards Precise Medicine. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 12(5), 826. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12050826

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