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Review

Diagnosis of Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens of Pneumonia

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
Diagnostics 2021, 11(12), 2287; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11122287
Submission received: 16 September 2021 / Revised: 9 November 2021 / Accepted: 26 November 2021 / Published: 7 December 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Concepts in Diagnosis of Pneumonia)

Abstract

Hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia that are caused by multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens represent a common and severe problem with increased mortality. Accurate diagnosis is essential to initiate appropriate antimicrobial therapy promptly while simultaneously avoiding antibiotic overuse and subsequent antibiotic resistance. Here, we discuss the main conventional phenotypic diagnostic tests and the advanced molecular tests that are currently available to diagnose the primary MDR pathogens and the resistance genes causing pneumonia.
Keywords: pneumonia; antimicrobial resistance; multidrug resistant bacteria; phenotypic tests; molecular assays pneumonia; antimicrobial resistance; multidrug resistant bacteria; phenotypic tests; molecular assays

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MDPI and ACS Style

Sfeir, M.M. Diagnosis of Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens of Pneumonia. Diagnostics 2021, 11, 2287. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11122287

AMA Style

Sfeir MM. Diagnosis of Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens of Pneumonia. Diagnostics. 2021; 11(12):2287. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11122287

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sfeir, Maroun M. 2021. "Diagnosis of Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens of Pneumonia" Diagnostics 11, no. 12: 2287. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11122287

APA Style

Sfeir, M. M. (2021). Diagnosis of Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens of Pneumonia. Diagnostics, 11(12), 2287. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11122287

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