The Beginning of Western Greek Amphorae Production in Western Sicily: Archaeometric and Archaeological Studies on 6th–5th Centuries BCE Amphorae Manufactured in Himera
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Archaeological Background and Aims
1.2. Archaeological Data on the Studied Amphorae Materials
1.3. Ceramic Raw Clays in Himera’s Territory
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Petrography
3.2. Chemistry
4. Discussion
5. Outlook for Further Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Discovery Site | Site Inventory | Inv. FACEM | Type | Fabric FACEM | Micro-Fabric | Dating | Chemistry | Figure |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Himera | W3647 | M 179/166 * | Randform 1 | HIM-A-1 | MPP-3 | 550–525 | X | Figure 3A,B |
Himera | RO1352 | M 179/150 | Randform 2 | HIM-A-1 | MPP-2 | 540–520 | X | Figure 3C |
Himera | W3433 | M 179/160 | Randform 3 | HIM-A-1 | MPP-3 | 520–500 | X | Figure 2A |
Himera | W8381 | M 179/171 | Randform 3 | HIM-A-1 | MPP-2 | 520–490 | X | |
Himera | W4257 | M 179/167 | Randform 3 | HIM-A-2 | MPP-2 | 510–480 | X | |
Himera | W198 | M 179/157 | Randform 3 | HIM-A-2 | MPP-1 | 510–480 | Figure 1C and Figure 3D | |
Himera | W2366A | M 179/377 | Randform 3 | HIM-A-2 | MPP-1 | 510–480 | ||
Himera | W962 | M 179/327 | Randform 3 | HIM-A-2 | MPP-1 | 510–480 | X | |
Himera | W4933 | M 179/162 | Randform 3 | HIM-A-2 | MPP-1 | 520–490 | Figure 3E,F | |
Himera | W2350 | M 179/159 | Randform 3 | HIM-A-2 | MPP-1 | 530–510 | X | |
Himera | W3992 | M 179/161 | Randform 3 | HIM-A-2 | MPP-1 | 520–480 | ||
Himera | W7678 | M 179/234 | Randform 3 | HIM-A-2 | MPP-2 | 510–490 | X | Figure 2B |
Himera | W373 | M 179/158 * | Randform 3 | HIM-A-1 | MPP-3 | 510–490 | Figure 4A,B | |
Himera | RO1555 | M 179/156 | Randform 3 | HIM-A-2 | MPP-1 | 510–490 | X | |
Himera | W4431 | M 179/230 * | Randform 7 | HIM-A-2 | MPP-1 | 420–409 | X | Figure 4C,D |
Himera | W1709 | M 179/163 * | Randform 7 | HIM-A-2 | MPP-1 | 420–409 | X |
Sample Code (Micro-Fabric) | Aplastic inclusions | Groundmass | Secondary Calcite | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Distribution | Sorting | Aplastic Grain Size Distribution | MGS (mm) | Packing (%) | Monomineralic Grains | Rock Fragments | Microfossils/Limestones/Micritic Clots | Clay Lumps | Optical Activity | Porosity | ||
M 179/156 (MPP-1) | MHo | Serial | coarse silt—very fine sand (rare) | 0.5(*) | <3% | Qtz (++), Qtz pol (r), Ms (+) | - | + | + | inactive | vugs, cast | + (**) |
M 179/157 (MPP-1) | MHo | Serial | coarse silt—very fine sand (sporadic) | 0.3 | 3–5% | Qtz (+++), Qtz pol (+), Ms (+), Kfs (r) | - | + | + | inactive | vugs, cast | + |
M 179/159 (MPP-1) | MHo | Serial | coarse silt—very fine sand (sporadic) | 0.4 (*) | <3% | Qtz (+++/++), Qtz pol (+), Ms (+), Kfs (+), Pl (r) | quartzsiltites (r) | + | + | inactive | cast | + (**) |
M 179/161 (MPP-1) | MHo | Serial | coarse silt—fine sand (rare) | 0.4 | 3–5% | Qtz (+++/++), Qtz pol (++/+), Ms (+), Pl (r) | quartzarenites/quartzsiltites (r) | +/r | + | inactive | vugs, cast | - |
M 179/162 (MPP-1) | MHo | Serial | coarse silt—medium sand (rare) | 0.4 | 3–5% | Qtz (++), Qtz pol (+), Ms (++/+), Kfs (r) | quartzsiltites (r) | r | + | inactive | vugs, cast | + |
M 179/163 (MPP-1) | MH | Serial | coarse silt—fine sand (rare) | 0.3 | 3–5% | Qtz (++), Qtz pol (+/r), Ms (+/r), Kfs (+/r) | quartzarenites/quartzsiltites (r) | + | + | inactive | vugs, cast | - |
M 179/230 (MPP-1) | Ho/MHo | Serial | coarse silt—fine sand (rare) | 0.3 | 3–5% | Qtz (+++), Qtz pol (++/+), Ms (++), Kfs (+), Pl (r) | - | + | + | inactive | vugs, cast | ++ |
M 179/234 (MPP-1) | MHo | Serial | coarse silt—medium sand (rare) | 0.6 | 3–5% | Qtz (+++), Qtz pol (++), Ms (+), Kfs (+) | quartzarenites/quartzsiltites (r) | r | + | inactive | vugs, cast | + |
M 179/327 (MPP-1) | MHo/He | Serial | coarse silt—fine sand (rare) | 0.4 | <3% | Qtz (++), Qtz pol (++/+), Ms (++), Kfs (+/r), Pl (r) | quartzarenites/quartzsiltites (r) | r | + | inactive | vugs, cast | + |
M 179/377 (MPP-1) | Ho/MHo | Serial | coarse silt—very fine sand (sporadic) | 0.15 | <3% | Qtz (++), Qtz pol (+), Ms (+), Kfs (r) | - | + | + | inactive | vugs, cast | + |
M 179/150 (MPP-2) | MHo | Serial | coarse silt—fine sand | 0.3 | 10–15% | Qtz (+++), Qtz pol (++), Ms (++/+), Kfs (+), Pl (+), Gl (r) | quartzarenites/quartzsiltites (r) | ++/+ | + | inactive | vugs, cast | ++/+++ |
M 179/167 (MPP-2) | MHo | Serial | coarse silt—medium sand | 0.8 | 10–15% | Qtz (+++), Qtz pol (++), Ms (++/+), Kfs (++/+), Pl (r) | acid crystalline rocks (r), quartzarenites/quartzsiltites (r) | + | + | inactive | vugs, cast | + |
M 179/171 (MPP-2) | MHo | Serial | coarse silt—very fine sand | 0.6 | 10–15% | Qtz (+++), Qtz pol (++/+), Ms (++/+), Kfs (++/+), Pl (r), | acid crystalline rocks (r), quartzarenites/quartzsiltites (r) | + | + | inactive | cast | + |
M 179/158 (MPP-3) | MHo/He | Serial/bimodal | coarse silt—coarse sand | 0.8 | 15–20% | Qtz (+++/++), Qtz pol (++/+), Ms (+), Kfs (++/+), Pl (+/r) | quartzarenites/acid crystalline rocks (+) | + | + | inactive | vugs, cast | + |
M 179/160 (MPP-3) | Ho/MHo | Bimodal | coarse silt—medium sand | 0.4 | 15–20% | Qtz (+++), Qtz pol (++), Ms (++), Kfs (++), Pl (r) | quartzarenites/quartzsiltites (r) | ++/+ | + | inactive | cast | + |
M 179/166 (MPP-3) | MH | Serial | coarse silt—medium sand | 0.5 | 15–20% | Qtz (+++), Qtz pol (++), Ms (++/+), Kfs (++/+), Pl (+/r) | quartzarenite/quartzsiltites (r), acid crystalline rocks (r) | ++/+ | ++ | inactive | vugs, cast | ++ |
Sample Code | Micro-Fabric | SiO2 (%) | Al2O3 (%) | Fe2O3 (%) | MnO (%) | MgO (%) | CaO (%) | Na2O (%) | K2O (%) | TiO2 (%) | P2O5 (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M 179/156 | MMP-1 | 56.63 | 19.31 | 7.61 | 0.06 | 3.24 | 8.69 | 0.97 | 2.29 | 1.01 | 0.18 |
M 179/159 | MMP-1 | 57.01 | 19.11 | 7.58 | 0.06 | 2.9 | 8.68 | 0.96 | 2.49 | 1.02 | 0.2 |
M 179/163 | MMP-1 | 56.67 | 19.28 | 7.7 | 0.06 | 2.8 | 8.93 | 1.08 | 2.27 | 1.00 | 0.2 |
M 179/230 | MMP-1 | 59.12 | 18 | 7.56 | 0.07 | 2.6 | 7.66 | 0.98 | 2.54 | 0.97 | 0.5 |
M 179/234 | MMP-1 | 58.32 | 19.2 | 7.57 | 0.06 | 2.59 | 7.23 | 1.05 | 2.78 | 1.03 | 0.18 |
M 179/327 | MMP-1 | 56.34 | 17.5 | 7.19 | 0.1 | 3.55 | 10.04 | 1.32 | 2.93 | 0.85 | 0.19 |
MEAN | 57.35 | 18.73 | 7.54 | 0.07 | 2.95 | 8.54 | 1.06 | 2.55 | 0.98 | 0.24 | |
M 179/150 | MPP-2 | 56.54 | 16.29 | 6.3 | 0.09 | 3.38 | 12.43 | 1.81 | 2.22 | 0.78 | 0.15 |
M 179/167 | MPP-2 | 61.45 | 16.92 | 7.00 | 0.06 | 2.52 | 7.49 | 1.13 | 2.38 | 0.89 | 0.16 |
M 179/171 | MPP-2 | 58.08 | 17.31 | 7.21 | 0.09 | 3.52 | 8.29 | 1.6 | 2.9 | 0.83 | 0.15 |
MEAN | 58.69 | 16.84 | 6.84 | 0.08 | 3.14 | 9.40 | 1.51 | 2.50 | 0.83 | 0.15 | |
M 179/160 | MPP-3 | 59.23 | 18.65 | 7.54 | 0.06 | 2.83 | 7.22 | 0.94 | 2.24 | 0.99 | 0.29 |
M 179/166 | MPP-3 | 57.46 | 16.89 | 6.51 | 0.08 | 3.11 | 10.5 | 1.59 | 2.87 | 0.8 | 0.17 |
MEAN | 58.35 | 17.77 | 7.03 | 0.07 | 2.97 | 8.86 | 1.27 | 2.56 | 0.90 | 0.23 | |
Sample Code | Micro-Fabric | V (ppm) | Ba (ppm) | Sr (ppm) | Zr (ppm) | Cu (ppm) | Zn (ppm) | Rb (ppm) | La (ppm) | Ce (ppm) | |
M 179/156 | MMP-1 | 140 | 978 | 388 | 193 | 40 | 130 | 100 | 49.9 | 100 | |
M 179/159 | MMP-1 | 136 | 482 | 360 | 202 | 40 | 120 | 110 | 47.5 | 95.2 | |
M 179/163 | MMP-1 | 144 | 347 | 399 | 196 | 30 | 120 | 75 | 45.7 | 90.9 | |
M 179/230 | MMP-1 | 136 | 387 | 378 | 204 | 40 | 120 | 117 | 45.8 | 91.1 | |
M 179/234 | MMP-1 | 138 | 291 | 363 | 200 | 30 | 110 | 115 | 44 | 87.9 | |
M 179/327 | MMP-1 | 123 | 516 | 467 | 155 | 40 | 110 | 115 | 38.9 | 78.8 | |
MEAN | 136 | 500 | 393 | 192 | 37 | 118 | 105 | 45.3 | 90.7 | ||
M 179/150 | MPP-2 | 116 | 811 | 454 | 161 | 40 | 100 | 72 | 37.2 | 75.7 | |
M 179/167 | MPP-2 | 114 | 341 | 342 | 229 | 30 | 100 | 94 | 37.3 | 75.5 | |
M 179/171 | MPP-2 | 117 | 446 | 399 | 173 | 40 | 120 | 114 | 40.3 | 81.3 | |
MEAN | 116 | 533 | 398 | 188 | 37 | 107 | 93 | 38.3 | 78 | ||
M 179/160 | MPP-3 | 127 | 523 | 355 | 192 | 30 | 120 | 91 | 43.1 | 88.2 | |
M 179/166 | MPP-3 | 113 | 579 | 425 | 159 | 30 | 90 | 109 | 36.8 | 74.2 | |
MEAN | 120 | 551 | 390 | 176 | 30 | 105 | 100 | 40.0 | 81.2 | ||
Sample Code | Published in | SiO2 (%) | Al2O3 (%) | Fe2O3 (%) | MnO (%) | MgO (%) | CaO (%) | Na2O (%) | K2O (%) | TiO2 (%) | P2O5 (%) |
Iato K480-type | [11] | 56.48 | 19.91 | 8.28 | 0.09 | 3.02 | 7.42 | 0.99 | 2.65 | 1.02 | 0.14 |
Terravecchia Fm-Western Sicily | [17] | 54.91 | 19.68 | 7.48 | 0.09 | 2.53 | 10.91 | 0.79 | 2.67 | 0.98 | 0.14 |
Terravecchia Fm-Western Sicily (Tortonian outcrops) | [17] | 57.50 | 20.08 | 8.17 | 0.09 | 2.43 | 7.23 | 0.74 | 2.58 | 1.07 | 0.16 |
Terravecchia Fm-Himera outcrop | [17] | 54.89 | 20.1 | 8.04 | 0.07 | 2.52 | 9.3 | 1.04 | 2.69 | 1.01 | 0.12 |
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Montana, G.; Randazzo, L.; Bechtold, B. The Beginning of Western Greek Amphorae Production in Western Sicily: Archaeometric and Archaeological Studies on 6th–5th Centuries BCE Amphorae Manufactured in Himera. Minerals 2020, 10, 762. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10090762
Montana G, Randazzo L, Bechtold B. The Beginning of Western Greek Amphorae Production in Western Sicily: Archaeometric and Archaeological Studies on 6th–5th Centuries BCE Amphorae Manufactured in Himera. Minerals. 2020; 10(9):762. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10090762
Chicago/Turabian StyleMontana, Giuseppe, Luciana Randazzo, and Babette Bechtold. 2020. "The Beginning of Western Greek Amphorae Production in Western Sicily: Archaeometric and Archaeological Studies on 6th–5th Centuries BCE Amphorae Manufactured in Himera" Minerals 10, no. 9: 762. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10090762