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Editorial

Water Resources Management Using High-Resolution Monitoring and Modelling

1
College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
2
China Institute of Hydropower and Water Research, Beijing 100048, China
3
Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Water 2023, 15(18), 3252; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15183252
Submission received: 4 August 2023 / Accepted: 1 September 2023 / Published: 13 September 2023
Water resources’ management at a high spatial and temporal resolution calls for data support at the relevant scales, which has long been hindered by the availability of high-resolution data. Thanks to the development of data acquisition, storage and processing techniques, the data acquisition and implementation have been enhanced to an unprecedented level. Data from new platforms, such as the GaoFen series from China, the Sentinel series from the EU and the Landsat series from the US, have become available, new approaches, such as AI, machine learning and Web of Things have been developed, and new platforms, such as the Google Earth Engine, have been utilized for water resources’ management at a much higher resolution than that of traditional research. This Special Issue addresses the use of new sensors and approaches for water resource management and ecohydrological modelling at a high resolution, and covers the following topics:
(1)
New sensor data for water resources’ management;
(2)
Novel approaches to extracting key ecohydrological variables;
(3)
High-resolution ecohydrological modelling;
(4)
AI models and approaches to monitor water disasters.
Field water use efficiency is an important parameter for evaluating the quality of field irrigation in irrigated areas, which directly affects the country’s food security and water resource allocation. The cosmic-ray neutron sensor (CRNS), time-domain reflectometers (TDR) and automatic weather stations (AWS) were used to monitor meteorological and hydrological data such as SM, atmospheric pressure, and precipitation in the experimental area of Jinghuiqu Irrigation District for three consecutive years [1].
River discharge is crucial to water resources’ development and ecological protection. Cai et al. [2], unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery was used to estimate river discharge at two river sections in the upper reaches of the Shiyang River in the eastern part of the Qilian Mountains based on the Manning formula. The estimated discharges at those two sections are 1.16 m3/s and 3.11 m3/s, respectively. Taking the discharges measured by an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) as the reference, the relative error of the estimates is below 5%, which is accurate for water resources’ management in mountain basin regions [2].
Flooding in urban streams can occur suddenly and cause major environmental and infrastructure destruction. With increasing urbanization, it is critical to understand how urban stream channels will respond to precipitation events to prevent catastrophic flooding. This study uses the Prophet time series machine learning algorithm to forecast hourly changes in water level in an urban stream, Hunnicutt Creek, Clemson, South Carolina (SC), USA. Bolick et al. [3] collected terrestrial Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data for Hunnicutt Creek to model these areas in 3D to illustrate how the predicted changes in water levels correspond to changes in water levels in the stream channel [3].
Ground validation of remote-sensing soil moisture requires ground measurements corresponding to the pixel scale. Song et al. [4] applied a measurement method of soil moisture using ground-penetrating radar (GPR) was proposed for the pixel scale. The authors used a PulseEKKOTM PRO GPR system with 250 MHz antennas to measure soil moisture by Fixed Offset (FO) method in four 30 × 30 m2 plots chosen from the desert steppe [4].
Ki et al. [5] mapped the recharge potential of the existing aquifers, making use of remote sensing and GIS techniques to make a validation based on chloride and tritium contents in the borehole water [5]. Ji et al. [6] proposed a method combining a pixel-level water index and image object detection. The method was tested using 2018/2019 multispectral 4 m resolution images obtained from the Chinese satellite Gaofen-2 across Beijing, China [6]. We propose a method to map spring irrigation areas using historical meteorological data, the main crop phenological characteristics, irrigation regimes, and MODIS land-surface temperature (LST) products [7]. Gui et al. [8] generated a new method for river channel extraction, which is based on the combination of Jenks natural breaks classification method and a digital elevation model (DEM); then, the river channel range is complemented by the water range monitored by GF-1(Gaofen-1 satellite) in flood season [8].
Combining geostatistical methods and GIS technology, the spatial variability and distribution pattern of soil moisture and the influencing factors of spatial variation and surface soil moisture (0–7 cm) on a typical karst shrub–grass hillslope were analyzed in this research [9]. Luo et al. [10] selected the Huajiang dry-hot valley region in southwest China as the research object, aiming to comprehend the soil calcium distribution characteristics of different altitudes and vegetation types in this karst dry-hot valley region [10].
Ro et al. [11] evaluated the effect of considering data intermittency and log-normality in simple Kriging applications [11].
These new research studies present the application of new sensor, UAV remote sensing and satellite remote sensing techniques in soil moisture monitoring, river discharge calculating, aquifer recharge assessment, urban stream flooding evaluations, etc. They will enlighten and provide help to hydrological scientists and water resources’ governors worldwide.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization and organization, H.L., W.S. and Y.L.; methodology, H.L. and W.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Chen, X.; Song, W.; Shi, Y.; Liu, W.; Lu, Y.; Pang, Z.; Chen, X. Application of Cosmic-Ray Neutron Sensor Method to Calculate Field Water Use Efficiency. Water 2022, 14, 1518. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Cai, M.; Gao, J.; Fan, X.; Liu, S.; Shen, W.; He, C. Estimation of River Discharge Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Based on Manning Formula for an Ungauged Alpine River in the Eastern Qilian Mountains. Water 2022, 14, 2100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Bolick, M.M.; Post, C.J.; Naser, M.Z.; Forghanparast, F.; Mikhailova, E.A. Evaluating Urban Stream Flooding with Machine Learning, LiDAR, and 3D Modeling. Water 2023, 15, 2581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Song, W.; Lu, Y.; Wang, Y.; Lu, J.; Shi, H. A Pixel-Scale Measurement Method of Soil Moisture Using Ground-Penetrating Radar. Water 2023, 15, 1318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Ki, I.; Chakroun, H.; Koussoube, Y.; Zouari, K. Assessment of Aquifer Recharge Potential Using Remote Sensing, GIS and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Combined with Hydrochemical and Isotope Data (Tamassari Basin, Burkina Faso). Water 2023, 15, 650. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Ji, Z.; Zhu, Y.; Pan, Y.; Zhu, X.; Zheng, X. Large-Scale Extraction and Mapping of Small Surface Water Bodies Based on Very High-Spatial-Resolution Satellite Images: A Case Study in Beijing, China. Water 2022, 14, 2889. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Lu, Y.; Song, W.; Tian, L.; Chen, X.; Gui, R.; Chen, L. A New Method to Map Spring Irrigated Areas Using MODIS LST Products and Ancillary Data in an Agricultural District of Northwest China. Water 2022, 14, 2628. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Gui, R.; Song, W.; Pu, X.; Lu, Y.; Liu, C.; Chen, L. A River Channel Extraction Method Based on a Digital Elevation Model Retrieved from Satellite Imagery. Water 2022, 14, 2387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Li, J.; Meng, X.; Li, H.; Gu, X.; Cai, X.; Li, Y.; Zhou, Q. Spatio-Temporal Heterogeneity of Soil Moisture on Shrub–Grass Hillslope in Karst Region. Water 2023, 15, 1868. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Luo, Y.; Shi, C.; Yang, S.; Liu, Y.; Zhao, S.; Zhang, C. Characteristics of Soil Calcium Content Distribution in Karst Dry-Hot Valley and Its Influencing Factors. Water 2023, 15, 1119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Ro, Y.; Yoo, C. Numerical Experiments Applying Simple Kriging to Intermittent and Log-Normal Data. Water 2022, 14, 1364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
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MDPI and ACS Style

Lou, H.; Song, W.; Lu, Y. Water Resources Management Using High-Resolution Monitoring and Modelling. Water 2023, 15, 3252. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15183252

AMA Style

Lou H, Song W, Lu Y. Water Resources Management Using High-Resolution Monitoring and Modelling. Water. 2023; 15(18):3252. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15183252

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lou, Hezhen, Wenlong Song, and Yang Lu. 2023. "Water Resources Management Using High-Resolution Monitoring and Modelling" Water 15, no. 18: 3252. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15183252

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