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Volume 13
Issue 11
10.3390/atmos13111827
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Article

Comparison of Atmospheric Turbulence Characteristics over Sea Surface and Land Surface before, during, and after Typhoons

by
Xueyan Bi
1,
Chao Lu
2,
Chunxia Liu
1,*,
Jian Huang
1,
Honglong Yang
2,
Zhongkuo Zhao
1 and
Qingtao Song
1
1
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Numerical Weather Prediction, Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou 510080, China
2
Shenzhen National Climate Observatory, Shenzhen 518038, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Atmosphere 2022, 13(11), 1827; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111827
Submission received: 24 August 2022 / Revised: 6 October 2022 / Accepted: 31 October 2022 / Published: 3 November 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eddy Covariance Methodology for Carbon, Water and Energy Exchanges)
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Abstract

The goal of the paper is to reveal discrepancies of turbulent variables over different surfaces (sea, island, land) based on the measurements taken on three towers during (including before and after) seven typhoon episodes from 2008 to 2018. The atmospheric stability, turbulent spectrum, friction velocity, turbulent kinetic energy, dissipative heating, and gust factor are examined. The similar turbulent characteristics over sea and on the island reinforce the previous conclusion that the turbulent measurements on the island mainly represent the sea surface. The turbulent characteristics over sea and on land are very different due to the different underlying surface roughness. The unstable (stable) condition dominates on the sea (land) surface. Turbulent spectra both over sea and on land follow the canonical Kolmogorov’s power law with the −5/3 slope. The cospectra on land are more peaked than those over sea. All of the friction velocity, turbulent kinetic energy, and dissipative heating increase with increasing 10 m wind speed, and those on land are much larger than those over sea. The distributions of gust factors widen and shift to higher on land than those over sea. The distributions of gust factors at heights of 10 m and 40 m are biased to higher values than those at heights of 160 m and 320 m on land.
Keywords: underlying surface; typhoon; atmospheric stability; turbulent spectra; turbulent kinetic energy; dissipative heating; gust factor underlying surface; typhoon; atmospheric stability; turbulent spectra; turbulent kinetic energy; dissipative heating; gust factor

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MDPI and ACS Style

Bi, X.; Lu, C.; Liu, C.; Huang, J.; Yang, H.; Zhao, Z.; Song, Q. Comparison of Atmospheric Turbulence Characteristics over Sea Surface and Land Surface before, during, and after Typhoons. Atmosphere 2022, 13, 1827. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111827

AMA Style

Bi X, Lu C, Liu C, Huang J, Yang H, Zhao Z, Song Q. Comparison of Atmospheric Turbulence Characteristics over Sea Surface and Land Surface before, during, and after Typhoons. Atmosphere. 2022; 13(11):1827. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111827

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bi, Xueyan, Chao Lu, Chunxia Liu, Jian Huang, Honglong Yang, Zhongkuo Zhao, and Qingtao Song. 2022. "Comparison of Atmospheric Turbulence Characteristics over Sea Surface and Land Surface before, during, and after Typhoons" Atmosphere 13, no. 11: 1827. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111827

APA Style

Bi, X., Lu, C., Liu, C., Huang, J., Yang, H., Zhao, Z., & Song, Q. (2022). Comparison of Atmospheric Turbulence Characteristics over Sea Surface and Land Surface before, during, and after Typhoons. Atmosphere, 13(11), 1827. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111827

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