Cells, Volume 9, Issue 11

Although papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) has a good prognosis, 20–90% of patients show metastasis to regional lymph nodes and 10–15% of patients show metastasis to distant sites. Metastatic disease represents the main clinical challenge...

Perlecan is an extracellular matrix molecule anchored to the sarcolemma by a dystrophin–glycoprotein complex. Perlecan-deficient mice are tolerant to muscle atrophy, suggesting that perlecan negatively regulates mechanical stress-dependent skel...

Autophagy is a “self-eating” process that engulfs cellular contents for their subsequent digestion in lysosomes to engage the metabolic need in response to starvation or environmental insults. According to the contents of degradation, aut...

Mammarenaviruses are a diverse genus of emerging viruses that include several causative agents of severe viral hemorrhagic fevers with high mortality in humans. Although these viruses share many similarities, important differences with regard to path...

Cytokinins (CKs) and ethylene (ET) are among the most ancient organic chemicals on Earth. A wide range of organisms including plants, algae, fungi, amoebae, and bacteria use these substances as signaling molecules to regulate cellular processes. Beca...

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is characterized by a poor 5 year survival and varying response rates to both standard-of-care and new treatments. Despite advances in medicine and treatment methods, mortality rates have hardly decreased...

The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, with more than 50 million cases reported globally. Findings have consistently identified an increased severity...

Podoplanin (PDPN), a small transmembrane mucin-like glycoprotein, is ectopically expressed on tumor cells. PDPN is known to be linked with several aspects of tumor malignancies in certain types of human and canine tumors. Therefore, it is considered...

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) are involved in many cardiovascular disorders, including pulmonary hypertension (PH). The current review focuses on the role of the ANS and RAAS activation in PH and u...

The identification of the robust clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) associated endonuclease (Cas9) system gene-editing tool has opened up a wide range of potential therapeutic applications that were restricted by more...

Mitochondria represent the energy hub of cells and their function is under the constant influence of their tethering with other subcellular organelles. Mitochondria interact with the endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, cytoskeleton, peroxisomes, and nu...

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) is a malignant cancer originating in the lymphatic system with a 25–30% mortality rate. CHOP, consisting of cyclophosphamide (CPA), doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone, is a first-generation chemotherapy...

Nuclear shape modulates cell behavior and function, while aberrant nuclear morphologies correlate with pathological phenotype severity. Nevertheless, functions of specific nuclear morphological features and underlying molecular mechanisms remain poor...

Background: Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) has a crucial role in the cardiovascular diseases. Our previous study revealed that SIRT3 knockout (SIRT3KO) promoted cardiac pericyte–fibroblast transition. In this study, we investigated the involvement of pericy...

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men, causing considerable morbidity and mortality. The P2X4 receptor (P2X4R) is the most ubiquitously expressed P2X receptor in mammals and is positively associated with tumorigenesis i...

The molecular pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is complex due to the high rate of genomic heterogeneity. Significant advances have been made in the last decade which elucidated the landscape of molecular alterations (cytogenetic abnorma...

KRAS mutations are found in approximately one third of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. In this study, we aim to investigate whether KRAS G12/G13 mutant allele fraction (MAF) in cell-free DNA (cfDNA) can provide meaningful prognostic info...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, affecting millions of people worldwide. Unfortunately, none of the current treatments are effective at improving cognitive function in AD patients and, therefore, there is an urgent...

Obesity and type-2 diabetes trends continue to worsen in the United States. Dietary anthocyanins (typically provided by berries and other fruits) are reported to have protective effects against both conditions using a variety of experimental research...

Eosinophils play a role in many chronic lung diseases. In lung transplantation (LTx), increased eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was associated with worse outcomes. However, the effect of peripheral blood eosinophilia after LTx has not bee...

Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by irreversible cell damage, loss of neuronal cells and limited regeneration potential of the adult nervous system. Pluripotent stem cells are capable of differentiating into the multitude of cell types th...

EGFR and some of the cognate ligands extensively traffic in extracellular vesicles (EVs) from different biogenesis pathways. EGFR belongs to a family of four homologous tyrosine kinase receptors (TKRs). This family are one of the major drivers of can...

The amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) is a ubiquitous membrane protein often associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Despite its role in the development of the pathogenesis, APP exerts several physio...

The inner membranes of mitochondria contain several types of K⁺ channels, which modulate the membrane potential of the organelle and contribute in this way to cytoprotection and the regulation of cell death. To better study the causal relationship be...

SARS-CoV-2 induced the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, the most significant medical challenge in the last century. COVID-19 is associated with notable increases in morbidity and death worldwide. Preexisting conditions, like cardiovascu...

Eukaryotic cytoplasmic ribosomes are highly structured macromolecular complexes made up of four different ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and 80 ribosomal proteins (RPs), which play a central role in the decoding of genetic code for the synthesis of new prote...

It has come to our attention that two images in Figure 2A (100%), and Figure 2C (GM) of the manuscript [...]

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in social communication and social interaction, and the presence of repetitive behaviors and/or restricted interests. In the past few years, large-...

Background: Ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) is a technology that allows the re-evaluation of questionable donor lung before implantation and it has the potential to repair injured donor lungs that are otherwise unsuitable for transplantation. We hypoth...

The acid sphingomyelinase (ASM)/ceramide system exhibits a crucial role in the pathology of major depressive disorder (MDD). ASM hydrolyzes the abundant membrane lipid sphingomyelin to ceramide that regulates the clustering of membrane proteins via m...

Plants grow on soils that not only provide support for root anchorage but also act as a reservoir of water and nutrients important for plant growth and development. However, environmental factors, such as high salinity, hinder the uptake of nutrients...

Treatment of FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3)-internal tandem duplication (ITD)-positive acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains a challenge despite the development of novel FLT3-directed tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI); the relapse rate is still high...

The development of targeted therapies increases treatment options for metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients. There is a need for strong predictive and prognostic signatures to guide physicians in treating mCRPC patients. In...

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a multifactorial age-related movement disorder in which defects of both mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) have been reported. The unfolded protein response (UPR) has emerged as a key cellular dysfunctio...

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is one of the main biochemical components of the tumor microenvironment (TME), where it can promote tumor progression or tumor suppression depending on its concentration and on the specific ecto-nucleotidases and receptor...

Schwann cells play a crucial role in successful peripheral nerve repair and regeneration by supporting both axonal growth and myelination. Schwann cells are therefore a feasible option for cell therapy treatment of peripheral nerve injury. However, s...

Age-related changes in the human testis may include morphological alterations, disturbed steroidogenesis, and impaired spermatogenesis. However, the specific impact of cell age remains poorly understood and difficult to assess. Testicular peritubular...

The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a physiological process activated during early embryogenesis, which continues to shape tissues and organs later on. It is also hijacked by tumor cells during metastasis. The regulation of EMT has been...

Liquid biopsy is a rapidly emerging field due to an increasing number of oncogenic drivers and a better understanding of resistance mechanisms to targeted therapies in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The sensitivity of the most widely used blood-...

Zika virus (ZIKV) remains as a public health threat due to the congenital birth defects the virus causes following infection of pregnant women. Congenital microcephaly is among the neurodevelopmental disorders the virus can cause in newborns, and thi...

High-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and dedicated bioinformatics pipelines have synergized to identify an expansive repertoire of unique circular RNAs (circRNAs), exceeding 100,000 variants. While the vast majority of these circRNAs comprise can...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a class of short noncoding RNAs which regulate gene expression by targeting messenger RNA, inducing translational repression and messenger RNA degradation. This regulation of gene expression by miRNAs in adipose tissue (...

Cell-based therapeutics for cardiac repair have been extensively used during the last decade. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of adoptively transferred stem cells for enhancement of cardiac function. Nevertheless, several cell...

Liver cancer is one of the most common cancer worldwide with a high mortality. Methionine is an essential amino acid required for normal development and cell growth, is mainly metabolized in the liver, and its role as an anti-cancer supplement is sti...

The functioning of a cell at various organizational levels is determined by the interactions between macromolecules that promote cellular organelle formation and orchestrate metabolic pathways via the control of enzymatic activities. Although highly...

Ion-exchange resins are commonly used to manage complications of chronic kidney disease, such as hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia, and hypercholesterolemia. Occasionally, these drugs can irritate the gastrointestinal lining and cause life-threatening...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by aberrant amyloid-β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau aggregation. We have previously investigated the involvement of SEPTIN family members in AD-related cellular...

The main goal of this thematic issue was to bring both original research papers and reviews together to provide an insight into the rather broad topic of molecular biology of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) [...]

Induction of pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) by OCT4 (octamer-binding transcription factor 4), SOX2 (SR box 2), KLF4 (Krüppel-Like Factor 4), and MYC (cellular Myelocytomatosis, c-MYC or MYC) (collectively OSKM) is revolutionary, but very ineffici...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are incurable, devastating neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the formation and spreading of protein aggregates throughout the brain. Although the exact spreading mechanism i...