Next Article in Journal
Okadaic Acid Is at Least as Toxic as Dinophysistoxin-1 after Repeated Administration to Mice by Gavage
Next Article in Special Issue
A Colonic Organoid Model Challenged with the Large Toxins of Clostridioides difficile TcdA and TcdB Exhibit Deregulated Tight Junction Proteins
Previous Article in Journal
De Novo Assembly of Venom Gland Transcriptome of Tropidolaemus wagleri (Temple Pit Viper, Malaysia) and Insights into the Origin of Its Major Toxin, Waglerin
Previous Article in Special Issue
Bacteroides fragilis Enterotoxin Induces Autophagy through an AMPK and FoxO3-Pathway, Leading to the Inhibition of Apoptosis in Intestinal Epithelial Cells
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Toxins
Volume 15
Issue 10
10.3390/toxins15100586
toxins-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Protective Effects of Alginate and Chitosan Oligosaccharides against Clostridioides difficile Bacteria and Toxin

by
Maria Eleni Mavrogeni
1,†,
Mostafa Asadpoor
1,†,
Jo H. Judernatz
2,
Ingrid van Ark
1,
Marc M. S. M. Wösten
3,
Karin Strijbis
3,
Roland J. Pieters
4,
Gert Folkerts
1 and
Saskia Braber
1,*
1
Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
2
Structural Biochemistry Group, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
3
Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
4
Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Toxins 2023, 15(10), 586; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15100586
Submission received: 27 December 2022 / Revised: 1 September 2023 / Accepted: 12 September 2023 / Published: 22 September 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enterotoxins and Mucosal Pathomechanisms)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

Clostridioides difficile infection is expected to become the most common healthcare-associated infection worldwide. C. difficile-induced pathogenicity is significantly attributed to its enterotoxin, TcdA, which primarily targets Rho-GTPases involved in regulating cytoskeletal and tight junction (TJ) dynamics, thus leading to cytoskeleton breakdown and ultimately increased intestinal permeability. This study investigated whether two non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDOs), alginate (AOS) and chitosan (COS) oligosaccharides, possess antipathogenic and barrier-protective properties against C. difficile bacteria and TcdA toxin, respectively. Both NDOs significantly reduced C. difficile growth, while cell cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that neither COS nor AOS significantly attenuated the TcdA-induced cell death 24 h post-exposure. The challenge of Caco-2 monolayers with increasing TcdA concentrations increased paracellular permeability, as measured by TEER and LY flux assays. In this experimental setup, COS completely abolished, and AOS mitigated, the deleterious effects of TcdA on the monolayer’s integrity. These events were not accompanied by alterations in ZO-1 and occludin protein levels; however, immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that both AOS and COS prevented the TcdA-induced occludin mislocalization. Finally, both NDOs accelerated TJ reassembly upon a calcium-switch assay. Overall, this study established the antipathogenic and barrier-protective capacity of AOS and COS against C. difficile and its toxin, TcdA, while revealing their ability to promote TJ reassembly in Caco-2 cells.
Keywords: C. difficile; TcdA; AOS; COS; intestinal epithelial barrier; TJs; TEER; LY; calcium-switch assay C. difficile; TcdA; AOS; COS; intestinal epithelial barrier; TJs; TEER; LY; calcium-switch assay

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Mavrogeni, M.E.; Asadpoor, M.; Judernatz, J.H.; van Ark, I.; Wösten, M.M.S.M.; Strijbis, K.; Pieters, R.J.; Folkerts, G.; Braber, S. Protective Effects of Alginate and Chitosan Oligosaccharides against Clostridioides difficile Bacteria and Toxin. Toxins 2023, 15, 586. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15100586

AMA Style

Mavrogeni ME, Asadpoor M, Judernatz JH, van Ark I, Wösten MMSM, Strijbis K, Pieters RJ, Folkerts G, Braber S. Protective Effects of Alginate and Chitosan Oligosaccharides against Clostridioides difficile Bacteria and Toxin. Toxins. 2023; 15(10):586. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15100586

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mavrogeni, Maria Eleni, Mostafa Asadpoor, Jo H. Judernatz, Ingrid van Ark, Marc M. S. M. Wösten, Karin Strijbis, Roland J. Pieters, Gert Folkerts, and Saskia Braber. 2023. "Protective Effects of Alginate and Chitosan Oligosaccharides against Clostridioides difficile Bacteria and Toxin" Toxins 15, no. 10: 586. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15100586

APA Style

Mavrogeni, M. E., Asadpoor, M., Judernatz, J. H., van Ark, I., Wösten, M. M. S. M., Strijbis, K., Pieters, R. J., Folkerts, G., & Braber, S. (2023). Protective Effects of Alginate and Chitosan Oligosaccharides against Clostridioides difficile Bacteria and Toxin. Toxins, 15(10), 586. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15100586

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop