Nutrients

14 pages, 978 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rice and Bean Targets for Biofortification Combined with High Carotenoid Content Crops Regulate Transcriptional Mechanisms Increasing Iron Bioavailability

by Desirrê Morais Dias^1,*, Maria Eliza De Castro Moreira¹, Mariana Juste Contin Gomes¹, Renata Celi Lopes Toledo¹, Marilia Regini Nutti², Helena Maria Pinheiro Sant’Ana¹ and Hércia Stampini Duarte Martino¹

¹ Department of Nutrition and Health, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil

² EMBRAPA Food Technology, Rio de Janeiro 23020-470, Brazil

Nutrients 2015, 7(11), 9683-9696; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115488 - 23 Nov 2015

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 7496

Abstract

Iron deficiency affects thousands of people worldwide. Biofortification of staple food crops aims to support the reduction of this deficiency. This study evaluates the effect of combinations of common beans and rice, targets for biofortification, with high carotenoid content crops on the iron [...] Read more.

Iron deficiency affects thousands of people worldwide. Biofortification of staple food crops aims to support the reduction of this deficiency. This study evaluates the effect of combinations of common beans and rice, targets for biofortification, with high carotenoid content crops on the iron bioavailability, protein gene expression, and antioxidant effect. Iron bioavailability was measured by the depletion/repletion method. Seven groups were tested (n = 7): Pontal bean (PB); rice + Pontal bean (R + BP); Pontal bean + sweet potato (PB + SP); Pontal bean + pumpkin (PB + P); Pontal bean + rice + sweet potato (PB + R + P); Pontal bean + rice + sweet potato (PB + R + SP); positive control (Ferrous Sulfate). The evaluations included: hemoglobin gain, hemoglobin regeneration efficiency (HRE), gene expression of divalente metal transporter 1 (DMT-1), duodenal citocromo B (DcytB), ferroportin, hephaestin, transferrin and ferritin and total plasma antioxidant capacity (TAC). The test groups, except the PB, showed higher HRE (p < 0.05) than the control. Gene expression of DMT-1, DcytB and ferroportin increased (p < 0.05) in the groups fed with high content carotenoid crops (sweet potato or pumpkin). The PB group presented lower (p < 0.05) TAC than the other groups. The combination of rice and common beans, and those with high carotenoid content crops increased protein gene expression, increasing the iron bioavailability and antioxidant capacity. Full article

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11 pages, 533 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Increasing Awareness and Use of Iodised Salt in a Marginalised Community Setting in North-West Pakistan

by Nicola Lowe^1,*

, Elizabeth Westaway^1,†, Akhtar Munir^2,†, Saba Tahir^2,†, Fiona Dykes^3,†, Monique Lhussier^4,†, Mick McKeown^5,†, Michael Zimmerman^6,†, Maria Andersson^6,†, Sara Stinca^6,† and Mukhtiar Zaman⁷

¹ International Institute of Nutritional Sciences and Applied Food Safety Studies, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK

² Abaseen Foundation, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan

³ Maternal and Infant Nutrition and Nurture Unit (MAINN), University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK

⁴ Department of Public Health and Wellbeing, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE7 7XA, UK

⁵ School of Nursing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK

⁶ Human Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland

⁷ Khyber Teaching Hospital, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2015, 7(11), 9672-9682; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115490 - 23 Nov 2015

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 9421

Abstract

Iodine deficiency is still prevalent in parts of Pakistan, despite the introduction of a national Iodine Deficiency Disorder Control Programme in 1994. The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of the knowledge, attitudes and practice regarding the use of iodised [...] Read more.

Iodine deficiency is still prevalent in parts of Pakistan, despite the introduction of a national Iodine Deficiency Disorder Control Programme in 1994. The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of the knowledge, attitudes and practice regarding the use of iodised salt in a brick kiln community, and to use this information to design an intervention to increase its consumption. A cross-sectional survey was used to assess the use of iodised salt and focus group discussions explored the attitudes and barriers to its use. Thematically analysed transcripts informed the design of a 4-month intervention. Iodised salt sales and urine iodine concentration (UIC) were monitored to assess the effectiveness of the intervention. At baseline, 2.6% of households reported use of iodised salt and barriers included its higher cost and belief about a negative impact on reproduction. During the intervention, sales of salt labelled as iodised increased by 45%, however this was not reflected in an increase in UIC. This study highlighted the positive impact of education and awareness raising on iodised salt consumption in a hard to reach, marginalised community. However, issues regarding adequate iodisation by local producers and appropriate storage also need to be urgently addressed at a provincial level. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients and National Strategies to Impact Health)

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10 pages, 1458 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antidepressant Use is Associated with Increased Energy Intake and Similar Levels of Physical Activity

by Elsbeth Jensen-Otsu¹ and Gregory L. Austin^2,*

¹ Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA

² Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12631 E. 17th Ave., Room 7619, Aurora, CO 80045, USA

Nutrients 2015, 7(11), 9662-9671; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115489 - 20 Nov 2015

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 7288

Abstract

Antidepressants have been associated with weight gain, but the causes are unclear. The aims of this study were to assess the association of antidepressant use with energy intake, macronutrient diet composition, and physical activity. We used data on medication use, energy intake, diet [...] Read more.

Antidepressants have been associated with weight gain, but the causes are unclear. The aims of this study were to assess the association of antidepressant use with energy intake, macronutrient diet composition, and physical activity. We used data on medication use, energy intake, diet composition, and physical activity for 3073 eligible adults from the 2005–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Potential confounding variables, including depression symptoms, were included in the models assessing energy intake, physical activity, and sedentary behavior. Antidepressant users reported consuming an additional (mean ± S.E.) 215 ± 73 kcal/day compared to non-users (p = 0.01). There were no differences in percent calories from sugar, fat, or alcohol between the two groups. Antidepressant users had similar frequencies of walking or biking, engaging in muscle-strengthening activities, and engaging in moderate or vigorous physical activity. Antidepressant users were more likely to use a computer for ≥2 h/day (OR 1.77; 95% CI: 1.09–2.90), but TV watching was similar between the two groups. These results suggest increased energy intake and sedentary behavior may contribute to weight gain associated with antidepressant use. Focusing on limiting food intake and sedentary behaviors may be important in mitigating the weight gain associated with antidepressant use. Full article

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12 pages, 2082 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Resveratrol as a Bioenhancer to Improve Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Apigenin

by Jin-Ah Lee^†, Sang Keun Ha^†, EunJung Cho and Inwook Choi^*

¹ Research Group of Nutraceuticals for Metabolic Syndrome, Korea Food Research Institute, 1201-62, Anyangpangyoro, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 463-746, Korea

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2015, 7(11), 9650-9661; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115485 - 19 Nov 2015

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 9316

Abstract

The aim of this study was to improve the anti-inflammatory activities of apigenin through co-treatment with resveratrol as a bioenhancer of apigenin. RAW 264.7 cells pretreated with hepatic metabolites formed by the co-metabolism of apigenin and resveratrol (ARMs) in HepG2 cells were stimulated [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to improve the anti-inflammatory activities of apigenin through co-treatment with resveratrol as a bioenhancer of apigenin. RAW 264.7 cells pretreated with hepatic metabolites formed by the co-metabolism of apigenin and resveratrol (ARMs) in HepG2 cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). ARMs prominently inhibited (p < 0.05) the production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. Otherwise no such activity was observed by hepatic metabolites of apigenin alone (AMs). ARMs also effectively suppressed protein expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Co-administration of apigenin (50 mg/kg) and resveratrol (25 mg/kg) also showed a significant reduction of carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice (61.20% to 23.81%). Co-administration of apigenin and resveratrol led to a 2.39 fold increase in plasma apigenin levels compared to administration of apigenin alone, suggesting that co-administration of resveratrol could increase bioavailability of apigenin. When the action of resveratrol on the main apigenin metabolizing enzymes, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), was investigated, resveratrol mainly inhibited the formation of apigenin glucuronides by UGT1A9 in a non-competitive manner with a K_i value of 7.782 μM. These results suggested that resveratrol helps apigenin to bypass hepatic metabolism and maintain apigenin’s anti-inflammatory activities in the body. Full article

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10 pages, 1048 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Supplementation Induces Changes in Cardiac miRNA Expression, Reduces Oxidative Stress and Left Ventricular Mass, and Improves Diastolic Function

by Bruna L. B. Pereira¹, Fernanda C. O. Arruda¹, Patrícia P. Reis², Tainara F. Felix², Priscila P. Santos¹, Bruna P. Rafacho¹, Andrea F. Gonçalves¹, Renan T. Claro¹, Paula S. Azevedo¹, Bertha F. Polegato¹, Katashi Okoshi¹, Ana A. H. Fernandes³, Sergio A. R. Paiva¹, Leonardo A. M. Zornoff¹ and Marcos F. Minicucci^1,*

¹ Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-970, Brazil

² Department of Surgery and Orthopedics, Botucatu Medical School, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-970, Brazil

³ Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-970, Brazil

Nutrients 2015, 7(11), 9640-9649; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115493 - 19 Nov 2015

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6938

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of tomato supplementation on the normal rat heart and the role of oxidative stress in this scenario. Male Wistar rats were assigned to two groups: a control group (C; n = 16), in [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of tomato supplementation on the normal rat heart and the role of oxidative stress in this scenario. Male Wistar rats were assigned to two groups: a control group (C; n = 16), in which animals received a control diet + 0.5 mL of corn oil/kg body weight/day, and a tomato group (T; n = 16), in which animals received a control diet supplemented with tomato +0.5 mL of corn oil/kg body weight/day. After three months, morphological, functional, and biochemical analyses were performed. Animals supplemented with tomato had a smaller left atrium diameter and myocyte cross-sectional area (CSA) compared to the control group (C group: 474 (415–539); T group: 273 (258–297) µm²; p = 0.004). Diastolic function was improved in rats supplemented with tomato. In addition, lipid hydroperoxide was lower (C group: 267 ± 46.7; T group: 219 ± 23.0 nmol/g; p = 0.039) in the myocardium of rats supplemented with tomato. Tomato intake was also associated with up-regulation of miR-107 and miR-486 and down-regulation of miR-350 and miR-872. In conclusion, tomato supplementation induces changes in miRNA expression and reduces oxidative stress. In addition, these alterations may be responsible for CSA reduction and diastolic function improvement. Full article

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7 pages, 655 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intakes of Calcium and Phosphorus and Calculated Calcium-to-Phosphorus Ratios of Older Adults: NHANES 2005–2006 Data

by Reuben Adatorwovor¹

, Kathy Roggenkamp¹ and John J. B. Anderson^2,*

¹ Departments of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7461, USA

² Departments of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7461, USA

Nutrients 2015, 7(11), 9633-9639; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115492 - 19 Nov 2015

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 8164

Abstract

Background: High intakes of dietary phosphorus (P), relative to calcium (Ca) intake, are associated with a lower calcium:phosphorus ratio (Ca:P) ratio which potentially has adverse health effects, including arterial calcification, bone loss, and death. A substantial percentage of older adults (50 to 70 [...] Read more.

Background: High intakes of dietary phosphorus (P), relative to calcium (Ca) intake, are associated with a lower calcium:phosphorus ratio (Ca:P) ratio which potentially has adverse health effects, including arterial calcification, bone loss, and death. A substantial percentage of older adults (50 to 70 and 71 plus years) who have a higher risk of fracture rate than younger adults typically have low intakes of dietary Ca that are dominated by higher intakes of dietary P from natural and fortified foods, and lower Ca:P ratios than desirable. Objective: This investigation was undertaken to examine Ca and P intakes and the resulting Ca:P ratios (by mass) across gender and older adult age groups, using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2006. Design: NHANES data are based on a cross-sectional sample of the non-institutionalized United States (US) population within various regions. This sample is selected to be representative of the entire US population at all ages. National Cancer Institute (NCI) methods and SAS survey procedures were used for analyses. Ca:P ratios were calculated using total Ca from both foods and supplements, whereas P intakes were calculated from food composition values and supplements. The amounts of P additives in processed foods are not available. Results: Mean Ca and P intakes demonstrated lower intakes of Ca and higher intakes of P compared to current Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs). The Ca:P ratios in older male and female adults were influenced by both low-Ca and high-P dietary consumption patterns. Conclusions: Both low total Ca intakes and high P amounts contribute to lower Ca:P ratios, i.e., ~0.7:1.0, in the consumption patterns of older adults than is recommended by the RDAs, i.e., ~1.5:1.0. Whether Ca:P ratios lower than recommended contribute to increased risk of bone loss, arterial calcification, and all-cause mortality cannot be inferred from these data. Additional amounts of chemical P additives in the food supply may actually reduce even further the Ca:P ratios of older adults of both genders, but, without P additive data from the food industry, calculation of more precise ratios from NHANES 2005–2006 data is not possible. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition for Older People)

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15 pages, 218 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cognitive Performance and Mood Following Ingestion of a Theacrine-Containing Dietary Supplement, Caffeine, or Placebo by Young Men and Women

by Daniel J. Kuhman, Keanan J. Joyner and Richard J. Bloomer^*

Cardiorespiratory/Metabolic Laboratory, School of Health Studies, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA

Nutrients 2015, 7(11), 9618-9632; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115484 - 19 Nov 2015

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 14681

Abstract

Theacrine is a purine alkaloid found primarily in the leaves of the Camellia Kucha plant and is now included within dietary supplements. To compare the effects of a theacrine-containing dietary supplement with caffeine and placebo on energy and mood, as well as objective [...] Read more.

Theacrine is a purine alkaloid found primarily in the leaves of the Camellia Kucha plant and is now included within dietary supplements. To compare the effects of a theacrine-containing dietary supplement with caffeine and placebo on energy and mood, as well as objective measures of cognitive performance, heart rate, and blood pressure, 10 healthy men (20.8 ± 0.7 years) and 10 healthy women (22.2 ± 1.1 years) ingested the dietary supplement TheaTrim (Purus Labs; containing a branded form of theacrine (Teacrine™) and caffeine (150 mg)), caffeine only (150 mg), or a placebo on three different days, separated by approximately one week. Before, and for up to 4 h following, ingestion of the assigned condition, subjects completed a subjective assessment of energy and mood, as well as tests of cognitive performance (trail making test (TMT), digit symbol substitution test (DSST)), and reaction time. Heart rate and blood pressure were measured. No condition or interaction effects were noted for TMT, DSST, or reaction time, despite a trend for improvement in selected variables with both TheaTrim and caffeine treatment. Condition effects or trends were noted for subjective feelings, with values for attentive, alert, focused, and energetic higher for TheaTrim than for placebo and caffeine, while values for lethargic and groggy were lower for TheaTrim than for placebo and caffeine. Heart rate and blood pressure were largely unaffected by treatment. These data indicate that TheaTrim treatment does not result in a statistically significant improvement in cognitive performance but may favorably impact multiple subjective feelings related to energy and mood. Full article

16 pages, 204 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nutrient Composition of Retail Samples of Australian Beef Sausages

by Judy Cunningham^1,†, Van Nguyen^2,†, Paul Adorno^3,† and Veronique Droulez^2,*,†

¹ 42 Caroline Street, Annerley 4103 QLD, Australia

² Meat & Livestock Australia, Locked Bag 991, North Sydney 2059 NSW, Australia

³ National Measurement Institute, 153 Bertie Street, Port Melbourne 3207 VIC, Australia

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2015, 7(11), 9602-9617; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115491 - 19 Nov 2015

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 6396

Abstract

Some nutrient data for beef sausages in Australia’s food composition table, NUTTAB 2010, is over 25 years old and may no longer reflect the composition of this popular food. To update this, 41 retail samples of fresh beef sausages were purchased in Melbourne, [...] Read more.

Some nutrient data for beef sausages in Australia’s food composition table, NUTTAB 2010, is over 25 years old and may no longer reflect the composition of this popular food. To update this, 41 retail samples of fresh beef sausages were purchased in Melbourne, Australia, in May 2015. Each purchase was analysed, uncooked, for moisture, protein and fat. Sausages were then grouped by fat content into one of three composites and analysed for a wide range of nutrients, before and after dry heat cooking, the most popular sausage cooking method. Fat content in raw sausages averaged 14.9 g/100 g, 30% lower than NUTTAB values, varying from 7.3 to 22.6 g/100 g. This indicates it is possible to formulate leaner sausages that meet consumer expectations and may qualify for certain nutrition labelling statements. Under current Australian labelling requirements, two low fat sausages contain sufficient protein, B12, niacin, phosphorus and zinc to qualify as a good source of these nutrients and sufficient iron, selenium and vitamin A to qualify as a source of these. Sodium levels are higher than fresh beef, ranging from 680 to 840 mg/100 g. These data will be used to update NUTTAB and support product labelling and consumer education. Full article

12 pages, 215 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inconsistency of Association between Coffee Consumption and Cognitive Function in Adults and Elderly in a Cross-Sectional Study (ELSA-Brasil)

by Larissa Fortunato Araújo¹, Luana Giatti¹, Rodrigo C. Padilha dos Reis¹

, Alessandra C. Goulart², Maria Inês Schmidt³, Bruce B. Duncan³, Mohammad Arfan Ikram⁴ and Sandhi Maria Barreto^1,*

¹ Research Group on Epidemiology on Chronic and Occupational Diseases (GERMINAL), School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30130-100, Brazil

² Center for Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Hospital Universitário, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil

³ Postgraduate Studies Program in Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 96203-900, Brazil

⁴ Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands

Nutrients 2015, 7(11), 9590-9601; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115487 - 19 Nov 2015

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 9205

Abstract

Background: Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages worldwide and the effect on cognition appears to be task specific and vary by age. Method: In cohort of 14,563 public service workers (35–74 years old) we assessed coffee consumption habits and examined cognitive [...] Read more.

Background: Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages worldwide and the effect on cognition appears to be task specific and vary by age. Method: In cohort of 14,563 public service workers (35–74 years old) we assessed coffee consumption habits and examined cognitive function using standardized neuropsychological test battery. By linear regression and generalize linear regression with logarithmic link and gamma distribution we investigated the relation of coffee consumption (never/almost never, ≤1 cup/day, 2–3 cups/day, ≥3 cups/day) in the last 12 months to performance on specific domains of cognition for adults and elderly separately. Results: Among elderly, after adjustments, coffee consumption was associated only with an increase in the mean words remembered on learning, recall, and word recognition tests when comparing the 2–3 cups/day to never/almost never category (arithmetic mean ratio (AMR): 1.03; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.00 to 1.07), and to an increase in the mean words pronounced in semantic verbal fluency test when comparing the ≥3 cups/day to never/almost never category (difference of the mean: 1.23; 95% CI: 0.16 to 2.29). However, coffee consumption was not associated with any cognitive function tests in adults and also was not associated with the phonemic verbal fluency test and trail-making test B in elderly. Conclusions: Results suggest that coffee consumption might be slightly beneficial to memory in elderly but lacks a dose response relationship. Longitudinal analyses are needed to investigate possible, even if subtle, positive effects of coffee drinking on specific cognitive domains in elderly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Beverage Consumption and Human Health)

17 pages, 615 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Ratio of Dietary Branched-Chain Amino Acids is Associated with a Lower Prevalence of Obesity in Young Northern Chinese Adults: An Internet-Based Cross-Sectional Study

by Yan-Chuan Li¹, Ying Li¹, Li-Yan Liu¹, Yang Chen¹, Tian-Qi Zi¹, Shan-Shan Du¹, Yong-Shuai Jiang², Ren-Nan Feng^1,* and Chang-Hao Sun^1,*

¹ Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China

² College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China

Nutrients 2015, 7(11), 9573-9589; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115486 - 18 Nov 2015

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 7849

Abstract

This study aims to examine the association between the ratio of dietary branched chain amino acids (BCAA) and risk of obesity among young northern Chinese adults. A total of 948 randomly recruited participants were asked to finish our internet-based dietary questionnaire for the [...] Read more.

This study aims to examine the association between the ratio of dietary branched chain amino acids (BCAA) and risk of obesity among young northern Chinese adults. A total of 948 randomly recruited participants were asked to finish our internet-based dietary questionnaire for the Chinese (IDQC). Associations between dietary BCAA ratio and prevalence of overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity were analyzed. Furthermore, 90 subjects were randomly selected to explore the possible mechanism. Dietary BCAA ratio in obese participants was significantly lower than non-obese participants. We found negative correlations between the ratio of dietary BCAA and body mass index (BMI) (r = −0.197, p < 0.001) or waist circumference (r = −0.187, p < 0.001). Compared with those in the first quartile, the multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI) of the 3rd and 4th quartiles of dietary BCAA ratio for overweight/obesity were 0.508 (0.265–0.972) and 0.389 (0.193–0.783), respectively (all p < 0.05). After stratification by gender, the significance still existed in the 3rd and 4th quartile in males and the 4th quartile in females. For abdominal obesity, the multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI) of the 3rd and 4th quartile of dietary BCAA ratio were 0.351 (0.145–0.845) and 0.376 (0.161–0.876), respectively (all p < 0.05). This significance was stronger in males. Further studies indicated that dietary BCAA ratio was inversely associated with 2-h postprandial glucose (2 h-PG) and status of inflammation. In conclusion, a higher ratio of dietary BCAA is inversely associated with prevalence of obesity, postprandial glucose and status of inflammation in young northern Chinese adults. Full article

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15 pages, 392 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Intake according to Gender and Education: A Twenty-Year Trend in a Swiss Adult Population

by Pedro Marques-Vidal^1,*, Eirini Rousi², Fred Paccaud², Jean-Michel Gaspoz³, Jean-Marc Theler³, Murielle Bochud²

, Silvia Stringhini² and Idris Guessous^2,3,4

¹ Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne 1010, Switzerland

² Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland

³ Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Department of Community Medicine, Primary Care and Emergency Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva 1205, Switzerland

⁴ Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA

Nutrients 2015, 7(11), 9558-9572; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115481 - 18 Nov 2015

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 8815

Abstract

We assessed trends in dietary intake according to gender and education using repeated cross-sectional, population-based surveys conducted between 1993 and 2012 in Geneva, Switzerland (17,263 participants, 52.0 ± 10.6 years, 48% male). In 1993–1999, higher educated men had higher monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), [...] Read more.

We assessed trends in dietary intake according to gender and education using repeated cross-sectional, population-based surveys conducted between 1993 and 2012 in Geneva, Switzerland (17,263 participants, 52.0 ± 10.6 years, 48% male). In 1993–1999, higher educated men had higher monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), carotene and vitamin D intakes than lower educated men, and the differences decreased in 2006–2012. In 1993–1999, higher educated women had higher fiber, iron, carotene, vitamin D and alcohol intakes than lower educated women, and the differences decreased in 2006–2012. Total energy, polyunsaturated fatty acids, retinol and alcohol intakes decreased, while mono/disaccharides, MUFA and carotene intake increased in both genders. Lower educated men had stronger decreases in saturated fatty acid (SFA) and calcium intakes than higher educated men: multivariate-adjusted slope and 95% confidence interval −0.11 (−0.15; −0.06) vs. −0.03 (−0.08; 0.02) g/day/year for SFA and −5.2 (−7.8; −2.7) vs. −1.03 (−3.8; 1.8) mg/day/year for calcium, p for interaction <0.05. Higher educated women had a greater decrease in iron intake than lower educated women: −0.03 (−0.04; −0.02) vs. −0.01 (−0.02; 0.00) mg/day/year, p for interaction = 0.002. We conclude that, in Switzerland, dietary intake evolved similarly between 1993 and 2012 in both educational groups. Educational differences present in 1993 persisted in 2012. Full article

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20 pages, 1560 KiB

Open AccessReview

New Insights into the Pros and Cons of the Clinical Use of Vitamin K Antagonists (VKAs) Versus Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs)

by Rick H. Van Gorp^1,2 and Leon J. Schurgers^1,*

¹ Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands

² Nattopharma ASA, 1363 Høvik, Norway

Nutrients 2015, 7(11), 9538-9557; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115479 - 17 Nov 2015

Cited by 69 | Viewed by 20220

Abstract

Vitamin K-antagonists (VKA) are the most widely used anticoagulant drugs to treat patients at risk of arterial and venous thrombosis for the past 50 years. Due to unfavorable pharmacokinetics VKA have a small therapeutic window, require frequent monitoring, and are susceptible to drug [...] Read more.

Vitamin K-antagonists (VKA) are the most widely used anticoagulant drugs to treat patients at risk of arterial and venous thrombosis for the past 50 years. Due to unfavorable pharmacokinetics VKA have a small therapeutic window, require frequent monitoring, and are susceptible to drug and nutritional interactions. Additionally, the effect of VKA is not limited to coagulation, but affects all vitamin K-dependent proteins. As a consequence, VKA have detrimental side effects by enhancing medial and intimal calcification. These limitations stimulated the development of alternative anticoagulant drugs, resulting in direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) drugs, which specifically target coagulation factor Xa and thrombin. DOACs also display non-hemostatic vascular effects via protease-activated receptors (PARs). As atherosclerosis is characterized by a hypercoagulable state indicating the involvement of activated coagulation factors in the genesis of atherosclerosis, anticoagulation could have beneficial effects on atherosclerosis. Additionally, accumulating evidence demonstrates vascular benefit from high vitamin K intake. This review gives an update on oral anticoagulant treatment on the vasculature with a special focus on calcification and vitamin K interaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitamin K and Vitamin K-Dependent Proteins in Relation to Human Health)

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15 pages, 2041 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Dietary Pattern Impact on Weight Status for Personalised Nutrition through On-Line Advice: The Food4Me Spanish Cohort

by Rodrigo San-Cristobal^1,†

, Santiago Navas-Carretero^1,2,†

, Carlos Celis-Morales³

, Lorraine Brennan⁴, Marianne Walsh⁴, Julie A. Lovegrove⁵

, Hannelore Daniel⁶, Wim H. M. Saris⁷, Iwonna Traczyk⁸, Yannis Manios⁹

, Eileen R. Gibney⁴

, Michael J. Gibney⁴

, John C. Mathers³

and J. Alfredo Martinez^1,2,10,*

¹ Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain

² CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain

³ Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK

⁴ UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland

⁵ Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AA, UK

⁶ Biochemistry Unit, ZIEL Research Center of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München, Munich 85354, Germany

⁷ Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht 6200MD, The Netherlands

⁸ National Food & Nutrition Institute (IZZ), Warsaw 02-903, Poland

⁹ Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens 17671, Greece

¹⁰ Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona 31008, Spain

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

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Nutrients 2015, 7(11), 9523-9537; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115482 - 17 Nov 2015

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 10657

Abstract

Obesity prevalence is increasing. The management of this condition requires a detailed analysis of the global risk factors in order to develop personalised advice. This study is aimed to identify current dietary patterns and habits in Spanish population interested in personalised nutrition and [...] Read more.

Obesity prevalence is increasing. The management of this condition requires a detailed analysis of the global risk factors in order to develop personalised advice. This study is aimed to identify current dietary patterns and habits in Spanish population interested in personalised nutrition and investigate associations with weight status. Self-reported dietary and anthropometrical data from the Spanish participants in the Food4Me study, were used in a multidimensional exploratory analysis to define specific dietary profiles. Two opposing factors were obtained according to food groups’ intake: Factor 1 characterised by a more frequent consumption of traditionally considered unhealthy foods; and Factor 2, where the consumption of “Mediterranean diet” foods was prevalent. Factor 1 showed a direct relationship with BMI (β = 0.226; r² = 0.259; p < 0.001), while the association with Factor 2 was inverse (β = −0.037; r² = 0.230; p = 0.348). A total of four categories were defined (Prudent, Healthy, Western, and Compensatory) through classification of the sample in higher or lower adherence to each factor and combining the possibilities. Western and Compensatory dietary patterns, which were characterized by high-density foods consumption, showed positive associations with overweight prevalence. Further analysis showed that prevention of overweight must focus on limiting the intake of known deleterious foods rather than exclusively enhance healthy products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

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15 pages, 965 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coleus forskohlii Extract Supplementation in Conjunction with a Hypocaloric Diet Reduces the Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome in Overweight and Obese Subjects: A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Hayley L. Loftus, Katie J. Astell, Michael L. Mathai and Xiao Q. Su^*

Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, P.O. BOX 14428 MCMC, Melbourne 8001, Australia

Nutrients 2015, 7(11), 9508-9522; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115483 - 17 Nov 2015

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 20862

Abstract

Limited studies have shown that Coleus forskohlii extract may aid in weight management. This randomized, double blind placebo-controlled clinical study assessed the effects of supplementation with C. forskohlii extract on key markers of obesity and metabolic parameters in overweight and obese individuals. Thirty [...] Read more.

Limited studies have shown that Coleus forskohlii extract may aid in weight management. This randomized, double blind placebo-controlled clinical study assessed the effects of supplementation with C. forskohlii extract on key markers of obesity and metabolic parameters in overweight and obese individuals. Thirty participants completed the trial and they were randomly assigned to receive either 250 mg of C. forskohlii extract (n = 15) or a placebo twice daily for 12 weeks. All participants were advised to follow a hypocaloric diet throughout the study. Body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumference, and waist to hip ratio, were monitored fortnightly. Dietary intake was assessed at the baseline and weeks 4, 8 and 12. Appetite was assessed using visual analogue scales and blood samples were analyzed for plasma lipids, ghrelin, leptin, glucose and insulin at the baseline and end of the intervention. Significant reductions to waist and hip circumference (p = 0.02; p = 0.01, respectively) were recorded in both experimental and placebo groups after the 12 week intervention. Furthermore, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly increased (p = 0.01) in both groups. The experimental group showed a favorable improvement in insulin concentration and insulin resistance (p = 0.001; 0.01 respectively) compared to the placebo group. These findings suggest that C. forskohlii extract in conjunction with a hypocaloric diet may be useful in the management of metabolic risk factors. Full article

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16 pages, 241 KiB

Open AccessReview

Impact of Maternal Diet on the Epigenome during In Utero Life and the Developmental Programming of Diseases in Childhood and Adulthood

by Ho-Sun Lee

Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert-Thomas, 69372 Cedex 08, France

Nutrients 2015, 7(11), 9492-9507; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115467 - 17 Nov 2015

Cited by 192 | Viewed by 14115

Abstract

Exposure to environmental factors in early life can influence developmental processes and long-term health in humans. Early life nutrition and maternal diet are well-known examples of conditions shown to influence the risk of developing metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular [...] Read more.

Exposure to environmental factors in early life can influence developmental processes and long-term health in humans. Early life nutrition and maternal diet are well-known examples of conditions shown to influence the risk of developing metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases, in adulthood. It is increasingly accepted that environmental compounds, including nutrients, can produce changes in the genome activity that, in spite of not altering the DNA sequence, can produce important, stable and, in some instances, transgenerational alterations in the phenotype. Epigenetics refers to changes in gene function that cannot be explained by changes in the DNA sequence, with DNA methylation patterns/histone modifications that can make important contributions to epigenetic memory. The epigenome can be considered as an interface between the genome and the environment that is central to the generation of phenotypes and their stability throughout the life course. To better understand the role of maternal health and nutrition in the initiation and progression of diseases in childhood and adulthood, it is necessary to identify the physiological and/or pathological roles of specific nutrients on the epigenome and how dietary interventions in utero and early life could modulate disease risk through epigenomic alteration. Full article

17 pages, 1178 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fat Quality Influences the Obesogenic Effect of High Fat Diets

by Raffaella Crescenzo¹, Francesca Bianco¹, Arianna Mazzoli¹, Antonia Giacco¹, Rosa Cancelliere¹, Giovanni Di Fabio²

, Armando Zarrelli^2,3

, Giovanna Liverini¹ and Susanna Iossa^1,*

¹ Department of Biology, Federico II University, Via Cinthia, 80138 Naples, Italy

² Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University, Via Cinthia, 80138 Naples, Italy

³ Inter-University Consortium SannioTech, Piazza San G. Moscati, 82030 Apollosa (BN), Italy

Nutrients 2015, 7(11), 9475-9491; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115480 - 16 Nov 2015

Cited by 45 | Viewed by 10894

Abstract

High fat and/or carbohydrate intake are associated with an elevated risk for obesity and chronic diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The harmful effects of a high fat diet could be different, depending on dietary fat quality. In fact, high fat diets [...] Read more.

High fat and/or carbohydrate intake are associated with an elevated risk for obesity and chronic diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The harmful effects of a high fat diet could be different, depending on dietary fat quality. In fact, high fat diets rich in unsaturated fatty acids are considered less deleterious for human health than those rich in saturated fat. In our previous studies, we have shown that rats fed a high fat diet developed obesity and exhibited a decrease in oxidative capacity and an increase in oxidative stress in liver mitochondria. To investigate whether polyunsaturated fats could attenuate the above deleterious effects of high fat diets, energy balance and body composition were assessed after two weeks in rats fed isocaloric amounts of a high-fat diet (58.2% by energy) rich either in lard or safflower/linseed oil. Hepatic functionality, plasma parameters, and oxidative status were also measured. The results show that feeding on safflower/linseed oil diet attenuates the obesogenic effect of high fat diets and ameliorates the blood lipid profile. Conversely, hepatic steatosis and mitochondrial oxidative stress appear to be negatively affected by a diet rich in unsaturated fatty acids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatty Acids in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes)

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22 pages, 1499 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Subtle Balance between Lipolysis and Lipogenesis: A Critical Point in Metabolic Homeostasis

by Chiara Saponaro^1,2, Melania Gaggini^1,3, Fabrizia Carli¹ and Amalia Gastaldelli^1,*

¹ Cardiometabolic Risk Unit, Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, via Moruzzi, 1 56124 Pisa, Italy

² Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy

³ Dipartimento di Patologia Chirurgica, Molecolare Medica e di Area Critica, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy

Nutrients 2015, 7(11), 9453-9474; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115475 - 13 Nov 2015

Cited by 405 | Viewed by 56130

Abstract

Excessive accumulation of lipids can lead to lipotoxicity, cell dysfunction and alteration in metabolic pathways, both in adipose tissue and peripheral organs, like liver, heart, pancreas and muscle. This is now a recognized risk factor for the development of metabolic disorders, such as [...] Read more.

Excessive accumulation of lipids can lead to lipotoxicity, cell dysfunction and alteration in metabolic pathways, both in adipose tissue and peripheral organs, like liver, heart, pancreas and muscle. This is now a recognized risk factor for the development of metabolic disorders, such as obesity, diabetes, fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The causes for lipotoxicity are not only a high fat diet but also excessive lipolysis, adipogenesis and adipose tissue insulin resistance. The aims of this review are to investigate the subtle balances that underlie lipolytic, lipogenic and oxidative pathways, to evaluate critical points and the complexities of these processes and to better understand which are the metabolic derangements resulting from their imbalance, such as type 2 diabetes and non alcoholic fatty liver disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatty Acids in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes)

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13 pages, 661 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Dietary Patterns and Atopic Dermatitis in Relation to GSTM1 and GSTT1 Polymorphisms in Young Children

by Jayong Chung¹, Sung-Ok Kwon¹, Hyogin Ahn¹, Hyojung Hwang¹, Soo-Jong Hong² and Se-Young Oh^1,*

¹ Department of Food & Nutrition, Research Center for Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea

² Department of Pediatrics, Childhood Asthma Atopy Center, Research Center for Standardization of Allergic Diseases, University of Ulsan College of Medicine 13, Gangdong-daero, Pungnap-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05535, Korea

Nutrients 2015, 7(11), 9440-9452; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115473 - 13 Nov 2015

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 8434

Abstract

Previous research suggests the association of glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene polymorphisms or diet, but no interactions between these factors in atopic dermatitis (AD). We conducted a community-based case-control study including 194 AD and 244 matched non-AD preschoolers. Glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1 [...] Read more.

Previous research suggests the association of glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene polymorphisms or diet, but no interactions between these factors in atopic dermatitis (AD). We conducted a community-based case-control study including 194 AD and 244 matched non-AD preschoolers. Glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) and T1 (GSTT1) present/null genotypes were evaluated uisng a multiplex PCR method. We measured dietary intakes by a validated food frequency questionnaire and constructed three dietary patterns such as “traditional healthy”, “animal foods”, and “sweets” diets. In stratified analyses by GST genotypes, the “traditional healthy” diet and reduced AD showed association only in the GSTM1-present group (odd ratio (OR) 0.31, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.13–0.75). A similar pattern of the association existed in the combined GSTM1/T1 genotype that indicated the inverse association between the “traditional healthy” diet and AD in the double GSTM1/T1-present genotype group (OR 0.24, 95% CI 0.06–0.93). Results from the multiplicative test analyses showed that the “traditional healthy” diet on reduced AD was significant or borderline significant in the GSTM1-present group (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.54–0.92 vs. GSTM1-null group) or the GSTM1/T1 double present group (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.39–1.03 vs. GSTM1/T1 double null group). These findings demonstrate that the present type of GSTM1 may increase susceptibility to the potential effect of the “traditional healthy” diet on AD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

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24 pages, 733 KiB

Open AccessReview

Impact of Nutrition on Cerebral Circulation and Cognition in the Metabolic Syndrome

by Laura Mellendijk^1,†, Maximilian Wiesmann^2,†

and Amanda J. Kiliaan^1,*

¹ Department of Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands

² Department of Anatomy & Geriatric Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2015, 7(11), 9416-9439; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115477 - 13 Nov 2015

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 12377

Abstract

The increasing prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), defined as the clustering of abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and hyperglycemia, appears to be driving the global epidemics cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Nutrition has a major impact on MetS and plays [...] Read more.

The increasing prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), defined as the clustering of abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and hyperglycemia, appears to be driving the global epidemics cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Nutrition has a major impact on MetS and plays an important role in the prevention, development, and treatment of its features. Structural and functional alterations in the vasculature, associated with MetS, might form the link between MetS and the increased risk of developing CVD and T2DM. Not only does the peripheral vasculature seem to be affected, but the syndrome has a profound impact on the cerebral circulation and thence brain structure as well. Furthermore, strong associations are shown with stroke, cognitive impairment, and dementia. In this review the impact of nutrition on the individual components of MetS, the effects of MetS on peripheral and cerebral vasculature, and its consequences for brain structure and function will be discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition in Cognitive Function)

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16 pages, 439 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dietary Intakes and Nutritional Issues in Neurologically Impaired Children

by Francesca Penagini^*, Chiara Mameli, Valentina Fabiano, Domenica Brunetti, Dario Dilillo and Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti

Pediatric Department, V. Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, via Castelvetro 32, 20154 Milan, Italy

Nutrients 2015, 7(11), 9400-9415; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115469 - 13 Nov 2015

Cited by 99 | Viewed by 15285

Abstract

Neurologically impaired (NI) children are at increased risk of malnutrition due to several nutritional and non-nutritional factors. Among the nutritional factors, insufficient dietary intake as a consequence of feeding difficulties is one of the main issues. Feeding problems are frequently secondary to oropharyngeal [...] Read more.

Neurologically impaired (NI) children are at increased risk of malnutrition due to several nutritional and non-nutritional factors. Among the nutritional factors, insufficient dietary intake as a consequence of feeding difficulties is one of the main issues. Feeding problems are frequently secondary to oropharyngeal dysphagia, which usually correlates with the severity of motor impairment and presents in around 90% of preschool children with cerebral palsy (CP) during the first year of life. Other nutritional factors are represented by excessive nutrient losses, often subsequent to gastroesophageal reflux and altered energy metabolism. Among the non-nutritional factors, the type and severity of neurological impairment, ambulatory status, the degree of cognitive impairment, and use of entiepileptic medication altogether concur to determination of nutritional status. With the present review, the current literature is discussed and a practical approach for nutritional assessment in NI children is proposed. Early identification and intervention of nutritional issues of NI children with a multidisciplinary approach is crucial to improve the overall health and quality of life of these complex children. Full article

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17 pages, 398 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Priori and a Posteriori Dietary Patterns during Pregnancy and Gestational Weight Gain: The Generation R Study

by Myrte J. Tielemans^1,2,*, Nicole S. Erler^1,3, Elisabeth T. M. Leermakers^1,2, Marion Van den Broek¹, Vincent W. V. Jaddoe^1,2,4, Eric A. P. Steegers⁵, Jessica C. Kiefte-de Jong^1,6 and Oscar H. Franco¹

¹ Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands

² The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands

³ Department of Biostatistics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands

⁴ Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands

⁵ Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands

⁶ Department of Global Public Health, Leiden University College the Hague, P.O. Box 13228, 2501 EE the Hague, The Netherlands

Nutrients 2015, 7(11), 9383-9399; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115476 - 12 Nov 2015

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 9730

Abstract

Abnormal gestational weight gain (GWG) is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. We examined whether dietary patterns are associated with GWG. Participants included 3374 pregnant women from a population-based cohort in the Netherlands. Dietary intake during pregnancy was assessed with food-frequency questionnaires. Three a [...] Read more.

Abnormal gestational weight gain (GWG) is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. We examined whether dietary patterns are associated with GWG. Participants included 3374 pregnant women from a population-based cohort in the Netherlands. Dietary intake during pregnancy was assessed with food-frequency questionnaires. Three a posteriori-derived dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis: a “Vegetable, oil and fish”, a “Nuts, high-fiber cereals and soy”, and a “Margarine, sugar and snacks” pattern. The a priori-defined dietary pattern was based on national dietary recommendations. Weight was repeatedly measured around 13, 20 and 30 weeks of pregnancy; pre-pregnancy and maximum weight were self-reported. Normal weight women with high adherence to the “Vegetable, oil and fish” pattern had higher early-pregnancy GWG than those with low adherence (43 g/week (95% CI 16; 69) for highest vs. lowest quartile (Q)). Adherence to the “Margarine, sugar and snacks” pattern was associated with a higher prevalence of excessive GWG (OR 1.45 (95% CI 1.06; 1.99) Q4 vs. Q1). Normal weight women with higher scores on the “Nuts, high-fiber cereals and soy” pattern had more moderate GWG than women with lower scores (−0.01 (95% CI −0.02; −0.00) per SD). The a priori-defined pattern was not associated with GWG. To conclude, specific dietary patterns may play a role in early pregnancy but are not consistently associated with GWG. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

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14 pages, 216 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Patterns during Pregnancy Are Associated with Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

by Dayeon Shin, Kyung Won Lee

and Won O. Song^*

Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, 469 Wilson Road, Trout FSHN Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA

Nutrients 2015, 7(11), 9369-9382; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115472 - 12 Nov 2015

Cited by 119 | Viewed by 14787

Abstract

Maternal dietary patterns before and during pregnancy play important roles in the development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We aimed to identify dietary patterns during pregnancy that are associated with GDM risk in pregnant U.S. women. From a 24 h dietary recall of [...] Read more.

Maternal dietary patterns before and during pregnancy play important roles in the development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We aimed to identify dietary patterns during pregnancy that are associated with GDM risk in pregnant U.S. women. From a 24 h dietary recall of 253 pregnant women (16–41 years) included in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2012, food items were aggregated into 28 food groups based on Food Patterns Equivalents Database. Three dietary patterns were identified by reduced rank regression with responses including prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), dietary fiber, and ratio of poly- and monounsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acid: “high refined grains, fats, oils and fruit juice”, “high nuts, seeds, fat and soybean; low milk and cheese”, and “high added sugar and organ meats; low fruits, vegetables and seafood”. GDM was diagnosed using fasting plasma glucose levels ≥5.1 mmol/L for gestation <24 weeks. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for GDM, after controlling for maternal age, race/ethnicity, education, family poverty income ratio, marital status, prepregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain, energy intake, physical activity, and log-transformed C-reactive protein (CRP). All statistical analyses accounted for the appropriate survey design and sample weights of the NHANES. Of 249 pregnant women, 34 pregnant women (14%) had GDM. Multivariable AOR (95% CIs) of GDM for comparisons between the highest vs. lowest tertiles were 4.9 (1.4–17.0) for “high refined grains, fats, oils and fruit juice” pattern, 7.5 (1.8–32.3) for “high nuts, seeds, fat and soybean; low milk and cheese” pattern, and 22.3 (3.9–127.4) for “high added sugar and organ meats; low fruits, vegetables and seafood” pattern after controlling for maternal sociodemographic variables, prepregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain, energy intake and log-transformed CRP. These findings suggest that dietary patterns during pregnancy are associated with risk of GDM after controlling for potential confounders. The observed connection between a high consumption of refined grains, fat, added sugars and low intake of fruits and vegetables during pregnancy with higher odds for GDM, are consistent with general health benefits of healthy diets, but warrants further research to understand underlying pathophysiology of GDM associated with dietary behaviors during pregnancy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Pattern and Health)

16 pages, 583 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Consumers’ Exposure to Nutrition and Health Claims on Pre-Packed Foods: Use of Sales Weighting for Assessing the Food Supply in Slovenia

by Igor Pravst^*

and Anita Kušar

Nutrition Institute, Tržaška cesta 40, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia

Nutrients 2015, 7(11), 9353-9368; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115474 - 12 Nov 2015

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 9544

Abstract

Insights into the use of health-related information on foods are important for planning studies about the effects of such information on the consumer’s understanding, purchasing, and consumption of foods, and also support further food policy decisions. We tested the use of sales data [...] Read more.

Insights into the use of health-related information on foods are important for planning studies about the effects of such information on the consumer’s understanding, purchasing, and consumption of foods, and also support further food policy decisions. We tested the use of sales data for weighting consumers’ exposure to health-related labeling information in the Slovenian food supply. Food labeling data were collected from 6342 pre-packed foods available in four different food stores in Slovenia. Consumers’ exposure was calculated as the percentage of available food products with particular food information in the food category. In addition, 12-month sales data were used to calculate sales weighted exposure as a percentage of sold food products with certain food information in the food category. The consumer’s in-store and sales-weighted exposure to nutrition claims was 37% and 45%, respectively. Exposure to health claims was much lower (13%, 11% when sales-weighted). Health claims were mainly found in the form of general non-specific claims or function claims, while children’s development and reduction of disease risk claims were present on only 0.1% and 0.2% of the investigated foods, respectively. Sales data were found very useful for establishing a reliable estimation of consumers’ exposure to information provided on food labels. The high penetration of health-related information on food labels indicates that careful regulation of this area is appropriate. Further studies should focus on assessing the nutritional quality of foods labeled with nutrition and health claims, and understanding the importance of such labeling techniques for consumers’ food preferences and choices. Full article

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16 pages, 4341 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ameliorating Effect of Akebia quinata Fruit Extracts on Skin Aging Induced by Advanced Glycation End Products

by Seoungwoo Shin¹

, Dahee Son¹, Minkyung Kim¹, Seungjun Lee¹, Kyung-Baeg Roh¹, Dehun Ryu¹, Jongsung Lee^2,*

, Eunsun Jung^1,* and Deokhoon Park¹

¹ Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Eines Platz 11th FL, 442-13 Sangdaewon Dong, Seoungnam City, Gyunggi Do 462-807, Korea

² Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-Ro, Jangan Gu, Suwon City, Gyunggi Do 164-19, Korea

Nutrients 2015, 7(11), 9337-9352; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115478 - 12 Nov 2015

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 9007

Abstract

The accumulation of free radicals and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in the skin plays a very important role in skin aging. Both are known to interact with each other. Therefore, natural compounds or extracts that possess both antioxidant and antiglycation activities might [...] Read more.

The accumulation of free radicals and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in the skin plays a very important role in skin aging. Both are known to interact with each other. Therefore, natural compounds or extracts that possess both antioxidant and antiglycation activities might have great antiageing potential. Akebia quinata fruit extract (AQFE) has been used to treat urinary tract inflammatory disease in traditional Korean and Chinese medicines. In the present study, AQFE was demonstrated to possess antioxidant and antiglycation activity. AQFE protects human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) from oxidative stress and inhibits cellular senescence induced by oxidative stress. We also found that AQFE inhibits glycation reaction between BSA and glucose. The antiglycation activity of AQFE was dose-dependent. In addition, the antiglycation activity of AQFE was confirmed in a human skin explant model. AQFE reduced CML expression and stimulated fibrillin-1 expression in comparison to the methyglyoxal treatment. In addition, the possibility of the extract as an anti-skin aging agent has also been clinically validated. Our analysis of the crow’s feet wrinkle showed that there was a decrease in the depth of deep furrows in RI treated with AQFE cream over an eight-week period. The overall results suggest that AQFE may work as an anti-skin aging agent by preventing oxidative stress and other complications associated with AGEs formation. Full article

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12 pages, 502 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Celiac Disease Genomic, Environmental, Microbiome, and Metabolomic (CDGEMM) Study Design: Approach to the Future of Personalized Prevention of Celiac Disease

by Maureen M. Leonard^1,2,*, Stephanie Camhi^1,2, Tania B. Huedo-Medina³ and Alessio Fasano^1,2

¹ Center for Celiac Research, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA

² Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA

³ Allied Health Sciences Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA

Nutrients 2015, 7(11), 9325-9336; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115470 - 11 Nov 2015

Cited by 56 | Viewed by 12778

Abstract

In the past it was believed that genetic predisposition and exposure to gluten were necessary and sufficient to develop celiac disease (CD). Recent studies however suggest that loss of gluten tolerance can occur at any time in life as a consequence of other [...] Read more.

In the past it was believed that genetic predisposition and exposure to gluten were necessary and sufficient to develop celiac disease (CD). Recent studies however suggest that loss of gluten tolerance can occur at any time in life as a consequence of other environmental stimuli. Many environmental factors known to influence the composition of the intestinal microbiota are also suggested to play a role in the development of CD. These include birthing delivery mode, infant feeding, and antibiotic use. To date no large-scale longitudinal studies have defined if and how gut microbiota composition and metabolomic profiles may influence the loss of gluten tolerance and subsequent onset of CD in genetically-susceptible individuals. Here we describe a prospective, multicenter, longitudinal study of infants at risk for CD which will employ a blend of basic and applied studies to yield fundamental insights into the role of the gut microbiome as an additional factor that may play a key role in early steps involved in the onset of autoimmune disease. Full article

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16 pages, 1438 KiB

Open AccessReview

Association of Dietary Vitamin A and β-Carotene Intake with the Risk of Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of 19 Publications

by Na Yu^*, Xinming Su, Zanfeng Wang, Bing Dai and Jian Kang

Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No.155 Nanjing North Street, He-ping District, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China

Nutrients 2015, 7(11), 9309-9324; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115463 - 11 Nov 2015

Cited by 67 | Viewed by 11375

Abstract

Whether dietary β-carotene and vitamin A intake protect against lung cancer risk is not clear. Therefore, we performed this meta-analysis to investigate the association between them. The related articles were searched using the databases PubMed and the Web of Knowledge up to May [...] Read more.

Whether dietary β-carotene and vitamin A intake protect against lung cancer risk is not clear. Therefore, we performed this meta-analysis to investigate the association between them. The related articles were searched using the databases PubMed and the Web of Knowledge up to May 2015. We used the random-effect model to estimate the relative risk (RR) and their 95% CI. Small-study effect was assessed using Egger’s test. In total, 19 studies comprising 10,261 lung cancer cases met the inclusion criteria. The pooled RR and their 95% CI was 0.855 (0.739–0.989) for higher category of dietary vitamin A intake and lung cancer risk, especially among Asian populations and in the cohort studies. Evidence from 18 studies suggested that higher category of dietary β-carotene intake could reduce lung cancer risk (0.768 (0.675–0.874)).The associations were also significant in American and Asian populations. In conclusions, higher category of dietary β-carotene and vitamin A intakes could reduce the risk of lung cancer. However, the dose-response analysis was not performed due to the limited data in each individual study. Due to this limitation, further studies with detailed dose, cases and person-years for β-carotene and vitamin A of each category are wanted to assess this dose-response association. Full article

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10 pages, 250 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Various Databases for Estimation of Dietary Polyphenol Intake in the Population of Polish Adults

by Anna M. Witkowska^1,*

, Małgorzata E. Zujko¹

, Anna Waśkiewicz², Katarzyna M. Terlikowska¹ and Walerian Piotrowski²

¹ Department of Food Commodities Science and Technology, Medical University, Szpitalna 37, Bialystok 15-295, Poland

² Department of Epidemiology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Institute of Cardiology, Niemodlińska 33, Warsaw 04-635, Poland

Nutrients 2015, 7(11), 9299-9308; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115464 - 11 Nov 2015

Cited by 54 | Viewed by 7855

Abstract

The primary aim of the study was to estimate the consumption of polyphenols in a population of 6661 subjects aged between 20 and 74 years representing a cross-section of the Polish society, and the second objective was to compare the intakes of flavonoids [...] Read more.

The primary aim of the study was to estimate the consumption of polyphenols in a population of 6661 subjects aged between 20 and 74 years representing a cross-section of the Polish society, and the second objective was to compare the intakes of flavonoids calculated on the basis of the two commonly used databases. Daily food consumption data were collected in 2003–2005 using a single 24-hour dietary recall. Intake of total polyphenols was estimated using an online Phenol-Explorer database, and flavonoid intake was determined using following data sources: the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) database combined of flavonoid and isoflavone databases, and the Phenol-Explorer database. Total polyphenol intake, which was calculated with the Phenol-Explorer database, was 989 mg/day with the major contributions of phenolic acids 556 mg/day and flavonoids 403.5 mg/day. The flavonoid intake calculated on the basis of the USDA databases was 525 mg/day. This study found that tea is the primary source of polyphenols and flavonoids for the studied population, including mainly flavanols, while coffee is the most important contributor of phenolic acids, mostly hydroxycinnamic acids. Our study also demonstrated that flavonoid intakes estimated according to various databases may substantially differ. Further work should be undertaken to expand polyphenol databases to better reflect their food contents. Full article

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14 pages, 1185 KiB

Open AccessReview

Lentil and Kale: Complementary Nutrient-Rich Whole Food Sources to Combat Micronutrient and Calorie Malnutrition

by Megan Migliozzi^1,†, Dil Thavarajah^1,*,†, Pushparajah Thavarajah^1,2 and Powell Smith^1,3

¹ Department of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, 270 Poole Agricultural Center, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA

² International College Beijing, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghua East Road, Beijing 10083, China

³ CUCES-Lexington County, 605 W. Main St. Ste. 109, Lexington, SC 29072, USA

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2015, 7(11), 9285-9298; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115471 - 11 Nov 2015

Cited by 64 | Viewed by 14395

Abstract

Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) is a nutritious food and a staple for millions of people. Not only are lentils a good source of energy, they also contain a range of micronutrients and prebiotic carbohydrates. Kale (Brassica oleracea v. acephala) has been [...] Read more.

Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) is a nutritious food and a staple for millions of people. Not only are lentils a good source of energy, they also contain a range of micronutrients and prebiotic carbohydrates. Kale (Brassica oleracea v. acephala) has been considered as a health food, but its full range of benefits and composition has not been extensively studied. Recent studies suggest that foods are enrich in prebiotic carbohydrates and dietary fiber that can potentially reduce risks of non-communicable diseases, including obesity, cancer, heart disease, and diabetes. Lentil and kale added to a cereal-based diet would enhance intakes of essential minerals and vitamins to combat micronutrient malnutrition. This review provides an overview of lentil and kale as a complementary nutrient-rich whole food source to combat global malnutrition and calorie issues. In addition, prebiotic carbohydrate profiles and the genetic potential of these crops for further micronutrient enrichment are briefly discussed with respect to developing sustainable and nutritious food systems. Full article

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20 pages, 1742 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pomegranate Peel Extract Prevents Bone Loss in a Preclinical Model of Osteoporosis and Stimulates Osteoblastic Differentiation in Vitro

by Mélanie Spilmont^1,2,3, Laurent Léotoing^1,2, Marie-Jeanne Davicco^1,2, Patrice Lebecque^1,2, Elisabeth Miot-Noirault⁴, Paul Pilet⁵, Laurent Rios³, Yohann Wittrant^1,2 and Véronique Coxam^1,2,*

¹ Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, UMR 1019, INRA, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France

² Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Université d'Auvergne, Clermont Université, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France

³ GREENTECH SA Biopôle Clermont-Limagne, F-63360 Saint-Beauzire, France

⁴ Imagerie Moléculaire et Thérapie Vectorisée, Université d'Auvergne, Clermont Université, UMR 990, INSERM, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France

⁵ Laboratoire d'Ingénierie Ostéo-Articulaire et Dentaire-LIOAD, Université de Nantes, UMR 791, INSERM, F-44042 Nantes, France

Nutrients 2015, 7(11), 9265-9284; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115465 - 11 Nov 2015

Cited by 65 | Viewed by 17616

Abstract

The nutritional benefits of pomegranate have attracted great scientific interest. The pomegranate, including the pomegranate peel, has been used worldwide for many years as a fruit with medicinal activity, mostly antioxidant properties. Among chronic diseases, osteoporosis, which is associated with bone remodelling impairment [...] Read more.

The nutritional benefits of pomegranate have attracted great scientific interest. The pomegranate, including the pomegranate peel, has been used worldwide for many years as a fruit with medicinal activity, mostly antioxidant properties. Among chronic diseases, osteoporosis, which is associated with bone remodelling impairment leading to progressive bone loss, could eventually benefit from antioxidant compounds because of the involvement of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of osteopenia. In this study, with in vivo and ex vivo experiments, we investigated whether the consumption of pomegranate peel extract (PGPE) could limit the process of osteopenia. We demonstrated that in ovariectomized (OVX) C57BL/6J mice, PGPE consumption was able to significantly prevent the decrease in bone mineral density (−31.9%; p < 0.001 vs. OVX mice) and bone microarchitecture impairment. Moreover, the exposure of RAW264.7 cells to serum harvested from mice that had been given a PGPE-enriched diet elicited reduced osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption, as shown by the inhibition of the major osteoclast markers. In addition, PGPE appeared to substantially stimulate osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity at day 7, mineralization at day 21 and the transcription level of osteogenic markers. PGPE may be effective in preventing the bone loss associated with ovariectomy in mice, and offers a promising alternative for the nutritional management of this disease. Full article

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9 pages, 479 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Multi-Center Assessment of Nutrient Levels and Foods Provided by Hospital Patient Menus

by Susan Trang¹, Jackie Fraser^2,†, Lori Wilkinson^2,†, Katherine Steckham², Heather Oliphant³, Heather Fletcher⁴, Roula Tzianetas² and JoAnne Arcand^1,5,*

¹ Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada

² Department of Food and Nutrition Services, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada

³ Department of Food and Nutrition Services, Hamilton Health Sciences Centre, Chedoke Site, Sanatorium Road, Hamilton, ON L9C 1C4, Canada

⁴ Department of Food and Nutrition Services, St. Michael’s Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada

⁵ Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe St. North Science Building, Rm 3016, Oshawa, ON L1H 7K4, Canada

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2015, 7(11), 9256-9264; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115466 - 11 Nov 2015

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 8302

Abstract

Diets of high nutritional quality can aid in the prevention and management of malnutrition in hospitalized patients. This study evaluated the nutritional quality of hospital patient menus. At three large acute care hospitals in Ontario, Canada, 84 standard menus were evaluated, which included [...] Read more.

Diets of high nutritional quality can aid in the prevention and management of malnutrition in hospitalized patients. This study evaluated the nutritional quality of hospital patient menus. At three large acute care hospitals in Ontario, Canada, 84 standard menus were evaluated, which included regular and carbohydrate-controlled diets and 3000 mg and 2000 mg sodium diets. Mean levels of calories, macronutrients and vitamins and minerals provided were calculated. Comparisons were made with the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) and Canada’s Food Guide (CFG) recommendations. Calorie levels ranged from 1281 to 3007 kcal, with 45% of menus below 1600 kcal. Protein ranged from 49 to 159 g (0.9–1.1 g/kg/day). Energy and protein levels were highest in carbohydrate-controlled menus. All regular and carbohydrate-controlled menus provided macronutrients within the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges. The proportion of regular diet menus meeting the DRIs: 0% for fiber; 7% for calcium; 57% for vitamin C; and 100% for iron. Compared to CFG recommended servings, 35% met vegetables and fruit and milk and alternatives, 11% met grain products and 8% met meat and alternatives. These data support the need for frequent monitoring and evaluation of menus, food procurement and menu planning policies and for sufficient resources to ensure menu quality. Full article

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Nutrients, Volume 7, Issue 11 (November 2015) – 56 articles

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