Coleus forskohlii Extract Supplementation in Conjunction with a Hypocaloric Diet Reduces the Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome in Overweight and Obese Subjects: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Participants and Randomization
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Anthropometry and Physiological Measurements
2.4. Biochemical Analyses of Metabolic Parameters
2.5. Appetite Assessment
2.6. Dietary Intake
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
Parameter | Experimental Group (n = 15) | Placebo Group (n = 15) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 40.9 ± 13.8 | 41.8 ± 14.2 | 0.9 |
Body weight (kg) | 90.9 ± 13.9 | 93.4 ± 21.2 | 0.9 |
Body mass index (kg/m²) | 31.9 ± 4.0 | 33 ± 6.4 | 0.7 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 105.4 ± 11.1 | 108.5 ± 17.8 | 0.8 |
Hip circumference (cm) | 112.7 ± 8.2 | 113.2 ± 12.0 | 0.8 |
Waist to hip ratio | 0.93 ± 0.08 | 0.96 ± 0.1 | 0.7 |
3.1. Anthropometric and Physiological Parameters
Parameter | Study Group | Baseline | Week 6 | Week 12 | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weight | Experimental | 89.5 ± 13.2 | 88.6 ± 12 | 88 ± 11.4 | Group | 0.3 |
(kg) | Placebo | 92.9 ± 21.2 | 92.2 ± 20.5 | 91.5 ± 21 | Time | 0.3 |
Interaction | 1 | |||||
BMI | Experimental | 31.8 ± 3.9 | 30.7 ± 3.6 | 30.4 ± 3.4 | Group | 0.7 |
(kg/m2) | Placebo | 32.8 ± 6.5 | 32.6 ± 6.4 | 32.2 ± 6.2 | Time | 0.1 |
Interaction | 1 | |||||
Waist | Experimental | 106.9 ± 11.7 | 103.6 ± 9.8 | 102.4 ± 11.3 | Group | 1.0 |
(cm) | Placebo | 106.1 ± 11.2 | 103.7 ± 11.6 | 102.6 ± 15 * | Time | 0.02 |
Interaction | 0.7 | |||||
Hip | Experimental | 112.3 ± 5.9 | 109.8 ± 5 | 108.9 ± 5.4 | Group | 0.3 |
(cm) | Placebo | 115.3 ± 13.2 | 113.8 ± 11.9 | 112.3 ± 12.6 * | Time | 0.01 |
Interaction | 0.6 | |||||
WHR | Experimental | 0.95 ± 0.09 | 0.94 ± 0.08 | 0.94 ± 0.08 | Group | 0.3 |
Placebo | 0.92 ± 0.08 | 0.91 ± 0.09 | 0.91 ± 0.08 | Time | 0.3 | |
Interaction | 0.8 | |||||
Systolic BP | Experimental | 125 ± 17 | 128 ± 13 | 125 ± 13 | Group | 0.3 |
(mmHg) | Placebo | 128 ± 13 | 132 ± 12 | 130 ± 10 | Time | 0.4 |
Interaction | 0.8 | |||||
Diastolic BP | Experimental | 79 ± 8 | 79 ± 9 | 77 ± 9 | Group | 0.6 |
(mmHg) | Placebo | 83 ± 8 | 80 ± 8 | 78 ± 10 | Time | 0.1 |
Interaction | 0.9 | |||||
Heart Rate | Experimental | 74 ± 13 | 75 ± 12 | 73 ± 13 | Group | 0.3 |
(bpm) | Placebo | 76 ± 14 | 73 ± 11 | 74 ± 12 | Time | 0.1 |
Interaction | 0.6 |
3.2. Metabolic Parameters
Parameter | Baseline | Week 12 | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) | Group | 0.9 | ||
Experimental | 5.3 ± 0.5 | 5.5 ± 1.0 | Time | 0.8 |
Placebo | 5.3 ± 1.0 | 5.5 ± 1.4 | Interaction | 1 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | Group | 0.2 | ||
Experimental | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 1.1 ± 0.7 | Time | 0.5 |
Placebo | 1.5 ± 1.0 | 1.4 ± 0.6 | Interaction | 0.8 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | Group | 0.9 | ||
Experimental | 4.1 ± 1.2 | 3.7 ± 0.9 | Time | 0.08 |
Placebo | 4.1 ± 1.1 | 4.5 ± 0.7 | Interaction | 0.9 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | Group | 0.4 | ||
Experimental | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.5 * | Time | 0.01 |
Placebo | 1.1 ± 0.6 | 1.3 ± 0.5 * | Interaction | 0.7 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | Group | 0.6 | ||
Experimental | 2.76 ± 1.0 | 2.83 ± 1.0 | Time | 0.5 |
Placebo | 2.5 ± 1.7 | 2.8 ± 0.9 | Interaction | 0.7 |
HDL:LDL (mmol/L) | Group | 0.6 | ||
Experimental | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.5 ± 0.3 | Time | 0.7 |
Placebo | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.4 | Interaction | 0.9 |
Insulin (mU/L) | Group | 0.8 | ||
Experimental | 9.6 ± 5.7 | 6.1 ± 2.3 | Time | 0.2 |
Placebo | 6.8 ± 3.8 | 8.5 ± 4.1 | Interaction | 0.001 |
HOMA-IR | Group | 1 | ||
Experimental | 2.3 ± 1.5 | 1.5 ± 0.7 | Time | 0.5 |
Placebo | 1.4 ± 0.9 | 2.1 ± 1.4 | Interaction | 0.01 |
Ghrelin (pg/mL) | Group | 0.6 | ||
Experimental | 622 ± 127 | 647 ± 143 | Time | 0.4 |
Placebo | 643 ± 209 | 686 ± 208 | Interaction | 0.9 |
Leptin (pg/mL) | Group | 1 | ||
Experimental | 33938 ± 4117 | 38783 ± 3451 | Time | 0.8 |
Placebo | 36286 ± 5120 | 32701 ± 9609 | Interaction | 0.5 |
3.3. Dietary Intake and Physical Activity
Nutrient | Study Group | Week 1 | Week 4 | Week 8 | Week 12 | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Energy | Experimental | 8585 ± 2705 | 7717 ± 1784 | 6742 ± 1427 | 6726 ± 1306 | Group | 0.08 |
(kJ/day) | Placebo | 9161 ± 3316 | 7923 ± 1235 | 8660 ± 2172 | 8611 ± 1888 * | Time | 0.03 |
Interaction | 0.1 | ||||||
Protein | Experimental | 94 ± 31 | 97 ± 19 | 70 ± 12 | 77 ± 10 | Group | 0.02 |
(g/day) | Placebo | 105 ± 47 | 110 ± 40 | 107 ± 28 | 110 ± 37 | Time | 0.1 |
Interaction | 0.1 | ||||||
Carbohydrates | Experimental | 225 ± 62 | 200 ± 57 | 191 ± 53 | 179 ± 36 | Group | 0.5 |
(g/day) | Placebo | 238 ± 83 | 190 ± 41 | 220 ± 71 | 200 ± 70 * | Time | 0.04 |
Interaction | 0.4 | ||||||
Total fat | Experimental | 79 ± 43 | 66 ± 24 | 53 ± 13 * | 54 ± 14 | Group | 0.1 |
(g/day) | Placebo | 84 ± 39 | 71 ± 22 | 71 ± 31 * | 81 ± 21 * | Time | 0.02 |
Interaction | 0.2 | ||||||
Saturated fat | Experimental | 32 ± 18 | 23 ± 9 * | 20 ± 6 * | 23 ± 9 | Group | 0.8 |
(g/day) | Placebo | 32 ± 17 | 24 ± 7 * | 23 ± 12 * | 23 ± 7 * | Time | 0.01 |
Interaction | 0.2 | ||||||
Sodium | Experimental | 2703 ± 824 | 2518 ± 716 | 2571 ± 531 | 2628 ± 820 | Group | 0.8 |
(mg/day) | Placebo | 3072 ± 1272 | 2350 ± 532 | 2504 ± 877 | 2698 ± 624 | Time | 0.06 |
Interaction | 0.4 | ||||||
Alcohol | Experimental | 7 ± 19 | 0.3 ± 1 | 0.7 ± 2 | 1 ± 2 | Group | 0.8 |
(g/day) | Placebo | 7 ± 9 | 2 ± 4 | 2 ± 4 | 0.7 ± 2 | Time | 0.07 |
Interaction | 0.8 |
Parameter | Baseline | Week 12 | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Energy (kJ/day) | Group | 0.06 | ||
Experimental | 9012 ± 2944 | 6602 ± 1834 | Time | 1 |
Placebo | 9659 ± 2630 | 8011 ± 3339 | Interaction | 0.03 |
Protein (g/day) | Group | 0.06 | ||
Experimental | 108 ± 32 | 85 ± 25 | Time | 0.8 |
Placebo | 118 ± 40 | 106 ± 25 | Interaction | 0.3 |
Total fat (g/day) | Group | 0.1 | ||
Experimental | 92 ± 35 | 62 ± 27 | Time | 0.6 |
Placebo | 97 ± 32 | 83 ± 37 | Interaction | 0.04 |
Saturated fat (g/day) | Group | 0.1 | ||
Experimental | 36 ± 15 | 24 ± 10 | Time | 0.9 |
Placebo | 39 ± 15 | 31 ± 17 | Interaction | 0.04 |
Polyunsaturated fat (g/day) | Group | 0.1 | ||
Experimental | 14 ± 6 | 10 ± 5 | Time | 0.6 |
Placebo | 15 ± 6 | 13 ± 5 | Interaction | 0.07 |
Monounsaturated fat (g/day) | Group | 0.1 | ||
Experimental | 34 ± 13 | 23 ± 11 | Time | 0.5 |
Placebo | 35 ± 11 | 32 ± 14 | Interaction | 0.08 |
Cholesterol (mg/day) | Group | 0.01 | ||
Experimental | 339 ± 115 | 263 ± 83 | Time | 0.07 |
Placebo | 408 ± 147 | 388 ± 177 | Interaction | 0.9 |
Carbohydrates (g/day) | Group | 0.04 | ||
Experimental | 204 ± 77 | 146 ± 29 | Time | 0.7 |
Placebo | 223 ± 67 | 176 ± 45 | Interaction | 0.02 |
Fiber (g/day) | Group | 0.2 | ||
Experimental | 19 ± 6 | 18 ± 4 | Time | 0.4 |
Placebo | 24 ± 8 | 21 ± 7 | Interaction | 0.2 |
Alcohol (g/day) | Group | 0.9 | ||
Experimental | 12 ± 19 | 7 ± 12 | Time | 0.8 |
Placebo | 11 ± 11 | 6 ± 9 | Interaction | 0.4 |
3.4. Appetite Assessment
3.5. Safety and Adverse Events
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Loftus, H.L.; Astell, K.J.; Mathai, M.L.; Su, X.Q. Coleus forskohlii Extract Supplementation in Conjunction with a Hypocaloric Diet Reduces the Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome in Overweight and Obese Subjects: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2015, 7, 9508-9522. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115483
Loftus HL, Astell KJ, Mathai ML, Su XQ. Coleus forskohlii Extract Supplementation in Conjunction with a Hypocaloric Diet Reduces the Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome in Overweight and Obese Subjects: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients. 2015; 7(11):9508-9522. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115483
Chicago/Turabian StyleLoftus, Hayley L., Katie J. Astell, Michael L. Mathai, and Xiao Q. Su. 2015. "Coleus forskohlii Extract Supplementation in Conjunction with a Hypocaloric Diet Reduces the Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome in Overweight and Obese Subjects: A Randomized Controlled Trial" Nutrients 7, no. 11: 9508-9522. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7115483