Vitamin B12 Supplementation Adequacy in Australian Vegan Study Participants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample and Recruitment
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Data Preparation and Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Vitamin B12 Supplementation Practices of Australian Vegan Study Participants
3.2. Impact of Recalculations on Assessment of Adequacy of Supplemental Intake
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Single Oral Dose (mcg) | % Absorbed | Mean Estimated Amount Absorbed (mcg) a | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
0.5 | 90.5 | 0.43 | [39] |
71.0 | 0.36 | [38] | |
1.0 | 49.2 | 0.49 | [40] |
44.4 (MCb) | 0.44 | [40] | |
56 | 0.56 | [38] | |
2.5 | 50.4 | 1.26 | [42] |
5 | 20.4 | 1.02 | [40] |
18.8 (MCb) | 0.94 | [40] | |
28.0 | 1.4 | [38] | |
10 | 16.0 | 1.6 | [38] |
20 | 6.0 | 1.2 | [42] |
25 | 5.5 | 1.4 | [40] |
6.1 (MCb) | 1.6 | ||
50 | 3.0 | 1.5 | [39] |
500 | 2.0 | 10.0 | [18] |
1.6 (empty stomach) | 7.8 | [24] | |
1.0 with food | 4.8 | [24] | |
1000 | 1.2 | 12.0 | [24] |
Dose of Vitamin B12 (mcg) | Estimated Amount Absorbed Using Heinrich Equation (Our Calculations) |
---|---|
1 | 0.6 |
2 | 0.9 |
5 | 1.2 |
10 | 1.4 |
20 | 1.6 |
25 | 1.6 |
50 | 1.9 |
100 | 2.4 |
200 | 3.3 |
250 | 3.7 |
500 | 6.0 |
1000 | 10.5 |
2000 | 19.5 |
Step | Calculation |
---|---|
1 | From each participant’s stated highest dose vitamin B12 supplement, the amount absorbed from that dose was estimated, using the Heinrich equation above. |
2 | The amount from Step 1 was multiplied by the estimated number of times per month that the participant reported that they took this supplement, (e.g., if daily, it was multiplied by 30) and then divided by 30 to give an estimated average amount absorbed daily. |
3 | If the participant reported taking a second supplement containing vitamin B12, once again the dose and the “Heinrich equation” were used to estimate the average amount absorbed per day, as above. |
4 | The average daily amounts from Step 2 and 3 were summed to give a total estimated average amount absorbed per day. |
5 | To compare this amount to the EAR and RDI (which are based on 50% absorption), this amount was doubled. |
6 | To determine total intake to compare to the EAR and RDI, the amount from Step 5 was added to the estimated intake of vitamin B12 from food. |
Supplementation Practices | n | % of Whole Group (N = 1530) | % of Those Supplementing (N = 1131) |
---|---|---|---|
Frequency of Supplementation in past 3 months: | |||
never | 387 | 25.3 | - |
don’t know | 12 | 0.8 | - |
once a month or less | 72 | 4.7 | 6.4 |
2–3 times per month | 155 | 10.1 | 13.7 |
1–3 times per week | 402 | 26.3 | 35.6 |
4–6 times per week | 187 | 12.2 | 16.5 |
every day | 296 | 19.4 | 26.3 |
twice daily | 17 | 1.1 | 1.5 |
Type of supplement taken: | |||
Takes supplement containing vitamin B12 as only nutrient | 872 | 57.0 | 77.1 |
Takes multivitamin only | 150 | 9.8 | 13.3 |
Takes supplement containing vitamin B12 plus other nutrient/s | 110 | 7.2 | 9.7 |
Form of Supplement taken: | |||
Injections (cyanocobalamin or hydroxocobalamin) | 64 | 4.2 | 5.7 |
Oral supplement (liquid, tablet, capsule, lozenge) | 1067 | 69.7 | 94.3 |
Form of cobalamin (B12) taken | |||
Oral cyanocobalamin | 516 | 33.7 | 45.6 |
Oral hydroxocobalamin | 6 | 0.4 | 0.5 |
Oral adenosylcobalamin | 3 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
Oral methylcobalamin | 273 | 17.8 | 24.1 |
Don’t know/not answered | 318 | 20.8 | 28.1 |
Intake Calculated as Mean Intake/Day [1] | Intake Recalculated as Estimated Amount Absorbed | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
from Fortified Food [1] (n = 1530) | from Supplements (n = 1419) | Total B12 Intake (n = 1426) | from Supplements (n = 1409) | from Total Intake (n = 1416) | |
Intake Category | % of group (n) | % of group (n) | % of group (n) | % of group (n) | % of group (n) |
Intake = 0 | 2.1 (32) | 27.1 (385) | 0.6 (8) | 27.3 (385) | 0.6 (8) |
>0 < EAR | 81.8 (1252) | 3.9 (55) | 23.3 (330) | 22.5 (317) | 33.5 (475) |
>=EAR < RDI | 5.4 (82) | 0.6 (8) | 2.2 (31) | 1.2 (17) | 4.4 (63) |
Intake < RDI | 89.3 (1366) | 31.6 (448) | 26.1 (370) | 51.0 (719) | 38.6 (546) |
>=RDI < EFSA AI | 7.9 (121) | 2.1 (30) | 5.3 (75) | 9.6 (135) | 15.6 (221) |
>=EFSA AI | 2.8 (43) | 66.4 (942) | 68.6 (971) | 39.4 555 | 45.8 (649) |
Intake Meets RDI | 10.7 (164) | 68.5 (972) | 73.9 (1046) | 49.0 (690) | 61.4 (870) |
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Benham, A.J.; Gallegos, D.; Hanna, K.L.; Hannan-Jones, M.T. Vitamin B12 Supplementation Adequacy in Australian Vegan Study Participants. Nutrients 2022, 14, 4781. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224781
Benham AJ, Gallegos D, Hanna KL, Hannan-Jones MT. Vitamin B12 Supplementation Adequacy in Australian Vegan Study Participants. Nutrients. 2022; 14(22):4781. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224781
Chicago/Turabian StyleBenham, Amanda J., Danielle Gallegos, Katherine L. Hanna, and Mary T. Hannan-Jones. 2022. "Vitamin B12 Supplementation Adequacy in Australian Vegan Study Participants" Nutrients 14, no. 22: 4781. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224781