Application of a Small Baseline Subset Time Series Method with Atmospheric Correction in Monitoring Results of Mining Activity on Ground Surface and in Detecting Induced Seismic Events

The article presents the results of applying a Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) method to the monitoring of the influence of underground mining exploitation on terrain surface. Calculations were performed on the basis of two large SAR data sets. Calculations of time series additionally employed the Tymofyeyeva and Fialko empirical method for estimating atmospheric delay. A series of test calculations allowed verifying the potential of the method. The SBAS calculations were based on theoretical data prepared with the use of the Mogi model. This approach allowed simulating both underground mining exploitation and induced tremors. The results indicate that the model is useful in detecting sudden ground surface deformations. In such a situation, the image of a tremor can be observed in the atmospheric component. The actual data used in the analysis covered a region of underground copper ore extraction in southwest Poland. The calculations were based on SAR data obtained from the Sentinel 1A/B satellites, for the period between the end of 2014 and May 2018, from paths 22 and 73. In both cases, the total number of images exceeded 120. They served to calculate over 420 interferograms for each set. The results of ground surface displacements allowed precise identification of areas affected by underground mining activity. Over the acquisition period of six days, sufficient amount of SAR data was obtained to precisely monitor surface changes in the analyzed area. The employed empirical atmospheric delay reduction method was demonstrated to enable the detection of sudden ground surface changes due to mining tremors. This feature makes the method useful in detecting induced seismic events in areas characterized by intensive mining activity. It allows determining tremor locations in cases when acquisition dates are greater than the optimal value of 6–12 days (in the case of Sentinel 1A/B).