Tourism Value Chain Integration in a Fluvial Destination System: A Multi-Criteria Analysis of a Corridor in Colombia

Abstract

This study examines the tourism value chain of the Cartagena de Indias–Santa Cruz de Mompox river corridor in Colombia. The objective is to analyze how the corridor’s territorial configuration, prioritized nodes, and inventory of attractions contribute to strengthening the sustainable integration of destinations. The research is based on three questions: (RQ1) How is the corridor’s territorial configuration structured and refined? (RQ2) Which locations should be prioritized according to the multi-criteria evaluation? (RQ3) How do the attractions and industry trends influence opportunities for strengthening the sustainable value chain? A case study design combined document review, mapping, field validation, expert consultation, multi-criteria scoring, and stakeholder surveys. The findings reveal a spatially continuous but functionally uneven system. Central nodes, such as Cartagena and Mompox, show greater integration of attractions and services, while intermediate municipalities show untapped potential, limited by insufficient promotion and training. While infrastructure and basic services are positively assessed, governance coordination and marketing remain critically deficient. Trend analysis indicates high viability for heritage and nature tourism, while eco-innovation and well-being require gradual institutional and capacity development. This study provides a replicable framework that integrates territorial mapping, prioritization matrices, and attraction-based value chain analysis for sustainable tourism in corridors.

1. Introduction

The tourism sector comprises a wide range of economic, cultural, and recreational activities that complement other productive sectors, exerting a significant influence on both the local and global economy [1]. Tourism encourages interaction among multiple industries, creating a diverse economic ecosystem in which tourists and service providers both compete and collaborate. This dynamic strengthens the market for tourist experiences, where goods and services such as accommodation, food, and entertainment converge. Therefore, this sector is not only a driver of job creation but also promotes the integration of various value chains, thereby contributing to income redistribution and improved quality of life in local communities [2].

Tourist destinations face increasingly complex challenges stemming from accelerating innovation cycles, digital transformation, and evolving tourist expectations, which directly impact their competitiveness and sustainability as integrated territorial systems [3,4]. Unlike dynamics at the firm level, destination performance depends on the coordination of multiple actors, including tourism businesses, public authorities, local communities, and support institutions, the interactions of which shape the overall tourist experience. Destinations are not merely geographical spaces, but complex systems where value is co-created through the integration of services, infrastructure, governance mechanisms, and experiential attributes.

Tourism research has emphasized that tourists perceive destinations as unified entities rather than collections of isolated service providers, making destination-level analysis essential for understanding satisfaction, competitiveness, and development dynamics. According to [5], tourist satisfaction and performance must be conceptualized at the destination level, as it is at this scale that the cumulative experience is formed and evaluated. Therefore, the competitiveness of destinations depends not only on individual organizational capacities but also on the effective articulation of the destination’s value chain and the networks of key stakeholders.

Consequently, the value chain constitutes a strategic analytical framework for examining how value is generated, coordinated, and distributed in tourist destinations. Applied at the destination level, value chain analysis allows for the identification of key activities, stakeholders, and linkages that shape the tourist experience and influence sustainable territorial development [6,7].

Despite the growing body of research on tourism value chains and destination competitiveness, important gaps remain. From a theoretical perspective, limited attention has been given to integrating territorial-system approaches, destination-level value chain analysis, and attraction network dynamics within a unified framework. Much of the literature examines value chains at the firm level or focuses on isolated components of destinations without fully addressing how attractions function as structural nodes within multi-locality tourism corridors.

From a practical standpoint, many destinations with high cultural and natural potential face persistent challenges related to weak coordination among actors, insufficient promotion, limited local capacity building, and difficulties in aligning tourism development with sustainability objectives. In the Colombian context, and particularly along river-based tourism corridors, these challenges hinder the effective articulation of the tourism value chain and restrict equitable benefit distribution among local communities.

In response to these gaps, this study seeks to determine a tourist route of high cultural and natural value and to create an inventory of the tourist attractions located along it. To define these attractions, the components of tourism value are analyzed, allowing for the identification of the main available tourism resources and services. Therefore, this study is based on the following research questions: (RQ1) How can the territorial configuration of the Cartagena de Indias–Santa Cruz de Mompox river corridor be mapped and refined to structure a coherent tourist route at the destination level? (RQ2) Which municipalities function as strategic nodes within the corridor according to multi-criteria prioritization? (RQ3) How do the inventory of tourist attractions and current industry trends influence opportunities to strengthen the sustainability and integration of the destination system?

To address these questions, the research pursues three specific objectives: (1) map and refine the territorial configuration of the river corridor; (2) construct and apply a prioritization matrix based on weighted value chain criteria; (3) analyze the inventory of tourist attractions and industry trends to identify opportunities for the sustainable strengthening of the destination system. This approach is particularly relevant within the Colombian context, where tourism has experienced sustained growth in recent decades, driven by a diverse offering that includes beaches, colonial cities, mountains, and a rich cultural heritage. Cities such as Cartagena, Bogotá, and Medellín are major urban tourist centers. Natural destinations such as Tayrona National Natural Park position ecotourism as an attractive option [8,9]. Although tourism has gained relevance in Colombia, it faces challenges such as infrastructure improvement, sustainability of resources, and equitable income distribution. Balancing growth with heritage protection remains central. Therefore, this study provides a systematic assessment of the Cartagena de Indias–Santa Cruz de Mompox route, offering a replicable methodological approach for similar territorial contexts.

This study contributes to the tourism literature by (i) conceptualizing the tourism value chain from a territorial and network perspective, (ii) identifying and prioritizing key localities within a multi-destination river corridor through a multicriteria decision-making approach, and (iii) analyzing tourist attractions as value nodes that structure the destination system. In doing so, it highlights how attractions, services, and governance mechanisms interact dynamically to generate destination-level value within territorially embedded networks.

This article is structured as follows: Section 2 presents the theoretical framework; Section 3 explains the methodology used; Section 4 presents the results, including the mapping, prioritization matrix, attraction inventory, and trends; Section 5 analyzes the findings; and Section 6 presents conclusions and recommendations for future development.

2. Theoretical Framework

2.1. Destination as a Territorial System

Tourist destinations should be conceptualized as territorial systems composed of interdependent actors, infrastructure, institutions, and resources operating within a defined spatial context. More than mere aggregations of businesses or attractions, destinations function as complex socioeconomic ecosystems structured by governance mechanisms, service exchange processes, and spatial interactions. From the perspective of service ecosystems, value is co-created through interactions among actors involving tourists, residents, public authorities, and private companies [10]. Institutional arrangements, such as planning frameworks, digital infrastructure, and regulatory structures, shape these interactions at multiple levels, reinforcing the systemic nature of destinations.

The territorial character of destinations is further emphasized in sustainable destination systems models, which identify interconnected environmental, institutional, economic, social, and infrastructural components as fundamental structural elements [11]. Within this framework, tourism infrastructure, attractions, employment potential, and communication resources collectively influence tourism flows and territorial competitiveness. It is important to emphasize that governance plays a central role in aligning these components; without coordination mechanisms, tourism development can become fragmented and unsustainable [11]. This systemic perspective underscores that destination performance arises from territorial integration, rather than isolated initiatives.

The evolution of destinations over time further supports their interpretation as dynamic territorial systems. The Tourism Area Life Cycle model proposes that destinations go through stages of exploration, development, consolidation, stagnation, and potential rejuvenation or decline [12]. These stages reflect changing patterns of demand, resource use, and governance capacity. The evolutionary dimension implies that territorial coordination and adaptive management are necessary to maintain competitiveness and avoid structural decline. Therefore, this study adopts a territorial-systemic perspective in which destinations are understood as integrated and evolving ecosystems, shaped by governance, spatial structure, and interaction with stakeholders.

2.2. Tourism Value Chain at the Destination Level

The value chain can be described as a set of activities necessary to produce a good or service, from conception to delivery to the final customer. These activities involve production processes that involve the transformation of inputs up to their delivery to the consumer [13]. The integration of various agents in the chain allows these processes to be carried out in a coordinated manner [14]. In tourism, this logic extends beyond firms and into the territory.

The tourism value chain transcends sequences of business activities and becomes a territorially integrated network of interrelated components. Value is not generated solely by individual businesses, but rather through coordinated interactions among attractions, infrastructure, service providers, governance structures, and tourist flows. From the perspective of a smart tourism destination, destinations operate as digitally mediated ecosystems in which technological infrastructure (ICT, big data, IoT) interacts with human and social capital to improve competitiveness and the visitor experience [10]. Therefore, the tourism value chain at the destination level should be understood as a collaborative and networked configuration, rather than a linear production model.

The evolutionary logic of the TALC model also influences value creation at the destination level. As destinations move through the different stages of their life cycle, the structure of their value chain transforms in response to growth pressures, carrying capacity limitations, and market changes [12]. An excessive emphasis on growth without sustainable management can lead to stagnation, while strategic coordination among stakeholders can drive rejuvenation. This suggests that the tourism value chain is adaptive and integrated into broader socioeconomic and environmental systems.

Performance at the destination level also depends on how tourists perceive and evaluate the cumulative experience generated by this value chain. Previous research [5] argues that tourist satisfaction should be conceptualized at the destination level, as tourists perceive destinations as unified experiential entities rather than isolated sets of services. Satisfaction outcomes, including loyalty and complaint behavior, are influenced by overall quality, perceived value, and destination image. Therefore, the tourism value chain at the destination level must integrate experiential consistency, governance coordination, and sustainability considerations to generate competitiveness.

2.3. Attractions as Value Nodes

Within the territorial tourism system, attractions function as value-generating nodes that structure tourist flows and shape spatial cooperation networks [15]. Attractions represent the basic units of regional tourism cooperation networks and act as focal points of multi-destination travel behavior [16]. When tourists select and combine attractions within a region, their movements create co-occurrence patterns that reveal the underlying relational structures among attractions.

Tourist flows generate networks among attractions based on free-choice behavior, linking spatial and behavioral dynamics [17]. These networks reflect both competition and cooperation, as attractions can simultaneously compete for visitors and collaborate to enhance collective competitiveness. Spatial proximity, accessibility, and complementary experiences influence the formation of these networks. It is important to note that demand behavior plays a decisive role in shaping cooperation patterns among attractions.

Network-based analyses reveal differentiated structural roles among attractions. As shown in [18], core, intermediary, and peripheral communities exist within attraction networks, where certain attractions act as catalysts for demand while others function as connectors or nodes of latent growth. Similarly, measures of centrality such as degree, closeness, and intermediation highlight the variable influence and control capacity of attractions within cooperative networks [16]. Consequently, attractions can be conceptualized as value nodes whose structural position determines their capacity to generate demand, redistribute tourist flows, and strengthen destination-level competitiveness.

2.4. Structure and Actors of the Tourism Value Chain

The tourism value chain operates through a multi-layered structure composed of interdependent goods, services, and social actors who, collectively, generate and transmit value to tourists. Unlike traditional industrial chains, tourism involves a combination of complementary services that must function in a coordinated manner to generate a coherent experience. As described in [19] the tourism value chain is conceptualized as a process that transfers tourism products and services from suppliers to consumers, involving both electronic and traditional intermediaries. Similarly, [20] describes the tourism value chain as a network of interactions and services consumed during the trip, emphasizing its systemic and relational complexity. This reinforces the interpretation of tourism value creation as an interconnected process, rather than a linear production sequence.

The tourism value chain includes primary and support activities that operate in the contexts of origin, transit, and destination. Primary activities encompass destination services, transportation, marketing, and sales, while support activities include infrastructure, quality management, business administration, and financial systems [21]. Functionally, the value chain extends from destination planning and product design to post-trip evaluation and return travel [15,22]. Furthermore, the chain incorporates governance dimensions and institutional coordination mechanisms that facilitate interaction among stakeholders [23]. According to [24], the tourism value chain includes direct activities at the origin, such as digital booking platforms and call centers, transit functions, such as travel agencies and tour operators, and indirect promotional activities involving media and communication systems. These levels illustrate that value transfer occurs across multiple geographical and organizational scales.

At the heart of the tourism value chain lie the experiential needs and expectations of tourists. Study [25] argues that tourism value creation should be understood from a demand-oriented perspective, distinguishing between specific tourism activities (accommodation, transport, food services, information, and entertainment), tourism support activities (public and private services needed during temporary stays), and tourism application activities related to travel motivations (e.g., recreation, adventure, family interaction). This demand-centric approach aligns with the systemic and nodal perspective developed in the preceding sections. Attractions function as value nodes within a broader territorial value chain, structured by interconnected actors and services. Figure 1 illustrates the global tourism value chain, adapted from [24], highlighting the integration of origin services, transit actors, destination services, and indirect support mechanisms within a unified value creation system.

Figure 1. Global tourism value chain and actor structure. Source: Adapted from [24].

3. Methodology

This study adopts a combined case study design with a sequential approach to analyzing tourism value at the destination level within a multi-local river corridor. The research process was structured in progressive stages that correspond directly to the analytical sequence presented in Section 4. The methodological framework integrates territorial mapping, stakeholder consultation, multi-criteria evaluation, analysis of the inventory of attractions, and assessment of industry trends.

The Cartagena de Indias–Santa Cruz de Mompox corridor was selected as the study area due to its theoretical and practical relevance. Colombia offers numerous tourist destinations; however, this corridor represents a multi-local territorial system organized along the Magdalena River, where internationally recognized heritage destinations coexist with intermediate municipalities that remain weakly integrated into the tourism value chain. This structural asymmetry makes the corridor theoretically appropriate for analyzing value chain articulation, the nodal structuring of attractions, and the challenges of inter-municipal coordination. From a practical perspective, the corridor has strategic development potential, but it lacks a consolidated tourist route that integrates its municipalities. This combination of high-value nodes and underdeveloped links provides a suitable context for evaluating strategies for prioritizing and strengthening the value chain.

The methodological process began with a preliminary territorial mapping phase. Secondary data were collected from official tourism records, municipal development plans, and geographic databases to identify municipalities, attractions, accessibility conditions, and existing tourism infrastructure. Geographic Information System (GIS) tools were used to visualize the spatial distribution of attractions and identify initial nodal concentrations along the corridor. This phase established the territorial baseline for subsequent refinement.

The second phase consisted of refining the locations along the route. Field visits and structured consultations with stakeholders were conducted to validate the initial mapping results and adjust the selection of municipalities and attractions based on accessibility, service availability, and territorial continuity. This stage ensured that the route delineation reflected both spatial logic and operational feasibility.

To construct the prioritization matrix, a multi-criteria scoring decision-making method was applied. The evaluation criteria were derived from the literature and contextual analysis, including the diversity of attractions, infrastructure and accessibility, service provision, promotional capacity, and institutional support. The weights of the criteria were determined through a structured consultation with experts. Tourism leaders and experts were defined as professionals with at least five years of experience in tourism planning, management, or research and active participation in decision-making processes. Initially, a purposive sampling strategy was used to ensure representation from the public, private, and academic sectors, followed by snowball sampling to identify additional qualified participants. Twelve experts were contacted, and seven participated in the weighting process. Participants assessed the importance of the criteria using a structured Likert-scale instrument, and normalized averages were calculated to derive the final weights. The scores were then calculated as weighted sums of the performance indicators.

The fourth stage consisted of examining how attractions, services, infrastructure, and structures interact in the prioritized municipalities. Information was gathered through a survey of twenty stakeholders. A collaborative workshop was also held to validate the findings, ensuring participatory verification of the value chain’s integration.

Next, the analysis of tourist attractions continued, which was complemented by the development of a structured inventory of attractions. The attractions were classified according to their type, accessibility, and integration. Primary data were collected between March and June 2025 through field observation and secondary research.

Finally, trends in the sector were explored, based on a documentary analysis of national reports, the recent literature, and an analysis of previous steps. This stage contextualized the local findings within the overall dynamics of tourism development, allowing for the interpretation of the results at the corridor level within national and regional trends.

It is important to note that the entire research process adhered to the principles of voluntary participation, anonymity, and confidentiality. Participation was entirely voluntary, and informed consent was obtained from all participants. They were assured that their responses would be anonymous and confidential, and that no personally identifiable information would be collected. The data were used exclusively for academic research purposes. Participants were informed that they could withdraw from the study at any time without consequence.

4. Analysis of Results

4.1. Preliminary Mapping

In order to identify and map the river route of the Cartagena de Indias to Santa Cruz de Mompox circuit, the Google Earth application was used. The route starts at the port of Cartagena, one of the main embarkation points on the Caribbean coast. It sails south along the coast until it reaches the mouth of the Magdalena River. From there, the route continues upstream along Magdalena, which crosses the country from north to south. Continue navigating through different municipalities, such as Tenerife, Santa Barbara, and San Senón, until you reach Santa Cruz de Mompox, where the tourist pier is located. The duration of the trip is variable as it depends on river conditions and the availability of transport connections. Figure 2 and Figure 3 illustrate the map of Colombia and the Cartagena de Indias–Mompox route.

Figure 2. Map of Colombia. Source: Google Earth.

Figure 3. Route of the Cartagena de indias–Santa Cruz de Mompox. Source: Google Earth.

4.2. Refinement of Locations on the Route

First, a virtual visual exploration was made using Google Earth as a map to identify the municipalities, districts, towns, and other relevant places on the Cartagena de Indias–Santa Cruz de Mompox route. This initial analysis allowed us to obtain an overview of the territory and its characteristics. The initial list of locations on the route included: Cartagena de Indias, Puerto badel, Paricuica, El recreo, Piedrecita, Leticia, El cobado, Conejo, Gambote, Puerto Mahates, Los cañaguates, Soplaviento, El porvenir las compuertas, San Cristobal, Gladys, Rabón, La reserva, Santa lucia, La compuerta, Calamar, Isla becerra, Barranca nueva, Ciénaga de Ortiz, Barranca vieja, El yucal, Bodega de Buenavista, Guaquiri, La maría, La sonrisa, Heredia, Robles, Las trojas, Tasajera, Santa martica, Nerviti, Bolívar, San Agustín, Región las violetas, La plaza, Tenerife, san Luis, Zambrano, San José del purgatorio, Cuatro vientos, Bijagual, San roque, Córdoba, El paraíso, San pedro, El Carmen de magdalena, Pensilvania, Región de diego nuñez, Tocamocho, Vda tierra grata, Vda pinto viejo, Isla Suarez, El porvenir, Barro blanco, Isla patico, Penón de duran, Santa Ana, Talaiga nuevo, Santa Ana, El Vesubio, Las Mendozas, La Isabel, San Zenón, La virgen, Peñoncito, Isla el horno, Santa Cruz de Mompox.

Subsequently, collaborative sessions were conducted with tourism leaders and experts, where the initial list of identified places was discussed and refined, considering their degree of tourist attractiveness and territorial area. This collaboration was crucial to ensure the approach aligned with local needs and knowledge. The resulting refined list of locations on the route is as follows: Cartagena de Indias, Leticia, Puerto Badel, Gambote, Soplaviento, San Estanislao, El porvenir las compuertas, San Cristóbal, Santa lucia, Calamar, Barranca nueva, Barranca vieja, El yucal, Heredia, Robles, Nerviti, San Agustín, Tenerife, San Luis, Plato, Zambrano, San Antonio de Padua, Tocamocho, Santa bárbara de pinto, El porvenir, Barro blanco, Santa Ana, Talaiga nuevo, San Zenón, Peñoncito, Santa Cruz de Mompox.

4.3. Prioritization Matrix

After defining the locations along the Cartagena de Indias–Santa Cruz de Mompox route, it was necessary to prioritize them to determine the most significant tourist attractions along the corridor. To this end, a prioritization matrix was developed as a multi-criteria decision-making tool to evaluate and rank the municipalities according to predefined criteria. These criteria included area, population density, current population, main sectors, dock/port, accessibility, number of monthly tourists, SWOT analysis, and tourist attractions.

A weighting factor was assigned to each criterion according to its relative importance. These weights were defined through the structured consultation with experts described in Section 3 (n = 7), and normalized averages were used to obtain the final weighting scheme. Subsequently, each municipality was scored for each criterion. The final score was calculated as the weighted sum of the scores for all criteria, and the municipalities were ranked according to the total score obtained (see Appendix A.1).

Once the prioritization matrix was completed, the preliminary ranking was reviewed in a validation stage by three subject matter experts. This process aimed to confirm the coherence of the scoring assumptions and the consistency of the ranking with the territorial context. Minor adjustments were made to correct inconsistencies in secondary data and clarify ambiguous data. Figure 4 presents the ten prioritized municipalities and their relative weightings: Cartagena de Indias, Santa Cruz de Mompox, Plato, Calamar, Zambrano, San Estanislao, Tenerife, Soplaviento, Santa Ana, and Santa Bárbara de Pinto.

Figure 4. Results of Prioritization Matrix. Source: Own elaboration.

Beyond the overall ranking, the prioritization matrix reveals significant variations among the criteria, reflecting distinct regional characteristics. Municipalities like Cartagena de Indias and Santa Cruz de Mompox scored highly in infrastructure, tourism services, and visitor volume, which can be attributed to their established heritage status and consolidated tourism ecosystems. In contrast, intermediate municipalities like Tenerife and San Estanislao showed moderate performance in attraction diversity but lower scores in promotion and institutional support, indicating underdeveloped governance and marketing capacity.

In particular, riverside municipalities like Plato and Zambrano demonstrated relatively strong accessibility and territorial continuity due to their strategic location along the Magdalena River but showed lower scores in organized tourism services and promotional visibility. This suggests that spatial positioning alone does not guarantee value chain integration without coordinated collaboration among stakeholders.

The dimensional analysis highlights a structural pattern. Established heritage cities function as central nodes within the corridor, while intermediate municipalities exhibit latent tourism potential limited by insufficient promotion, poor institutional coordination, and inadequate service diversification. These findings reveal that the main disparities in the corridor are not primarily infrastructural in nature, but rather organizational and strategic, reinforcing the need for coordinated destination-level planning.

4.4. Route Value Chain

To analyze tourism activities in the prioritized locations, a brief survey was conducted to identify the main tourism-related activities and better understand the links that make up the tourism value chain along the route.

The sample included a mix of stakeholders, allowing for a triangulation of perspectives. Among the respondents, 25% were tourists, 30% were restaurant owners, 20% represented accommodation providers, and 25% were local tour operators and churches. The majority of tourists surveyed were domestic visitors. Service providers reported operating in the corridor for an average of 6.4 years, indicating moderate maturity in the sector.

Cross-analysis of the responses revealed that tourists tended to express greater satisfaction with infrastructure and accessibility, while service providers more frequently identified weaknesses in local promotion and training. This divergence suggests that while visitors perceive the basic conditions positively, structural gaps in marketing and human capital development are more evident from the supply side. Figure 5 shows the survey of tourist attractions.

Figure 5. Survey on tourist attractions. Source: Own elaboration. Note: Q1. Does the location have adequate tourist infrastructure (hotels, restaurants, tourist information centers)? Q2. Are there access roads in good condition to the tourist destination? Q3. Are there organized tourist activities (tours, guides, events) available for visitors? Q4. Does the destination offer reliable basic services (electricity, drinking water, sanitation)? Q5. Has the destination been promoted regionally or nationally as a tourist attraction? Q6. Are local residents trained in tourist services and tourism management? Q7. Does the location have natural attractions (parks, rivers, mountains) that are accessible to tourists? Q8. Is the destination perceived as safe for tourists in terms of personal safety and health?

Based on the answers provided in the survey, all respondents (100%) consider the localities to have an adequate tourist infrastructure. This indicates that there are enough hotels, restaurants, and tourist information centers available for visitors. Most respondents (95%) agree that the access routes to the destination are in good condition, while 5% indicate otherwise. This is crucial for the accessibility and comfort of tourists. Most respondents (65%) indicate that there are organized tourist activities, although 35% mention that there are not. This suggests that although there is an offer of activities, expanding or improving their availability may be necessary. All respondents (100%) affirm that basic services are reliable, which is essential for the comfort and safety of tourists. Only 35% of respondents consider the destination adequately promoted, while 65% think the opposite. This indicates a need to improve tourism marketing and promotion strategies. Only 20% of respondents consider that residents are trained in tourist services and service management, while 80% believe they are not. This highlights an important area for improvement to ensure a better experience for visitors. The vast majority (90%) say that the place has accessible natural attractions, which is a strong point for nature tourism. 75% of respondents perceive the destination as safe, while 25% do not. Although most have a positive perception, tourists’ safety concerns need to be addressed.

The preliminary results show that respondents consider the locations to have adequate infrastructure, good access, reliable essential services, and accessible natural attractions. However, tourism promotion is lacking, residents need more training, and there are some safety concerns.

To deepen our understanding of the tourism offered along the route and complement the value chain analysis, it was necessary to identify and classify the main tourist attractions present in the prioritized locations. This step is essential, as attractions are the core elements that give meaning to the tourist experience and activate the rest of the value chain components. The following section presents the inventory of attractions, derived from a combination of planning documents, expert consultations, and field assessments.

4.5. Tourist Attractions

Tourist attractions are the elements in a place that draw travelers away from their homes. They include scenery, activities to participate in, and experiences to remember. It is often difficult to tell whether something is an attraction or not. Cruise ships, resorts, and other services may have attributes of an attraction. Tourist attractions must have at least three components: visiting tourists, a place to be seen, and an image that makes the place meaningful [26,27]. Therefore, attractions include not only historical sites, amusement parks, and scenery but also the services and facilities that meet the needs of tourists.

Considering the Tourism Development Plans, the Land Development Plans, a review of press articles, a map survey, and consultation with experts, Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4, Table 5, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8, Table 9 and Table 10 show a list of tourist attractions for each location prioritized for establishing the tourist route.

Table 1. Tourist attractions of Cartagena de Indias.

Walled Enclosure

The Walled City constitutes the historic core of Cartagena and represents its most emblematic heritage asset. The Clock Tower serves as the main entrance and symbolic access point. Defensive structures such as the Bastion of Santo Domingo and the Bastion of San Francisco Javier illustrate the city’s colonial military architecture. The Curtain Walls connect the bastions and were built to protect the city from pirate and naval attacks. Coastal protection elements such as the Breakwater of La Tenaza reinforced maritime defense. The Vaults, formerly used as military quarters and ammunition storage, now function as commercial and cultural spaces. Sections of the walls extend into the Getsemaní neighborhood, historically protecting the suburban areas.

Fortification

Cartagena’s fortification system includes the San Felipe de Barajas Castle, located on San Lázaro Hill, recognized as the largest Spanish fortress in the Americas. The Fort of San Fernando de Bocachica protected the entrance to Cartagena Bay from the Caribbean Sea, while the Angel San Rafael Battery formed part of the coastal defense network. Complementary structures such as platforms, bridges, and trenches are integrated elements of this extensive military system.

Training and Battalion

The Almirante Padilla Naval Cadet School operates as Colombia’s principal naval training center and contributes to the city’s maritime identity. The Marine Infantry Battalion No. 12 also maintains facilities in Cartagena, reinforcing the historical military significance of the area.

Churches

Cartagena hosts several historically significant religious buildings. The Cathedral of Santa Catalina de Alejandría, located in the Historic Center, is one of the oldest churches in the Americas. The Church of San Pedro Claver is known for its architecture and its association with the Jesuit saint dedicated to the protection of enslaved people. The Convent of Santa Cruz de la Popa, situated at the highest point in the city, offers panoramic views and religious heritage value.

Government Buildings

The Archbishop’s Palace, located near the Cathedral, serves as the headquarters of the Archdiocese of Cartagena. The Government Palace in Customs Plaza functions as the administrative center of Bolívar Department. Cartagena’s City Hall is also located in this historic administrative area.

Buildings for Culture

The Adolfo Mejía Theater (formerly Heredia Theater) is one of the city’s principal cultural venues and hosts national and international events. The Zenú Gold Museum presents pre-Columbian gold artifacts that reflect indigenous craftsmanship and heritage.

Recreation and Sports

The Cartagena Bullring, although no longer in use, remains part of the city’s architectural heritage. The Jaime Morón León Stadium is the main sports venue and hosts professional and local events, contributing to sports tourism and event-based activities.

Cemetery

Manga Cemetery contains mausoleums of architectural and artistic significance, reflecting the city’s historical and cultural legacy.

Market

The Bazurto Market functions as Cartagena’s main supply center and represents an authentic cultural and gastronomic space. Modern commercial infrastructure is represented by shopping centers such as Bocagrande Plaza and Caribe Plaza Mall.

Transportation

Cartagena’s Passenger Port, including the Cruise Terminal located at the Port Society dock, serves international maritime tourism. Rafael Núñez International Airport, located in the Crespo neighborhood, connects the city with domestic and international destinations.

Urban or Rural Areas of Interest

The Getsemaní neighborhood is recognized for its rich history, artistic atmosphere, and cultural vitality. The Historic Center, declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site, represents the symbolic and architectural heart of the city.

Public Space Elements

Bolívar Plaza, surrounded by colonial buildings such as the Palace of the Inquisition, functions as a central public gathering space. Centennial Park provides recreational areas and serves as a venue for cultural events.

Museums

The Modern Art Museum of Cartagena exhibits works by Colombian and Latin American artists, reflecting Caribbean cultural identity. The Caribbean Naval Museum narrates the city’s maritime and military history through models and exhibits. The Zenú Gold Museum presents pre-Columbian artifacts from the Zenú culture.

Monuments

The statue of India Catalina symbolizes the encounter of indigenous and colonial cultures. The Simón Bolívar Statue commemorates the Liberator of five nations. The Gertrudis Statue by Fernando Botero in Santo Domingo Plaza represents the artist’s iconic style. The Pegasus Monument at Pegasus Pier features two winged horse sculptures symbolizing art and creativity.

Getsemaní Murals

Street art in Getsemaní reflects everyday life, social history, and contemporary cultural expression, contributing to experiential urban tourism.

Cartagena Cuisine

Cartagena’s gastronomy includes dishes such as coconut rice, ceviche, fritters (including egg arepas and empanadas), and traditional sweets such as enyucado and alegría. These culinary traditions are reinforced during events such as the Sweet Festival during Holy Week.

Musical and Sound Expressions

Champeta, a musical genre originating in Cartagena with African influences, is widely celebrated in neighborhood gatherings and through “picós” sound systems. Traditional dances such as mapalé and cumbia are performed during festivals and public celebrations, reinforcing the city’s intangible cultural heritage.

Performing Arts

The Cartagena International Theater Festival brings national and international artists to venues across the city. Artisanal crafts made from totumo and iraca palm are produced and sold in markets and cultural spaces. Traditional Palenquera attire, worn by fruit vendors in the Historic Center, represents a living cultural symbol and visual identity of Cartagena.

Celebrations and Rituals

Cartagena’s Independence Celebrations, held in November, include parades, music, and cultural activities across the city. The Virgin of Candelaria Festival combines religious and community traditions. The city also hosts major cultural events such as the Cartagena International Music Festival, International Film Festival, literary festivals, gastronomic fairs, and artisan markets, strengthening its cultural tourism portfolio.

Wetlands

Ciénaga de la Virgen, located northeast of the city, is an extensive coastal wetland ecosystem of ecological significance. Ciénaga de Tesca (Laguna de Tesca), located southwest near the Mamonal industrial zone, also contributes to biodiversity and eco-tourism potential.

Beaches

Bocagrande Beach is one of the most visited beaches, located in a high-rise tourist district. Marbella Beach offers a quieter coastal environment near the Historic Center. La Boquilla Beach is known for water sports and seafood gastronomy. Playa Blanca, located on Barú Island, is renowned for its white sands and clear waters, accessible by road or boat.

Islands

Tierrabomba Island, located across Cartagena Bay, contains historic fortifications and beach settlements. Barú Island offers coastal tourism attractions including Playa Blanca. The Rosario Islands Archipelago forms part of the Rosario and San Bernardo National Natural Park, supporting snorkeling, diving, and eco-tourism activities.

Birdwatching

Cartagena and surrounding areas provide opportunities for birdwatching in ecosystems such as Ciénaga de La Virgen, the mangroves of Manzanillo del Mar, and Ekoparque Luna Forest. Nearby municipalities such as Turbaco and the Rosario Islands also support biodiversity-based tourism.

Urban Housing

Colonial single-family houses in the Historic Center, characterized by wooden balconies and interior courtyards, represent architectural heritage and contribute to the city’s aesthetic and experiential tourism value.

Source: Own elaboration.

Table 2. Tourist attractions of Santa Cruz de Mompox.

Historic Center

The Historic Center of Santa Cruz de Mompox, declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site, preserves cobblestone streets, colonial houses, and historic plazas that reflect its importance as a former river port during the colonial period. Its urban layout and architectural continuity represent one of the best-preserved examples of Spanish colonial riverine settlements in Latin America.

Albarrada Street

Albarrada Street runs alongside the Magdalena River and constitutes one of the most emblematic urban corridors in Mompox. This scenic riverside street offers panoramic views, colonial façades, and access to river-based activities, reinforcing the town’s historical connection to fluvial commerce.

Royal Middle Street

Royal Middle Street is characterized by artisan shops, restaurants, and preserved colonial buildings. It functions as a commercial and cultural artery within the historic center, contributing to the experiential dimension of tourism in Mompox.

Mompox Boardwalk

The Mompox Boardwalk serves as a riverside promenade along the Magdalena River. It is used for walking, sightseeing, and accessing boat tours, integrating leisure activities with the town’s fluvial identity.

Churches

Mompox is renowned for its religious architecture, which includes some of the oldest and most iconic churches in the region. Notable examples include Santa Bárbara Church, San Francisco Church, Immaculate Conception Church, San Agustín Church, Santo Domingo Church, San Juan de Dios Church, and the Minor Basilica of the Holy Christ of Mompox. These structures represent the town’s colonial heritage and religious traditions.

Mompox Cemetery

The Mompox Cemetery contains mausoleums and tombs that reflect colonial architectural styles and local funerary traditions. It constitutes a heritage site that contributes to historical and cultural tourism.

Mompox Island National Park

Mompox Island National Park is a protected natural area surrounding the town, offering opportunities for ecotourism, birdwatching, and boat excursions. The park highlights the ecological importance of the Magdalena River ecosystem.

Parks and Public Spaces

Simón Bolívar Park, Jazz Park, and Sacred Heart of Jesus Park function as central public spaces featuring monuments and recreational areas. These parks provide spaces for leisure, community interaction, and cultural events.

Plazas

San Francisco Plaza, Freedom Plaza, Santa Bárbara Plaza, and Concepción Plaza are surrounded by historic buildings and churches. These plazas serve as gathering spaces for religious, social, and community events.

Government Buildings

The Mompox Municipal Palace, Mario Alario di Filippo Justice Palace, Customs House, and Cabildo House reflect the town’s administrative and historical importance as a colonial river port.

Buildings for Culture

Cultural institutions in Mompox include the House of Culture, the Religious Art Cultural Museum, the Municipal Public Library, and the Cultural Council. The Mixed Fund for the Promotion of Culture and the Arts of Bolívar and the Theater School support artistic and cultural development in the municipality.

Statues, Monuments, and Murals

Public monuments such as the Statue of Liberty, the Filigree Monument honoring goldsmith artisans, the Simón Bolívar Monument, and the Sacred Heart of Jesus Monument contribute to civic identity. Artistic murals and sculptures reinforce the town’s visual and cultural heritage.

Local Handicrafts

Mompox is internationally recognized for its filigree jewelry craftsmanship. This traditional technique, based on intricate gold and silver filigree work, represents one of the town’s most distinctive artisanal practices and a key element of its cultural economy.

Local Gastronomy

Traditional dishes such as mote de queso, bocachico in cabrito, and milk-based sweets reflect the culinary heritage of the region. Other specialties include guava candies, cocadas, cassava cakes, Mompox-style layered cheese, and widowed fish. Gastronomy constitutes an important experiential component of the local tourism offer.

Musical and Sound Expressions

Mompox hosts diverse musical expressions, including local jazz performances and traditional genres such as porro, cumbia, and vallenato. These musical traditions are performed by local groups and during festivals, reinforcing the town’s cultural vibrancy.

Religious Festivals

Holy Week in Mompox is one of the most significant religious events in Colombia, featuring processions, rituals, and liturgical ceremonies that attract national and international visitors. Patron saint festivals also reinforce religious tourism and community participation.

International Jazz Festival

The International Jazz Festival is an annual cultural event that attracts artists and audiences from different regions, positioning Mompox as a destination for music tourism.

Other Festivals

The town celebrates foundation anniversaries, the Mompox Carnival, Independence Festivities, the Independence Queen Pageant, the National Band Meeting of Mompox, and the Magdalena River Festival. These events contribute to seasonal tourism flows and cultural continuity.

Fairs

Mompox organizes artisan fairs such as the Filigree Fair, as well as art and photography exhibitions, gastronomic festivals, sweet festivals, and agricultural or livestock fairs, diversifying its tourism portfolio.

Folklore

Traditional dance groups perform genres such as cumbia and bullerengue. Folkloric groups such as “Las Rezanderas,” “Pilanderas Mompoxinas,” and “Los Coyongos” preserve local dance traditions. These expressions strengthen intangible cultural heritage and community-based tourism.

Poetry and Theater

Literary gatherings, theater festivals, and outdoor film exhibitions support creative industries and cultural tourism within the municipality.

Local Restaurants

Mompox offers a variety of restaurants that serve traditional regional cuisine as well as international dishes in colonial-style settings, reinforcing the town’s gastronomic identity.

Urban Housing

Colonial houses in Mompox are characterized by high ceilings, internal courtyards, and ornamental balconies. This architectural typology contributes to the aesthetic continuity of the historic center.

Commercial Architecture

The Municipal Market Plaza and colonial commercial buildings reflect traditional economic activity and support local commerce.

Transportation Architecture

The Mompox River Port historically functioned as a key node of fluvial commerce. San Bernardo Airport provides regional air connectivity.

Recreation

Recreational activities include regattas, nautical competitions, local sports tournaments at the Municipal Stadium, and community events such as the Tierra Dorada dance festival and activities at the Potrerito Recreational Center.

Nearby Wetlands

The Pijiño Wetland and the Chilloa Wetland are protected natural areas near Mompox. These ecosystems host diverse flora and fauna and offer opportunities for nature-based tourism and environmental conservation.

Source: Own elaboration.

Table 3. Tourist attractions of Plato.

Main Plaza of Plato

The Main Plaza of Plato functions as the civic and social center of the municipality. Surrounded by historic buildings, it serves as a gathering space for community events, public celebrations, and everyday social interaction.

Immaculate Conception Church and San Francisco de Asís Church

The Immaculate Conception Church and the San Francisco de Asís Church are the principal religious temples of Plato. These churches are important cultural and spiritual landmarks, characterized by colonial architectural elements and ornamental details. Adjacent parish houses support religious and community activities.

Local Handicrafts

Local artisans produce handmade goods such as textiles and basketry that reflect traditional craftsmanship and regional identity. These products contribute to the preservation of cultural heritage and support small-scale economic activity.

Local Gastronomy

Plato’s gastronomy is based on fresh regional products, including fish, seafood, and agricultural goods. Traditional dishes include corn porridge, Creole chicken stew, tripe soup, suero (fermented milk), bollo (corn rolls), turtle stew, and morrocoy stew. These culinary traditions reflect the town’s riverine and agricultural heritage.

Local Market

The local market functions as a commercial and social space where fresh products and handicrafts are sold. It offers visitors an authentic experience of everyday local life.

Community Dining Rooms

Local restaurants and dining establishments provide typical regional cuisine prepared with fresh ingredients. These spaces reinforce the gastronomic identity of Plato and contribute to community-based tourism.

Festivities and Fairs

Plato hosts various annual festivities and fairs, including foundation anniversaries, the Carnival of Plato, patron saint festivals, craft and gastronomic fairs, the Feast of the Immaculate Mary, the Cayman Man Festival, and the Afro-Caribbean Music Festival. Additional events such as agricultural, agro-industrial, livestock, equestrian, and trade fairs reflect the municipality’s productive and cultural traditions.

Government Building

The Municipal Palace of Plato serves as the seat of local administration. Located across from Plaza Bolívar in the town center, it houses government offices and represents the institutional architecture of the municipality.

Building for Culture

The House of Culture and Cultural Center of Plato promote artistic and cultural expressions through exhibitions, workshops, and community events. This complex also includes the Convention Center, supporting cultural and social activities.

Municipal Cemetery

Plato has two historic cemeteries with tombs that reflect colonial architectural influences and local funerary traditions, contributing to historical heritage tourism.

Transportation

The bridge over the Magdalena River connects Plato to neighboring municipalities and is essential for regional transportation and trade. The River Port of Plato supports navigation along the Magdalena River and facilitates the movement of passengers and goods.

Urban Housing

The urban center of Plato features traditional Caribbean and colonial-style housing. These buildings are characterized by interior courtyards, tiled roofs, and colorful façades, particularly around the Main Plaza and adjacent streets.

Musical Expressions and Dance

Vallenato and cumbia are representative musical genres of the region and play a central role in local festivities. Traditional dances such as cumbia and mapalé are performed during popular celebrations and community events.

Wetlands

The surroundings of Plato include important wetland ecosystems, such as the Zárate Wetland. These seasonal bodies of water, formed by the rising Magdalena River, support biodiversity and offer potential for nature-based tourism.

Monuments and Murals

Public monuments in Plato include the Cattle Rancher Monument, honoring cattle ranching as a key economic activity, and the Fisherman’s Monument, located on the Tourist Boardwalk, recognizing the cultural and economic importance of fishing. Additional landmarks include the Monument to the Legend of the Cayman Man, the San Martín Monument near the old port bridge, the Monument to the Virgin of Conception, the Old Cayman Man Monument with Bathing Women, and the Santander Statue. Murals located in public spaces such as the House of Culture depict daily life and scenes reflecting the region’s biodiversity and history.

Recreation

The Eduardo Santos Municipal Stadium and the Rafael Ospino Ospino Stadium are the principal sports venues in Plato. These facilities host sporting and recreational events that strengthen community cohesion. Public parks and recreational areas include Hombre Caimán Park, Santander Park, Ernesto Samper Park and Plaza, Policarpa Neighborhood Park, La Pola Park, Juan 23 Park, Virgen del Carmen Park, La Plateñita Park, Rafael Ospino Ospino Park, and the La Cabaña Recreational Center, among others.

Source: Own elaboration.

Table 4. Tourist attractions of Calamar.

The Immaculate Church of Calamar

The Immaculate Church of Calamar is a religious building characterized by colonial architectural features. It serves as a spiritual and cultural landmark for the municipality and plays a central role in local religious and community life.

Government Building

The Municipal Hall of Calamar functions as the administrative headquarters of the municipality. Located within the urban center, it houses governmental offices and represents the institutional structure of the town.

Building for Culture

The “Antonio García Llach” Cultural Center serves as a venue for cultural events, workshops, exhibitions, and community activities that promote the municipality’s heritage. The “Roberto Botero Morales” Public Library provides educational and research services for students and residents, supporting cultural development.

Wetlands

The wetlands surrounding Calamar provide important ecological habitats and opportunities for nature observation. These ecosystems support aquatic and migratory bird species such as herons, ibises, and wild ducks, as well as reptiles and small mammals. The wetlands represent a significant natural asset within the Magdalena River basin.

Local Handicrafts

Local artisans produce handmade goods such as textiles and basketry that reflect traditional craftsmanship and community identity.

Local Gastronomy

Calamar’s gastronomy is based on fresh regional products, including fish, seafood, and agricultural goods. Traditional dishes include fish stew, viudo de bocachico, and arepas de maíz pelao. Breakfast commonly includes cassava, suero (fermented milk), and coffee with milk, reflecting local culinary customs.

Local Market

The local market operates as a commercial and social space where fresh agricultural products and handicrafts are sold. It offers visitors insight into everyday economic and cultural practices.

Community Dining Rooms

Local restaurants and dining establishments provide traditional regional cuisine prepared with fresh ingredients, contributing to the municipality’s gastronomic identity.

Parks and Squares

The Main Park of Calamar is located at the center of the municipality and functions as a primary space for festivities, fairs, and social gatherings. Avenue Park and the Cultural Plaza serve as additional public spaces dedicated to artistic, cultural, and community events.

Festivities and Fairs

Calamar hosts numerous annual celebrations, including foundation anniversaries, the Calamar Carnival, the Independence Reign, and religious festivals honoring Saint Joseph and the Immaculate Conception. Cultural events such as the Fishermen’s Gathering, River Festival, Accordionists’ Festival of the Lower Magdalena, and the National Festival of “Baile Cantao” reflect the municipality’s riverine and musical heritage. Agricultural, artisan, gastronomic, environmental, and commercial fairs further diversify the local event calendar.

Municipal Market

The Municipal Market serves as a key commercial hub where agricultural and artisanal products from the surrounding region are traded and distributed.

Transportation

The Fluvial Port of Calamar, located on the banks of the Magdalena River, constitutes essential infrastructure for passenger and cargo transport. It maintains connectivity with other riverside communities and reinforces the municipality’s fluvial identity.

Boardwalk

The boardwalk along the Magdalena River provides a pedestrian promenade with river views. It is used for leisure, recreational activities, and community events, strengthening the town’s connection to the river.

Municipal Cemetery

The Municipal Cemetery contains mausoleums and tombs reflecting colonial architectural influences and local historical traditions.

Folklore and Bands

Calamar preserves a strong tradition of folkloric and musical expression. Local and regional dance groups perform in public spaces such as the Events Plaza. The Folkloric Dance School Renacer promotes Afro-Colombian dances including mapalé and bullerengue. “Son de Negros” groups such as “Los Amigos” and “San Martín,” along with “Estampas del Hato,” perform traditional baile cantao. Musical activity is reinforced by local bands and orchestras, including the K’lamar Orchestra founded by Maestro Fabio Fernando Rodríguez. Other bands such as “Ocho de Diciembre,” “16 de Julio,” “15 de Mayo de Hato Viejo,” and “Banda de Barranca Nueva” perform genres including cumbia, vallenato, and champeta, reflecting African and Indigenous heritage influences.

Urban Housing

Traditional houses in the urban center of Calamar reflect typical Colombian Caribbean architecture. These dwellings are commonly built with wooden structures, tiled roofs, and design elements adapted to the regional climate.

Monuments and Murals

Public monuments in Calamar include the Monument to the Liberator Simón Bolívar and the Fisherman’s Monument, both of which reflect historical and economic identity. Community murals located in public spaces depict scenes of daily life, local history, and cultural traditions.

Recreation

Recreational infrastructure includes the “La Mantequilla” football stadium as well as basketball and football courts located along the main avenue. These facilities support sports activities and community interaction.

Source: Own elaboration.

Table 5. Tourist attractions of Zambrano.

Ciénaga de Zambrano

The Ciénaga de Zambrano is a body of water characterized by rich biodiversity. It supports fishing activities, boat rides, and birdwatching, making it an important natural asset within the municipality and the Magdalena River ecosystem.

Main Square of Zambrano

The Main Square functions as the civic and social center of the municipality, hosting community events, festivals, and fairs throughout the year. Notable public spaces include San Sebastián Square and Eulalio Ortiz Main Square, which serve as gathering points for residents and visitors.

Central Park of Zambrano

The Central Park provides a recreational space with green areas and playgrounds for families and community members. It serves as an important site for leisure and social interaction.

San Sebastián Church

San Sebastián Church is a religious and cultural landmark in Zambrano. It hosts masses, patron saint festivals, and other community celebrations, reinforcing the spiritual and social cohesion of the municipality.

Festivals and Fairs

Zambrano celebrates various annual events, including foundation anniversaries, carnivals, contests and pageants, and patron saint festivities dedicated to San Sebastián and the Virgen del Carmen. Cultural and sports gatherings, agricultural fairs, handicraft exhibitions, and gastronomic events contribute to the municipality’s festive calendar and seasonal tourism flows.

Local Handicrafts

Local artisans produce handmade goods such as textiles and woven baskets that reflect traditional craftsmanship and community identity.

Local Gastronomy

Zambrano’s gastronomy is based on fresh regional ingredients, including fish, seafood, and agricultural products. A traditional specialty is red bean sweet, along with dishes such as viuda de pescado (fish stew), chicken sancocho, corn mazamorra, mote de casa, and puré de cabeza e’gato, a yam-based local preparation. These dishes reflect riverine and agricultural influences.

Government Building

The Municipal Palace of Zambrano, located in front of the central square, serves as the administrative headquarters of the municipality. It houses the mayor’s office and other governmental institutions responsible for managing municipal affairs.

Cultural Building

The municipality includes cultural institutions such as the Municipal Library, the Cultural Council, and the Cultural Center. These spaces promote educational, artistic, and community activities.

Local Market

The local market operates as a commercial hub where fresh agricultural products and handicrafts are sold. It provides visitors with an authentic experience of daily economic and social life.

Urban Housing

The urban area of Zambrano features traditional single-family homes representative of Colombian Caribbean architecture. These houses are characterized by colorful façades, wooden balconies, and interior patios that facilitate natural ventilation and adapt to the regional climate.

Recreation

Recreational infrastructure includes Francisco José de Caldas Field, La Caldas Park, Encanto del Peñón Park, Fishermen’s Park, La Santa Park, José María Lajud Stadium, and several football and basketball fields, including San Sebastián and Juan Pablo II fields. These spaces support sports activities and community interaction.

Transport Architecture

A small dock located on the Magdalena River functions as a fluvial transportation hub for local mobility. A boardwalk connects the dock with Encanto del Peñón Park, reinforcing the municipality’s relationship with the river.

Riverside Boardwalk

The riverside boardwalk along the Magdalena River serves as a meeting point and recreational area. It offers panoramic river views and supports commercial and leisure activities associated with the waterfront.

Community Murals

Murals painted on public buildings and schools depict the history, traditions, and cultural identity of Zambrano. These artistic expressions contribute to community pride and cultural visibility.

Musical and Sound Expressions

Musical genres such as cumbia, vallenato, and porro are widely performed during festivals and community celebrations. Local musicians use traditional instruments including the accordion, gaita, and drums, reflecting the municipality’s Caribbean cultural heritage.

Folklore

Zambrano hosts several cultural and folkloric groups dedicated to preserving regional traditions. Notable groups include the “Taller Cultural Esperanza,” specializing in traditional music; the “Futuro Cultural” Group, focused on traditional and contemporary dance; and the “La Esperanza” Gaitas Group, dedicated to gaita music and traditional rhythms.

Source: Own elaboration.

Table 6. Tourist attractions of San Estanislao.

Church of San Estanislao

The Church of San Estanislao is a religious building characterized by colonial architectural features. It serves as the spiritual and cultural center of the municipality and plays a central role in religious and community celebrations.

Main Plaza

The Main Plaza functions as the civic and social heart of the municipality. Community events, festivals, and open-air markets are held in this space, which is surrounded by the parish church and administrative buildings.

Urban Housing

The urban area of San Estanislao features traditional colonial-style houses characterized by colorful façades and wooden balconies. These homes are primarily located around the central plaza and adjacent streets, reflecting Caribbean architectural traditions.

Government Building

The Municipal Hall, located in front of the central plaza, houses the administrative offices of the municipality and represents the institutional structure of local governance.

Building for Culture

The Municipal House of Culture promotes artistic and cultural activities, including Creative Week, the Festival of Original Songs, and workshops in literature, painting, and sculpture. The Municipal Library organizes initiatives such as story hours, oral tradition preservation activities, literary gatherings, reading programs, conferences, and talks. The Municipal Cultural Council collaborates with other institutions to strengthen cultural and educational initiatives.

Local Handicrafts

Local artisans produce handmade goods such as textiles and basketry that reflect traditional craftsmanship and community identity.

Local Gastronomy

San Estanislao’s gastronomy includes dishes prepared with fresh regional ingredients such as meats, tubers, and fruits. Traditional specialties include mote de queso, chicken stew, and sweets made from local fruits, representing the culinary heritage of the municipality.

Ecological Trails

Ecological trails connect the urban area with surrounding rural zones. These routes are used for hiking and eco-tourism activities, highlighting the municipality’s natural landscape.

Local Market

The local market serves as a commercial and social space where fresh agricultural products and handicrafts are sold, offering visitors insight into everyday community life.

Community Dining Rooms

Local restaurants and dining establishments provide traditional regional cuisine prepared with fresh ingredients, contributing to the municipality’s gastronomic identity.

Festivities

The patron saint festivities in honor of San Estanislao de Kostka are the most significant annual celebrations. These events include religious processions, masses, music, and traditional dances that take place in the main church and surrounding streets. Additional celebrations include foundation anniversaries, carnival events, contests, pageants, cultural activities, and sports events, involving broad community participation.

Musical Expressions

San Estanislao hosts several recognized musical groups. Los Hermanos Ramos is a vallenato group of national prominence, while Grupo Romance performs vallenato and tropical music. The Chiricoco Band specializes in gaita and papayera music. Educational institutions support community music through Peace Bands such as those of the Mauricio Nelson Educational Institution and the Francisco de Paula Santander Educational Institution.

Dance

Folkloric dance performances such as mapalé and cumbia are presented by local groups in the central park and the municipal auditorium during festivals and special events, reinforcing Afro-Caribbean cultural traditions.

Dance Expressions

Folkloric groups such as Son Arenal, dedicated to gaita and traditional music, and Son de Negro, a traditional dance group, contribute to the preservation of regional cultural expressions.

Community Murals

Murals painted on public buildings and schools depict scenes representing the cultural identity, history, and values of the community, strengthening local visual heritage.

Wetlands

The Arenal Wetland is a significant natural body of water in the municipality. It supports fishing activities, biodiversity conservation, and nature-based tourism.

Recreation

Recreational infrastructure includes La Pola Park, Los Chiricocos Recreational Center, Sucre Plaza Coliseum, Baby Fernández Baseball Stadium, Juan Fontalvo Diago Stadium, and Nicolás Blel Football Stadium. These facilities support sports and community engagement.

Source: Own elaboration.

Table 7. Tourist attractions of Tenerife.

Main Square of Tenerife

The Main Square of Tenerife functions as the central civic space of the municipality. Surrounded by historic buildings, it serves as a venue for community gatherings, public events, and local celebrations.

Church of San Juan Bautista

The Church of San Juan Bautista is a religious structure characterized by colonial architectural elements. It serves as the spiritual and cultural center of the municipality and plays a central role in religious festivities and community life.

San Juan Bautista Patron Saint Festivities

The patron saint festivities in honor of San Juan Bautista are among the most important annual celebrations in Tenerife. These events include religious processions, music performances, traditional dances, and local gastronomy, reinforcing cultural identity and social cohesion.

Local Handicrafts

Local artisans produce handcrafted goods such as textiles and woven baskets that reflect traditional craftsmanship and regional identity.

Local Gastronomy

The municipality’s gastronomy is based on fresh regional ingredients, including fish, seafood, and agricultural products. Traditional dishes reflect the riverine and rural heritage of the area.

Cultural Center of Tenerife

The Cultural Center of Tenerife promotes artistic and community initiatives through exhibitions, workshops, and cultural events. It functions as an institutional space for strengthening local heritage and creative expression.

Local Market

The local market operates as a commercial and social space where fresh produce and handicrafts are sold. It offers visitors an authentic experience of everyday life in the municipality.

Handicraft Workshops

Handicraft workshops provide opportunities for residents and visitors to learn traditional techniques and participate in the creation of local crafts. These activities support cultural transmission and experiential tourism.

Other Celebrated Festivities

Traditional dances such as baile de negro form part of the broader cultural life of the subregion and are celebrated during carnival events along the riverbanks and surrounding wetlands. Additional festivities include celebrations dedicated to the Virgen del Carmen and other patron saint commemorations.

Recreational Infrastructure

Recreational facilities in Tenerife include Villa Daniela Recreational Center, Los Mangos Recreational Center, Tapegua Club, Villa Natalia Country House, La Isabel Country Estate, and the municipal Sports Complex. These spaces support leisure activities and community engagement.

Source: Own elaboration.

Table 8. Tourist attractions of Soplaviento.

Main Plaza

The Main Plaza functions as the civic and social center of Soplaviento. Surrounded by historic buildings, it serves as a space for community events, public gatherings, and local celebrations.

Soplaviento Church

The Soplaviento Church is a religious building of traditional architectural style that serves as the spiritual and cultural center of the municipality. It plays a key role in religious ceremonies and patron saint celebrations.

Government Building

The Municipal Palace of Soplaviento, located in the central plaza, serves as the seat of local government. It houses administrative offices and represents the institutional architecture of the municipality.

Building for Culture

The Soplaviento Cultural Center promotes local artistic and cultural expressions through events, workshops, and exhibitions that reflect the community’s identity. The municipal library develops cultural programs such as talks, conferences, workshops, and competitions. Cultural initiatives are particularly significant given the municipality’s association with the folklorist Catalino Parra, whose legacy remains influential in local traditions.

Natural Trails

Natural trails in the surrounding area allow exploration of local flora and fauna. These routes are suitable for hiking and birdwatching, highlighting the municipality’s ecological assets.

Wetland

The Ciénaga de Soplaviento is a key natural resource for the municipality, supporting fishing activities and local transportation. The marsh and its surrounding ecosystems provide habitat for migratory and endemic bird species, as well as small mammals, reptiles, and insects. This environment offers potential for ecotourism and environmental education.

Local Handicrafts

Local artisans produce woven and basketry items that reflect traditional craftsmanship and community identity.

Local Gastronomy

Soplaviento’s gastronomy is based on freshwater and agricultural products, including fish, seafood, and crops from surrounding lands. Popular dishes include fried fish, fish stew, and preparations using marsh fruits. Traditional recipes are commonly shared during family gatherings and festive celebrations.

Festivities and Fairs

The municipality celebrates foundation anniversaries, local carnivals, and cultural events such as the Swamp Queen Contest, the Feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, and the Feast of the Immaculate Conception. The Moja Moja Festival and the Vallenato River Festival are held alongside religious celebrations. Additional events include harvest festivities, agricultural fairs, artisan fairs, art exhibitions, gastronomic fairs, and cultural and sports gatherings.

Dance and Music

Soplaviento maintains strong folkloric traditions through groups such as Catalino Parra’s Gaita Folkloric Group. Events such as the Festival of Native Music and storytelling nights bring together local musicians and cultural practitioners, reinforcing intangible heritage.

Musical and Sound Expressions

Several musical ensembles operate within the municipality. Revelación Vallenata performs vallenato music, while Cuerdas del Caribe specializes in tropical genres. The “8 de Diciembre” Band performs porros and fandangos. Groups such as “Gaiteros de Soplaviento,” “Hermanos Marín,” and “Herencia de mis Abuelos” focus on cumbia, traditional folk music, and Afro-Colombian dance styles, preserving regional cultural expressions.

Local Market

The local market serves as a commercial and social space where fresh produce and handicrafts are sold, offering visitors insight into daily life and economic practices.

Community Dining Rooms

Local restaurants provide traditional regional cuisine prepared with fresh ingredients, reinforcing the municipality’s gastronomic identity.

Boardwalk and Murals

The malecón or boardwalk along the edge of the swamp is a recreational space where residents and visitors enjoy walks, particularly at sunset, and observe fishing activities. Murals created by local artists decorate public walls, reflecting cultural identity and everyday life.

Urban Housing

In the urban center of Soplaviento, single-family homes predominate. These houses reflect Caribbean architectural traditions, with colorful façades, tiled roofs, and wide corridors. They are primarily located around the central plaza and adjacent streets, forming the historic core of the municipality.

Attraction

Railroad Park, located under the bridge, serves as a public gathering space and stage for community festivities and events.

Municipal Cemetery

The Municipal Cemetery, located on the outskirts of the urban area, is the designated site for burials and funeral ceremonies and forms part of the municipality’s historical landscape.

Transportation

Soplaviento has a dock located in the Ciénaga de Soplaviento, including the fishermen’s dock known as Catalina Parra. The malecón facilitates local mobility, and road infrastructure connects the municipality with surrounding areas.

Recreation

The Municipal Sports Complex is the main venue for sports and recreational activities, including soccer and basketball. Additional facilities include the baseball stadium, Villa Morenita Recreational Center, Villa Esperanza, and the Liceo del Dique field. These spaces promote community interaction and physical activity.

Source: Own elaboration.

Table 9. Tourist attractions of Santa Ana.

Main Plaza of Santa Ana

The Main Plaza of Santa Ana functions as the civic center of the municipality. Surrounded by historic buildings, it serves as a venue for community gatherings, cultural events, and public celebrations.

Santa Ana Church

The Church of Santa Ana is an emblematic religious building located in the town center. The parish complex, composed of the church and parish house, forms the core of religious and community life and hosts major liturgical celebrations and local festivities.

Santa Ana Wetland

Santa Ana is surrounded by important wetland ecosystems that support biodiversity and fishing activities. The Santa Ana Wetland, along with Pajaral, Tamero, and Chilloa wetlands, provides habitat for aquatic species and birds. These water bodies offer opportunities for fishing, boat rides, and birdwatching, reinforcing the municipality’s connection to the Magdalena River basin.

Wetlands and Marshes

In addition to named wetlands, marshes and riverbanks along the Magdalena River support diverse flora and fauna. Aquatic birds, reptiles, and numerous plant species can be observed, highlighting the ecological richness of the area.

Municipal Cemetery

The Municipal Cemetery contains mausoleums and tombs reflecting colonial architectural influences and local historical traditions.

Recreation

Recreational infrastructure includes the Municipal Sports Complex, Roberto Mieles Ospino Stadium, Boyacá Plaza, and San Martín Park. These spaces support sports activities, public events, and community interaction.

Local Handicrafts

Local artisans produce handmade goods such as textiles and basketry that reflect traditional craftsmanship and cultural identity.

Local Gastronomy

Santa Ana’s gastronomy is based on fresh regional products, including fish, seafood, and agricultural produce. Notable dishes include fried bocachico, viudo de pescado (widow fish), and preparations derived from cassava and plantain, reflecting the municipality’s riverine and agricultural heritage.

Local Market

The local market functions as a commercial and social space where fresh agricultural products and handicrafts are sold, offering visitors an authentic experience of everyday life.

Community Dining Rooms

Local restaurants provide traditional regional cuisine prepared with fresh ingredients, contributing to the municipality’s gastronomic identity.

Festivities and Fairs

Santa Ana celebrates foundation anniversaries, local parades and costume events, and contests such as the Rice Festival Queen competition. National holiday commemorations and religious festivities in honor of Santa Ana are among the most significant annual celebrations, blending religious devotion with cultural expression. Additional events include agricultural fairs, craft fairs, livestock fairs, art exhibitions, gastronomic fairs, and recreational activities such as horseback rides.

Government Building

The Municipal Palace, located in the central plaza, serves as the primary institutional building and administrative headquarters of the municipality.

Building for Culture

The House of Culture of Santa Ana promotes cultural events and exhibitions aimed at preserving local history and traditions. The municipality also maintains a municipal library that supports educational and cultural initiatives.

Monuments and Murals

The town center features monuments dedicated to independence heroes and local identity, including the Santa Ana Statue, Fisherman Monument, San Joaquín Statue, Virgin Monument, and San Martín Monument. Murals throughout the municipality depict historical events and the relationship between the community, agriculture, and the Magdalena River.

Urban Housing

Single-family homes in the urban area reflect traditional Caribbean architectural styles, characterized by tiled roofs and interior courtyards adapted to the regional climate.

Musical Expressions and Dance

Vallenato and cumbia are the most representative musical genres of the region and are widely performed during local festivities. Traditional dances such as cumbia and mapalé play a central role in celebrations, particularly during the patron saint festivities in honor of Santa Ana.

Transportation

Santa Ana maintains an old port or dock connected to the Magdalena River, as well as a scenic viewpoint overlooking the surrounding landscape. These elements reinforce the municipality’s fluvial identity and local mobility.

Source: Own elaboration.

Table 10. Tourist attractions of Santa Barbara de Pinto.

Main Plaza of Santa Bárbara de Pinto

The Main Plaza functions as the civic and social center of the municipality. Surrounded by historic buildings, it serves as a space for community gatherings, public events, and local celebrations.

Santa Bárbara Church

Santa Bárbara Church is a central religious landmark of the municipality where major liturgical celebrations and patron saint festivities are held. The parish complex includes the Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel and its adjacent parish house, forming the core of religious and community life.

Santa Bárbara Wetland

Santa Bárbara de Pinto is characterized by important wetland ecosystems that support fishing activities and regional biodiversity. These wetlands contribute to ecological balance and water regulation within the Magdalena River basin, reinforcing the municipality’s environmental value.

Local Handicrafts

Local artisans produce handmade goods such as textiles and basketry that reflect traditional craftsmanship and cultural identity.

Local Gastronomy

The municipality’s gastronomy is based on fresh regional ingredients, including river fish, seafood, and agricultural produce. Traditional dishes include rice with fish, grain-based chicha, tripe stew, and bollo (corn rolls). Culinary traditions are transmitted across generations and are closely linked to the riverine economy.

Festivities and Fairs

Santa Bárbara de Pinto celebrates foundation anniversaries, small carnivals, beauty pageants, and patron saint festivities dedicated to Our Lady of Mount Carmel, Santa Bárbara, and San Pedro. Other events include the Carralejas festivities, livestock fairs, agro-industrial and artisan fairs, popular fandangos, traditional dances, horse races, fireworks displays, agricultural fairs, gastronomic festivals, and handicraft exhibitions. These events reinforce the municipality’s festive calendar and cultural identity.

Free Activities

Outdoor activities include nature trails, bicycle rides, and water-based recreation in nearby rivers. The surrounding natural landscapes provide opportunities for leisure and scenic appreciation.

Government Building

The Municipal Palace, located in front of the main plaza, serves as the administrative headquarters of the municipality and houses local government offices.

Municipal Cemetery

The municipality has two historic cemeteries containing tombs and mausoleums that reflect colonial architectural influences and local history.

Building for Culture

The House of Culture promotes cultural events and activities aimed at preserving local heritage. The facility includes a municipal auditorium and a public library that support artistic and educational initiatives.

Local Market

The local market functions as a commercial and social space where fresh agricultural products and handicrafts are sold, offering visitors insight into everyday life.

Community Dining Rooms

Local restaurants provide traditional regional cuisine prepared with fresh ingredients, contributing to the municipality’s gastronomic identity.

Transportation

Santa Bárbara de Pinto has passenger and cargo port facilities, including docks that facilitate fluvial mobility and commercial exchange along the Magdalena River.

Musical Expressions and Dance

Traditional Caribbean musical genres such as cumbia and vallenato are widely performed during local festivities. Patron saint celebrations also feature distinctive musical expressions. Traditional dances such as cumbia and mapalé play an important role in community events and festive gatherings.

River Port

Located on the banks of the Magdalena River, the river port is essential for transportation, fishing, and local commerce. It also functions as a meeting place and recreational area for residents.

Urban Housing

Urban housing in Santa Bárbara de Pinto consists primarily of single-family homes built with traditional materials such as wood and bahareque. These dwellings reflect the architectural character of riverside towns along the Magdalena River and are concentrated in the historic urban core.

Central Park of Santa Bárbara de Pinto

The Central Park provides green spaces and recreational areas for the community. Notable public spaces include Parque de la Concepción and areas surrounding the San Martín de Loba Monument.

Source: Own elaboration.

Although Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4, Table 5, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8, Table 9 and Table 10 present the inventory of attractions by municipality, a more detailed analysis reveals distinct patterns of value chain integration. Cartagena and Mompox exhibit vertically integrated tourism ecosystems, where cultural heritage attractions are closely linked to hospitality services, guided tours, gastronomy, and organized events. These municipalities function as central nodes with a dense interconnection of services.

The intermediate municipalities present fragmented portfolios of attractions. While they possess natural landscapes, riverside assets, and cultural heritage elements, these attractions often lack complementary services such as certified guides, structured tour packages, or coordinated marketing initiatives. This limited integration restricts their capacity to generate extended tourist stays and reduces their contribution to the overall value chain of the corridor.

Furthermore, the inventory of attractions suggests potential horizontal complementarities along the river corridor. Natural attractions in municipalities such as Tenerife and Santa Ana could be integrated with cultural experiences in Mompox and Cartagena to form thematic clusters. However, these complementarities remain untapped due to weak inter-municipal coordination and limited strategic integration.

The corridor currently operates as a partially articulated network, rather than a fully integrated value chain system, reinforcing the need for coordinated governance and cluster-based development strategies.

Identifying tourist attractions along the route not only provides a detailed inventory of cultural and natural resources but also lays the foundation for strategic planning in line with current tourism dynamics. Furthermore, to ensure the route’s long-term relevance and competitiveness, it is essential to understand these attractions in line with the global trends that are transforming the sector.

4.6. Sector Trends

The collaborative economy model continues to rise within tourism, driving the creation of platforms for accommodation in community eco-lodges, electric vehicle rentals, and personalized experiences with local guides. This trend reduces costs and strengthens the local social fabric by involving communities in tourism development, aligning with sustainability and environmental conservation [28,29]. According to [30], sustainable tourism will grow at an annual rate of 15%, driven by consumers seeking experiences that respect local ecosystems.

Likewise, eco-innovation, understood as the development of products and services that minimize environmental impact, will be crucial to the success of bio-tourism. Practices such as Agriculture 4.0 —which integrates technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence in agricultural production—will allow the creation of educational tourist routes focused on sustainability and innovation. Agroecological farms that use drones to monitor crops or sensors to optimize resources will attract consumers interested in sustainability [31].

The growing interest in healthy and sustainable food will influence tourists’ decisions, as they will seek out gastronomic experiences based on organic and local products. The offer of zero-kilometer food and urban agriculture practices will enrich the tourist experience, allowing visitors to interact with local communities by harvesting and preparing food [32]. Previous research [33] points out that this trend reflects a greater awareness of the origin of food and sustainability in tourist destinations.

For its part, wellness tourism continues to boom, with a growing demand for experiences that promote physical and mental health, such as yoga, meditation, and spa treatments based on local ingredients [34]. According to [35], the global wellness tourism market is expected to reach US$1.2 trillion by 2025, offering an opportunity to diversify the tourism offer in Colombia.

Likewise, digitalization in tourism has brought a more significant concern for cybersecurity. Tourists demand guarantees of personal data protection when making electronic reservations and payments. Implementing secure platforms will be essential to generate trust. Investment in cybersecurity will grow significantly due to the increase in digital services that facilitate the traveler’s experience, such as mobile applications and augmented reality to enrich the tour of ecological destinations [36].

Finally, regenerative tourism emerges as a trend beyond sustainability. It seeks to reduce environmental impact and restore and improve local ecosystems. Initiatives such as participatory reforestation or scientific tourism will contribute to environmental conservation and attract a segment of travelers committed to sustainability [37].

While global tourism trends provide a general strategic direction, their relevance to the Cartagena–Mompox corridor depends on the characteristics of local resources and the configuration of the value chain.

Sustainable tourism presents the greatest viability within the corridor due to the strong presence of natural river landscapes, cultural heritage, and small local businesses. Places like Tenerife possess ecological and cultural resources that could support low-impact tourism models. Within the value chain framework, implementation would require strengthening governance coordination, promoting environmentally responsible accommodation practices, and integrating community-based tourism initiatives into the services segment.

Eco-innovation is partially viable but requires institutional strengthening. Digital promotion platforms, smart signage, and route-level branding could be incorporated into the marketing and promotion segment of the value chain. However, the intermediate municipalities currently lack sufficient technological infrastructure and trained human capital, indicating that capacity-building programs and inter-municipal digital coordination will be necessary before full implementation.

Health and wellness tourism shows moderate viability, especially in riverside municipalities with tranquil natural environments, suitable for experiential and wellness offerings. However, the corridor currently lacks specialized services, such as certified wellness facilities or medical tourism infrastructure. Therefore, adaptation strategies should initially focus on sustainable wellness products integrated into existing accommodation and food services.

The feasibility assessment indicates that sustainability-oriented and heritage-based tourism represent immediate strategic pathways, while eco-innovation and health tourism require gradual development, aligned with institutional strengthening and service diversification. This differentiated approach allows for optimizing the tourism value chain according to trends, aligning global dynamics with local capacities.

5. Discussions

5.1. Main Findings

This study examined the territorial configuration of the corridor, the identification of strategic nodes, and the role of attractions and industry trends in strengthening the destination’s sustainability.

First, the territorial mapping and refinement process revealed that the Cartagena–Santa Cruz de Mompox corridor operates as a spatially continuous but functionally fragmented system. While geographical continuity along the Magdalena River is evident, the refinement stage demonstrated that not all municipalities possess sufficient tourism integration to form a coherent route. These results confirm that territorial continuity alone does not guarantee destination integration; coordinated governance and service capacity are required to transform spatial proximity into functional connectivity.

Second, the prioritization matrix identified Cartagena de Indias and Santa Cruz de Mompox as central nodes, while municipalities such as Plato, Calamar, and Zambrano emerged as intermediate nodes with latent potential. The dimensional analysis showed that disparities within the corridor are less related to infrastructure, which respondents generally rated positively, and more associated with promotion, institutional coordination, and human capital development. This finding suggests that the corridor’s main structural obstacle lies in governance and marketing coordination, rather than in the provision of basic services.

Finally, the inventory of tourist attractions and the analysis of sector trends indicate that the corridor possesses significant natural and cultural assets capable of driving sustainable tourism development. However, the inventory of attractions reveals uneven integration along the value chain. The central municipalities exhibit more vertically integrated ecosystems that link heritage, gastronomy, accommodation, and guided services, while the intermediate municipalities present fragmented portfolios of attractions lacking complementary services. The feasibility assessment of sector trends further shows that sustainability-oriented and heritage-based tourism can be implemented immediately, while eco-innovation and wellness tourism require gradual institutional strengthening. These findings show that the corridor functions as a partially articulated value network, rather than a fully integrated destination system.

5.2. Theoretical Contributions

The findings of this study contribute to the literature in several ways. First, this research expands the analysis of value chains at the destination level by integrating a territorial systems perspective [10,11] with nodal attraction theory [16,17,18]. While previous research has examined value chains primarily at the firm level [6,38], this study demonstrates that value creation in multi-local corridors depends on the spatial articulation and interconnection of attractions within a territorial system.

Second, the prioritization matrix refines understanding of the dynamics within tourism value chains. In line with [22,23], the results highlight that institutional coordination and promotional capacity are crucial determinants of value chain performance. However, the findings challenge purely infrastructure-focused approaches by demonstrating that adequate physical conditions do not automatically translate into integrated value chains.

Third, the analysis of attractions as structural nodes empirically supports network-based interpretations of destinations [16,17]. The identification of core and intermediate municipalities confirms that destination competitiveness arises from differentiated nodal roles, rather than from uniform territorial development. This reinforces the conceptualization of destinations as adaptive and evolving territorial ecosystems [12], where structural imbalances can limit long-term sustainability.

5.3. Practical Implications

The findings of this study also contribute to practice in several ways. Given its applied nature, recommendations are offered for policymakers, managers, and tourism professionals.

First, governance coordination at the corridor level could be strengthened. The prioritization results indicate that intermediate municipalities require institutional support to improve promotion, brand development, and service integration. Establishing an inter-municipal tourism coordination body or a destination management organization at the corridor level could improve strategic alignment.

Second, capacity-building programs targeting local residents and service providers are essential. Survey results show that 80% of respondents perceive there to be insufficient training in tourism services. Structured training initiatives in hotel management, digital marketing, and sustainability practices would improve service quality and value chain integration.

Third, marketing strategies should shift from isolated municipal promotion to developing a thematic brand based on the corridor. The inventory of attractions reveals potential for ecocultural clusters that combine natural landscapes and heritage experiences. Integrating these assets into integrated, route-based products would increase the average length of stay and strengthen horizontal complementarities.

Fourth, trend-based adaptation should be implemented gradually. Sustainability-oriented tourism and heritage experiences represent immediate strategic pathways aligned with the corridor’s resource base. Eco-innovation and wellness tourism should be developed gradually, prioritizing flexible integration before making large-scale infrastructure investments. Finally, the security concerns reported by 25% of respondents should be addressed through visible security measures, communication strategies, and collaboration with local authorities to strengthen visitor confidence.

6. Conclusions

This study examined the Cartagena de Indias–Santa Cruz de Mompox corridor from a destination-level tourism value chain perspective, integrating territorial mapping, multi-criteria prioritization, analysis of the inventory of attractions, and an assessment of sector trends. Instead of addressing the corridor as a set of isolated municipalities, the research conceptualized it as a territorially integrated system, structured by differentiated nodal roles and uneven governance.

The findings demonstrate that spatial continuity along the Magdalena River does not automatically translate into functional integration within the tourism value chain. While central municipalities such as Cartagena and Mompox operate as consolidated nodes with vertically integrated service ecosystems, intermediate municipalities exhibit latent potential limited by insufficient promotion, institutional coordination, and service diversification. The prioritization matrix revealed that structural bottlenecks are more organizational than infrastructural, indicating that factors such as strategic coordination are crucial for strengthening the corridor’s competitiveness.

By linking territorial configuration, nodal differentiation, and the viability of trends within a unified analytical framework, this study provides an applied model for evaluating multi-local tourism corridors. The integration of multi-criteria prioritization with attraction-based analysis offers a replicable methodological approach for other regions seeking to optimize value chains at the destination level. The results suggest that sustainability-oriented and heritage-based development pathways represent the most immediately viable trajectory for the corridor, while eco-innovation and wellness tourism require gradual institutional strengthening.

Limitations and Future Research

Despite its contributions, this study has several limitations. First, the research is based on a single case study within a specific river corridor in Colombia. While the methodological framework is transferable, contextual factors such as governance structures and levels of tourism maturity may differ in other regions. Comparative studies of multiple corridors would strengthen external validity. Second, while the expert consultation and survey samples are sufficient for exploratory analysis, they remain limited. Future research could incorporate larger samples, including the collection of longitudinal data to assess changes in value chain integration over time.

Third, the analysis of attraction networks was primarily descriptive. Future research could employ advanced social network analysis metrics to quantify centrality, clustering, and flow intensity among attractions.

Finally, the feasibility assessment of trends was qualitative. Future research could incorporate modeling or scenario simulation techniques to evaluate the economic and environmental impacts of implementing specific tourism trends within the corridor.

Appendix A.1. Multi-Criteria Prioritization Matrix for Assessing the Relative Importance of Municipalities Within the Tourism Corridor

The prioritization matrix is structured into two complementary sections designed to evaluate the strategic relevance of municipalities within the Cartagena de Indias–Santa Cruz de Mompox tourism corridor.

Appendix A.1.1. Socio-territorial characteristics: This section presents the descriptive variables used to contextualize each municipality within the corridor.

Appendix A.1.2. Structural evaluation criteria: This section presents the multi-criteria evaluation used to calculate the Priority Score for each municipality. Each criterion was assigned a relative weight according to its strategic relevance for destination consolidation within the corridor. The weighted sum of these criteria produces the priority index, which determines the municipality’s relative position within the corridor hierarchy.

Appendix A.1.1. Socio-Territorial Characteristics

Table A1. Socio-Territorial Characteristics of Municipalities within the Tourism Corridor.

Case ID	Municipality	Territorial Area (km2)	Population Density (inh/km2)	Total Population	Male Population (%)	Female Population (%)	Age Structure	Main Economic Sectors	Port Infrastructure (Yes/No)	Accessibility Type	Tourist Arrivals	Attraction Level
1	Cartagena de Indias	83.20 km2	10,540/km2	876,885	47.9%	52.1%	25 a 30 years 0–14 (23.8%) 15–64 (68%)	Tourism, trade, port and petrochemical industry	Yes	Access by airport, land and river	2,300,000	High
2	Santa cruz de mompox	4.527 km2	5100/km2	23,090	48%	52%	25 a 30 years 1–14 (26.7%) 15–64 (63.7%)	Tourism, agriculture, fishing, and crafts.	Yes	Access by airport, land and river	50,000	High
3	Plato	7.812 km2	6034/km2	47,141	49.9%	50.1%	25 a 30 years 1–14 (29.7.5%) 15–64 (62%)	Agriculture, livestock and artisanal fishing	Yes	Access by airport, land and river	6000	High
4	Calamar	1.800 km2	7067/km2	12,718	50.2%	49.8%	25 a 30 years 0–14 (29.9%) 15–64 (63%)	Agriculture, fishing and trade.	Yes	Land and river access	7200	Medium-high
5	Zambrano	2.286 km2	4596/km2	10,507	51.5%	48.5%	25 a 30 years 1–14 (28.2%) 15–64 (62.4%)	Agriculture, livestock, fishing	Yes	Land and river access	5400	Medium-high
6	San estanislao	1.936 km2	6472/km2	12,528	50.8%	49.2%	28 years 0–14 (25.2%) 15-64 (64.1%)	Agriculture, livestock, and fishing. Known for its dairy products.	Yes	Land and river access	7200	Medium-high
7	Tenerife	492.2 km2	28.47/km2	14,012	50.5%	49.5%	25 a 30 years 1–14 (29.5%) 15–64 (61.4%)	Agriculture, livestock and artisanal fishing.	Yes	Land and river access	4800	Medium-high
8	Soplaviento	1.594 km2	6558/km2	10,455	48.9%	51.1%	25 a 30 years 0–14 (20.3%) 15–64 (56.8%)	Agriculture, fishing and trade. Transport of goods and people through the dam canal	Yes	Land and river access	6000	Medium-high
9	Santa ana	2.190 km2	6324/km2	13,851	49.8%	50.2%	25 a 30 years 1–14 (30.7%) 15–64 (61.7%)	Agriculture, artisanal fishing, livestock	Yes	Land and river access	4800	Medium-high
10	Santa barbara de pinto	1.558 km2	4247/km2	6616	50.5%	49.5%	25 a 30 years 1–14 (30.9%) 15–64 (60.1%)	Agriculture, livestock and artisanal fishing	Yes	Land and river access	4200	Medium-high

Source: https://www.citypopulation.de/en/colombia/bolivar/ and https://www.citypopulation.de/en/colombia/magdalena/ (accessed on 4 March 2026).

Table A1. Socio-Territorial Characteristics of Municipalities within the Tourism Corridor.

Case ID	Municipality	Territorial Area (km2)	Population Density (inh/km2)	Total Population	Male Population (%)	Female Population (%)	Age Structure	Main Economic Sectors	Port Infrastructure (Yes/No)	Accessibility Type	Tourist Arrivals	Attraction Level
1	Cartagena de Indias	83.20 km2	10,540/km2	876,885	47.9%	52.1%	25 a 30 years 0–14 (23.8%) 15–64 (68%)	Tourism, trade, port and petrochemical industry	Yes	Access by airport, land and river	2,300,000	High
2	Santa cruz de mompox	4.527 km2	5100/km2	23,090	48%	52%	25 a 30 years 1–14 (26.7%) 15–64 (63.7%)	Tourism, agriculture, fishing, and crafts.	Yes	Access by airport, land and river	50,000	High
3	Plato	7.812 km2	6034/km2	47,141	49.9%	50.1%	25 a 30 years 1–14 (29.7.5%) 15–64 (62%)	Agriculture, livestock and artisanal fishing	Yes	Access by airport, land and river	6000	High
4	Calamar	1.800 km2	7067/km2	12,718	50.2%	49.8%	25 a 30 years 0–14 (29.9%) 15–64 (63%)	Agriculture, fishing and trade.	Yes	Land and river access	7200	Medium-high
5	Zambrano	2.286 km2	4596/km2	10,507	51.5%	48.5%	25 a 30 years 1–14 (28.2%) 15–64 (62.4%)	Agriculture, livestock, fishing	Yes	Land and river access	5400	Medium-high
6	San estanislao	1.936 km2	6472/km2	12,528	50.8%	49.2%	28 years 0–14 (25.2%) 15-64 (64.1%)	Agriculture, livestock, and fishing. Known for its dairy products.	Yes	Land and river access	7200	Medium-high
7	Tenerife	492.2 km2	28.47/km2	14,012	50.5%	49.5%	25 a 30 years 1–14 (29.5%) 15–64 (61.4%)	Agriculture, livestock and artisanal fishing.	Yes	Land and river access	4800	Medium-high
8	Soplaviento	1.594 km2	6558/km2	10,455	48.9%	51.1%	25 a 30 years 0–14 (20.3%) 15–64 (56.8%)	Agriculture, fishing and trade. Transport of goods and people through the dam canal	Yes	Land and river access	6000	Medium-high
9	Santa ana	2.190 km2	6324/km2	13,851	49.8%	50.2%	25 a 30 years 1–14 (30.7%) 15–64 (61.7%)	Agriculture, artisanal fishing, livestock	Yes	Land and river access	4800	Medium-high
10	Santa barbara de pinto	1.558 km2	4247/km2	6616	50.5%	49.5%	25 a 30 years 1–14 (30.9%) 15–64 (60.1%)	Agriculture, livestock and artisanal fishing	Yes	Land and river access	4200	Medium-high

Source: https://www.citypopulation.de/en/colombia/bolivar/ and https://www.citypopulation.de/en/colombia/magdalena/ (accessed on 4 March 2026).

Appendix A.1.2. Structural Evaluation Criteria

Table A2. Structural Evaluation Criteria and Weights Used to Calculate the Priority Score.

Case ID	Territorial Area Weight: 3%		Population Density Weight: 3%		Total Population Weight: 7%			Main Economic Sectors Weight: 4%		Port Infrastructure Weight: 10%				Accessibility Type Weight: 15%
	Score (1–5)	Weighted Score	Score (1–5)	Weighted Score	Score (1–5)		Weighted Score	Score (1–5)	Weighted Score	Score (1–5)		Weighted Score		Score (1–5)	Weighted Score
1	5	0.15	5	0.15	5		0.35	5	0.20	5		0.50		5	0.75
2	5	0.15	2	0.06	5		0.35	5	0.20	5		0.50		5	0.75
3	5	0.15	3	0.09	5		0.35	4	0.16	3		0.30		5	0.75
4	5	0.15	3	0.09	4		0.28	3	0.12	4		0.40		4	0.60
5	5	0.15	2	0.06	4		0.28	3	0.12	5		0.50		4	0.60
6	5	0.15	3	0.09	4		0.28	4	0.16	3		0.30		4	0.60
7	5	0.15	4	0.12	4		0.28	4	0.16	3		0.30		4	0.60
8	4	0.12	3	0.09	4		0.28	4	0.16	3		0.30		4	0.60
9	5	0.15	3	0.09	4		0.28	3	0.12	2		0.20		4	0.60
10	4	0.12	2	0.06	2		0.14	4	0.16	3		0.30		4	0.60
Case ID	Tourist Arrivals Weight: 10%		Internal Strengths Weight: 2%		Internal Weaknesses Weight: 2%		External Opportunities Weight: 2%		External Threats Weight: 2%			Attraction Level Weight: 40%			Priority Index
	Score (1–5)	Weighted Score	Score (1–5)	Weighted Score	Score (1–5)	Weighted Score	Score (1–5)	Weighted Score	Score (1–5)		Weighted Score	Score (1–5)	Weighted Score
1	5	0.50	5	0.10	5	0.10	3	0.06	4		0.08	5	2.00		4.94
2	5	0.50	5	0.10	3	0.06	3	0.06	3		0.06	5	2.00		4.79
3	3	0.30	5	0.10	1	0.02	3	0.06	3		0.06	5	2.00		4.34
4	4	0.40	5	0.10	1	0.02	3	0.06	4		0.08	4	1.60		3.9
5	3	0.30	5	0.10	1	0.02	3	0.06	3		0.06	4	1.60		3.85
6	4	0.40	5	0.10	1	0.02	3	0.06	4		0.08	4	1.60		3.84
7	3	0.30	5	0.10	1	0.02	3	0.06	3		0.06	4	1.60		3.75
8	3	0.30	5	0.10	1	0.02	3	0.06	4		0.08	4	1.60		3.71
9	3	0.30	5	0.10	1	0.02	3	0.06	3		0.06	4	1.60		3.58
10	3	0.30	5	0.10	1	0.02	3	0.06	3		0.06	4	1.60		3.52

Table A2. Structural Evaluation Criteria and Weights Used to Calculate the Priority Score.

Case ID	Territorial Area Weight: 3%		Population Density Weight: 3%		Total Population Weight: 7%			Main Economic Sectors Weight: 4%		Port Infrastructure Weight: 10%				Accessibility Type Weight: 15%
	Score (1–5)	Weighted Score	Score (1–5)	Weighted Score	Score (1–5)		Weighted Score	Score (1–5)	Weighted Score	Score (1–5)		Weighted Score		Score (1–5)	Weighted Score
1	5	0.15	5	0.15	5		0.35	5	0.20	5		0.50		5	0.75
2	5	0.15	2	0.06	5		0.35	5	0.20	5		0.50		5	0.75
3	5	0.15	3	0.09	5		0.35	4	0.16	3		0.30		5	0.75
4	5	0.15	3	0.09	4		0.28	3	0.12	4		0.40		4	0.60
5	5	0.15	2	0.06	4		0.28	3	0.12	5		0.50		4	0.60
6	5	0.15	3	0.09	4		0.28	4	0.16	3		0.30		4	0.60
7	5	0.15	4	0.12	4		0.28	4	0.16	3		0.30		4	0.60
8	4	0.12	3	0.09	4		0.28	4	0.16	3		0.30		4	0.60
9	5	0.15	3	0.09	4		0.28	3	0.12	2		0.20		4	0.60
10	4	0.12	2	0.06	2		0.14	4	0.16	3		0.30		4	0.60
Case ID	Tourist Arrivals Weight: 10%		Internal Strengths Weight: 2%		Internal Weaknesses Weight: 2%		External Opportunities Weight: 2%		External Threats Weight: 2%			Attraction Level Weight: 40%			Priority Index
	Score (1–5)	Weighted Score	Score (1–5)	Weighted Score	Score (1–5)	Weighted Score	Score (1–5)	Weighted Score	Score (1–5)		Weighted Score	Score (1–5)	Weighted Score
1	5	0.50	5	0.10	5	0.10	3	0.06	4		0.08	5	2.00		4.94
2	5	0.50	5	0.10	3	0.06	3	0.06	3		0.06	5	2.00		4.79
3	3	0.30	5	0.10	1	0.02	3	0.06	3		0.06	5	2.00		4.34
4	4	0.40	5	0.10	1	0.02	3	0.06	4		0.08	4	1.60		3.9
5	3	0.30	5	0.10	1	0.02	3	0.06	3		0.06	4	1.60		3.85
6	4	0.40	5	0.10	1	0.02	3	0.06	4		0.08	4	1.60		3.84
7	3	0.30	5	0.10	1	0.02	3	0.06	3		0.06	4	1.60		3.75
8	3	0.30	5	0.10	1	0.02	3	0.06	4		0.08	4	1.60		3.71
9	3	0.30	5	0.10	1	0.02	3	0.06	3		0.06	4	1.60		3.58
10	3	0.30	5	0.10	1	0.02	3	0.06	3		0.06	4	1.60		3.52