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RETRACTED: Khan et al. Application of Machine Learning and Multivariate Statistics to Predict Uniaxial Compressive Strength and Static Young’s Modulus Using Physical Properties Under Different Thermal Conditions. Sustainability 2022, 14, 9901
 
 
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Sustainability
Volume 18
Issue 13
10.3390/su18136380
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Retraction of Sustainability 2022, 14(22), 15225.
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Retraction

RETRACTED: Hussain et al. An Appropriate Model for the Prediction of Rock Mass Deformation Modulus Among Various Artificial Intelligence Models. Sustainability 2022, 14, 15225

by
Sajjad Hussain
1,
Naseer Muhammad Khan
2,
Muhammad Zaka Emad
3,*,
Abdul Muntaqim Naji
4,5,
Kewang Cao
6,*,
Qiangqiang Gao
7,
Zahid Ur Rehman
1,
Salim Raza
1,
Ruoyu Cui
7,
Muhammad Salman
8 and
Saad S. Alarifi
9
1
Department of Mining Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
2
Department of Sustainable Advanced Geomechanical Engineering, Military College of Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Risalpur 23200, Pakistan
3
Department of Mining Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 39161, Pakistan
4
Department of Geological Engineering, Balochistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
5
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
6
School of Art, Anhui University of Finance & Economics, Bengbu 233030, China
7
Key Laboratory of Deep Coal Resource Mining, China University of Mining & Technology, Ministry of Education, Xuzhou 221116, China
8
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
9
Department of Geology and Geophysics, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2026, 18(13), 6380; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18136380 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 3 June 2026 / Accepted: 4 June 2026 / Published: 23 June 2026
Versions Notes
The journal retracts the article titled “An Appropriate Model for the Prediction of Rock Mass Deformation Modulus among Various Artificial Intelligence Models” [1], cited above.
Following publication, concerns were brought to the publisher’s attention regarding the validity of the findings and the presence of similarities between this article [1] and two other papers published around the same time [2,3].
Adhering to our standard procedure, an investigation was conducted by the Editorial Office and the Editorial Board, which confirmed scientific flaws in the data analysis of this study and similarities with the previously published paper [2], produced by a different authorship group. Consequently, the Editorial Board has lost confidence in the reliability of the findings and has decided to retract this publication, as per MDPI’s retraction policy.
This retraction was approved by the Editor-in-Chief of the journal Sustainability.
The authors have been informed of this retraction and have indicated their disagreement with this decision.

References

  1. Hussain, S.; Muhammad Khan, N.; Emad, M.Z.; Naji, A.M.; Cao, K.; Gao, Q.; Ur Rehman, Z.; Raza, S.; Cui, R.; Salman, M.; et al. RETRACTED: An Appropriate Model for the Prediction of Rock Mass Deformation Modulus Among Various Artificial Intelligence Models. Sustainability 2022, 14, 15225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Khan, N.M.; Cao, K.; Yuan, Q.; Bin Mohd Hashim, M.H.; Rehman, H.; Hussain, S.; Emad, M.Z.; Ullah, B.; Shah, K.S.; Khan, S. Application of Machine Learning and Multivariate Statistics to Predict Uniaxial Compressive Strength and Static Young’s Modulus Using Physical Properties Under Different Thermal Conditions. Sustainability 2022, 14, 9901. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Gomah, M.E.; Li, G.; Khan, N.M.; Sun, C.; Xu, J.; Omar, A.A.; Mousa, B.G.; Abdelhamid, M.M.A.; Zaki, M.M. Prediction of Strength Parameters of Thermally Treated Egyptian Granodiorite Using Multivariate Statistics and Machine Learning Techniques. Mathematics 2022, 10, 4523. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
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Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Hussain, S.; Khan, N.M.; Emad, M.Z.; Naji, A.M.; Cao, K.; Gao, Q.; Rehman, Z.U.; Raza, S.; Cui, R.; Salman, M.; et al. RETRACTED: Hussain et al. An Appropriate Model for the Prediction of Rock Mass Deformation Modulus Among Various Artificial Intelligence Models. Sustainability 2022, 14, 15225. Sustainability 2026, 18, 6380. https://doi.org/10.3390/su18136380

AMA Style

Hussain S, Khan NM, Emad MZ, Naji AM, Cao K, Gao Q, Rehman ZU, Raza S, Cui R, Salman M, et al. RETRACTED: Hussain et al. An Appropriate Model for the Prediction of Rock Mass Deformation Modulus Among Various Artificial Intelligence Models. Sustainability 2022, 14, 15225. Sustainability. 2026; 18(13):6380. https://doi.org/10.3390/su18136380

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hussain, Sajjad, Naseer Muhammad Khan, Muhammad Zaka Emad, Abdul Muntaqim Naji, Kewang Cao, Qiangqiang Gao, Zahid Ur Rehman, Salim Raza, Ruoyu Cui, Muhammad Salman, and et al. 2026. "RETRACTED: Hussain et al. An Appropriate Model for the Prediction of Rock Mass Deformation Modulus Among Various Artificial Intelligence Models. Sustainability 2022, 14, 15225" Sustainability 18, no. 13: 6380. https://doi.org/10.3390/su18136380

APA Style

Hussain, S., Khan, N. M., Emad, M. Z., Naji, A. M., Cao, K., Gao, Q., Rehman, Z. U., Raza, S., Cui, R., Salman, M., & Alarifi, S. S. (2026). RETRACTED: Hussain et al. An Appropriate Model for the Prediction of Rock Mass Deformation Modulus Among Various Artificial Intelligence Models. Sustainability 2022, 14, 15225. Sustainability, 18(13), 6380. https://doi.org/10.3390/su18136380

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