Estimation of the Evacuation Time According to Different Flood Depths

Suwanno, Piyapong; Yaibok, Chaiwat; Tsumita, Noriyasu; Fukuda, Atsushi; Theerathitichaipa, Kestsirin; Seefong, Manlika; Jomnonkwao, Sajjakaj; Kasemsri, Rattanaporn

doi:10.3390/su15076305

Open AccessArticle

Estimation of the Evacuation Time According to Different Flood Depths

by

Piyapong Suwanno

^1,†

,

Chaiwat Yaibok

^1,†

,

Noriyasu Tsumita

²,

Atsushi Fukuda

²

,

Kestsirin Theerathitichaipa

³,

Manlika Seefong

³,

Sajjakaj Jomnonkwao

³

and

Rattanaporn Kasemsri

^4,*

¹

Research Unit of Technology and Innovation on Civil Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80210, Thailand

²

Department of Transportation Systems Engineering, Nihon University, Chiba 274-8501, Japan

³

School of Transportation Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand

⁴

School of Civil Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

^†

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Sustainability 2023, 15(7), 6305; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15076305

Submission received: 13 January 2023 / Revised: 20 March 2023 / Accepted: 28 March 2023 / Published: 6 April 2023

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Traffic Flow, Road Safety, and Sustainable Transportation)

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Abstract

This study focused on pre-flood measures to estimate evacuation times impacted by flood depths and identify alternate routes to reduce loss of life and manage evacuation measures during flood disasters. Evacuation measures, including traffic characteristics, were reviewed according to different flood depths. Several scenarios were constructed for different flooding situations and traffic volumes. Evacuation times in the study area were evaluated and compared for all scenarios with reference to dry conditions. Results of network performance indicators compared to the dry situation showed that average speed dropped to 2 km/h, VHT rose above 200%, and VKT rose above 30%. Cumulative evacuee arrival percentage increased when flood levels were higher than 5 cm. Flood levels of 10–15, 15–20, 20–25, and 25–30 cm represented percentages of remaining evacuees at 9%, 19%, 49%, and 83%, respectively. Time taken to evacuate increased according to flood level. For flood depths of 5–30 cm, travel time increased by 40, 90, 260, and 670 min, respectively, suggesting the need for early evacuation before the flood situation becomes serious.

Keywords: traffic behavior; evacuation time; flood water evacuation; road network

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MDPI and ACS Style

Suwanno, P.; Yaibok, C.; Tsumita, N.; Fukuda, A.; Theerathitichaipa, K.; Seefong, M.; Jomnonkwao, S.; Kasemsri, R. Estimation of the Evacuation Time According to Different Flood Depths. Sustainability 2023, 15, 6305. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15076305

AMA Style

Suwanno P, Yaibok C, Tsumita N, Fukuda A, Theerathitichaipa K, Seefong M, Jomnonkwao S, Kasemsri R. Estimation of the Evacuation Time According to Different Flood Depths. Sustainability. 2023; 15(7):6305. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15076305

Chicago/Turabian Style

Suwanno, Piyapong, Chaiwat Yaibok, Noriyasu Tsumita, Atsushi Fukuda, Kestsirin Theerathitichaipa, Manlika Seefong, Sajjakaj Jomnonkwao, and Rattanaporn Kasemsri. 2023. "Estimation of the Evacuation Time According to Different Flood Depths" Sustainability 15, no. 7: 6305. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15076305

APA Style

Suwanno, P., Yaibok, C., Tsumita, N., Fukuda, A., Theerathitichaipa, K., Seefong, M., Jomnonkwao, S., & Kasemsri, R. (2023). Estimation of the Evacuation Time According to Different Flood Depths. Sustainability, 15(7), 6305. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15076305

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Estimation of the Evacuation Time According to Different Flood Depths

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