Modeling American Household Fluid Milk Consumption and their Resulting Greenhouse Gas Emissions
School of Packaging, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1223, USA
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Sustainability 2019, 11(7), 2152; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11072152
Received: 2 March 2019 / Revised: 21 March 2019 / Accepted: 8 April 2019 / Published: 11 April 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Packaging Sustainability - The Role of Packaging in Reducing Food Waste)
U.S. consumers are the largest contributors to food waste generation (FWG), but few models have explained how households waste food. This study examines how discrete-event simulation (DES) can identify areas for reducing FWG through packaging and consumer milk consumption behavioral changes. Household model parameters included: amount and type of consumption, type and number of containers bought, buying behavior, and shelf life of milk. Simulations comparing the purchase of quart, half gallon, and gallon milk containers were run for 10,000 days to identify which package type reduced waste for 50 1, 2 and 4-person households. Based on consumption averages from the U.S. National Dairy Council, results suggest that if 1 and 4-person households change their purchasing behavior from 1 half-gallon to 1 quart and 2 gallons to 3 half-gallons, they can reduce their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from milk consumption by 33% and 12%, respectively, without reducing their total milk consumption. Purchasing enough smaller containers to be equivalent to a larger size decreased spoilage, but not enough to reduce a consumer’s total milk consumption GHG emissions. Results showed that packaging accounts for 5% of the total milk consumption GHG emissions; most of a consumer’s impact comes from milk spoilage and consumption.
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Keywords:
dairy; packaging; food waste; milk; U.S. consumer; household; GHG; DES; model
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MDPI and ACS Style
Stankiewicz, S.K.; Auras, R.; Selke, S. Modeling American Household Fluid Milk Consumption and their Resulting Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2152. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11072152
AMA Style
Stankiewicz SK, Auras R, Selke S. Modeling American Household Fluid Milk Consumption and their Resulting Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Sustainability. 2019; 11(7):2152. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11072152
Chicago/Turabian StyleStankiewicz, Sebastian K., Rafael Auras, and Susan Selke. 2019. "Modeling American Household Fluid Milk Consumption and their Resulting Greenhouse Gas Emissions" Sustainability 11, no. 7: 2152. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11072152
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