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Microbiology Research
Volume 17
Issue 4
10.3390/microbiolres17040077
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Article

Preliminary Experimental Study on the Removal of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Surgical Instrument Surfaces Under Controlled Conditions

by
Edmar Gonçalves Pereira Filho
1,
Stéfanne Rodrigues Rezende Ferreira
2,
Amanda Veiga Paiva Simões
1,
Eli Júnior Pereira Rodrigues
1,
Iorrana Morais de Oliveira
1,
Marillia Lima Costa
1,
Adeliane Castro da Costa
1,
Berendina Elsina Bouwman
1 and
Hanstter Hallison Alves Rezende
1,*
1
Laboratory of Bacteriology and Micology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Jataí, Jataí 75801-615, Goiás, Brazil
2
Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605-050, Goiás, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Microbiol. Res. 2026, 17(4), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres17040077
Submission received: 22 February 2026 / Revised: 1 April 2026 / Accepted: 3 April 2026 / Published: 8 April 2026
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Abstract

The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of surgical instruments’ manual cleaning versus automated cleaning in an ultrasonic cleaner for the removal of biofilms on surgical forceps contaminated with Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Subsequently, the residual microbial load was quantified through microbiological culture, aiming to evaluate the effectiveness of biofilm removal under different reprocessing conditions. Cleaning is an essential step in the processing of surgical instruments to ensure the effective removal of dirt and microorganisms. Through adhesion, microorganisms can attach to surfaces and form biofilms, organized structures surrounded by an extracellular matrix consisting of various components, which favor metabolic exchanges, adaptation, resistance, and bacterial dispersion. These biofilms increase the pathogenic potential of microorganisms, contributing to the occurrence of Healthcare-Associated Infections, and to avoid these, it is essential that preventive measures aimed at microbial reduction are adopted. Automated cleaning proved more effective than manual cleaning, and the combined approach achieved the greatest microbial reduction, though persistent contamination was still observed. The ability of adhesion and biofilm formation on the surfaces of surgical instruments is regarded as a challenge for complete microbial removal. These findings enhance the need for more rigorous reprocessing protocols and complementary strategies to ensure greater safety in the use of reusable instruments in clinical practice.
Keywords: biofilms; antimicrobial resistance; hospital instruments; decontamination biofilms; antimicrobial resistance; hospital instruments; decontamination

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MDPI and ACS Style

Filho, E.G.P.; Ferreira, S.R.R.; Simões, A.V.P.; Rodrigues, E.J.P.; Oliveira, I.M.d.; Costa, M.L.; Costa, A.C.d.; Bouwman, B.E.; Rezende, H.H.A. Preliminary Experimental Study on the Removal of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Surgical Instrument Surfaces Under Controlled Conditions. Microbiol. Res. 2026, 17, 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres17040077

AMA Style

Filho EGP, Ferreira SRR, Simões AVP, Rodrigues EJP, Oliveira IMd, Costa ML, Costa ACd, Bouwman BE, Rezende HHA. Preliminary Experimental Study on the Removal of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Surgical Instrument Surfaces Under Controlled Conditions. Microbiology Research. 2026; 17(4):77. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres17040077

Chicago/Turabian Style

Filho, Edmar Gonçalves Pereira, Stéfanne Rodrigues Rezende Ferreira, Amanda Veiga Paiva Simões, Eli Júnior Pereira Rodrigues, Iorrana Morais de Oliveira, Marillia Lima Costa, Adeliane Castro da Costa, Berendina Elsina Bouwman, and Hanstter Hallison Alves Rezende. 2026. "Preliminary Experimental Study on the Removal of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Surgical Instrument Surfaces Under Controlled Conditions" Microbiology Research 17, no. 4: 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres17040077

APA Style

Filho, E. G. P., Ferreira, S. R. R., Simões, A. V. P., Rodrigues, E. J. P., Oliveira, I. M. d., Costa, M. L., Costa, A. C. d., Bouwman, B. E., & Rezende, H. H. A. (2026). Preliminary Experimental Study on the Removal of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Surgical Instrument Surfaces Under Controlled Conditions. Microbiology Research, 17(4), 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres17040077

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